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Li W, Gao C, Wang Y, Zuo H, Bian Y, Li C, Ma S, Shen Y, Ou J. Construction of adamantane-based monolithic column with three-dimensionally porous structure for small molecules separation and biosample analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1317:342900. [PMID: 39030004 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fabrication technique of capillary column is the key to the development and application of capillary liquid chromatography (cLC) to improve separation efficiency for analytes. The capillary monolithic column possessed three-dimensionally connected porous or channel structures. Unique porous structure endows excellent permeability and high performance in diverse fields, especially in separation. Thereinto, organic monolithic columns have attracted widespread attention due to their advantages of simple preparation and excellent biocompatibility. However, their separation selectivity needs to be further developed and regulated to apply the separation of more diverse samples. RESULTS A novel polymeric monolithic column was prepared via thermally initiated in situ copolymerization of 2-methyladamantan-2-yl acrylate (MADA) with ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate (DTTA) in fused silica. The prepared poly(MADA-co-DTTA) monolith showed adjustable permeability, developed porous structure and high thermal stability. Consequently, it exhibited excellent separation capability of small molecules (alkylbenzenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Especially, when acetonitrile/water (60/40, v/v) was used as the mobile phase, the theoretical plate numbers reached 84,000 plates m-1 for butylbenzene at a linear velocity of 0.5 mm s-1. Most importantly, the hydrophobicity of the poly(MADA-co-DTTA) monolithic column was regulated via host-guest interaction between adamantyl group and cucurbit [7]uril (CB[7]). Additionally, the poly(MADA-co-DTTA) monolith was further adopted for the analysis of the tryptic digest of proteins from HeLa by cLC-MS/MS. The 33,783 unique peptides and 5,299 proteins were identified on the monolith, which exhibited great separation ability for complex samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY Due to abundant pore structure and good chemical properties, the poly(MADA-co-DTTA) monolithic column exhibited high performance for the separations of small molecules and biological sample. Meanwhile, owing to the existence of adamantyl-group, CB[7] was immobilized on the poly(MADA-co-DTTA) monolithic column to fabricate poly(MADA-co-DTTA)-CB[7] by host-guest interaction. It is possible to adjust the surface chemistry of the monolithic materials to accommodate more complex analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Function Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Chunli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Western Resource Innovation Medicine Green Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
| | - Haiyue Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yangyang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Function Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Shujuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yehua Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Function Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Junjie Ou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Function Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China; Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China
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Muñoz-Bartual M, Arjona-Mudarra P, Garrigues S, Esteve-Turrillas FA. Monolith-coated microcentrifuge tubes for the easy extraction of psychoactive substances from urine samples and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1288:342136. [PMID: 38220273 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sample extraction is one of the most critical steps in most of the analytical processes. Nowadays, there is a demand for simple approaches that can effectively extract and concentrate target analytes from complex matrices, like biofluids, with accurate and reliable results. RESULTS A porous monolith of poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) has been immobilized on the inner wall of a 2 mL commercial polypropylene microcentrifuge tube through radical photopolymerization, using bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphine oxide as radical initiator and 405 nm laser pointer activation. Photopolymerization parameters were adjusted to obtain a continuous and homogeneous polymer layer (0.16 mm wet polymer thickness and 31 mg dry polymer weight) in the inner tube surface. Extraction efficiency of twelve psychoactive substances was assessed by the evaluation of the effect of sample pH, extraction and desorption times, and desorption solvent volume. Moreover, matrix effect, reusability and stability of monolith-coated microcentrifuge tubes were studied. Sample extracts were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, providing limits of quantification (LOQ) from 0.2 to 2.7 μg L-1, recoveries from 80 to 118 %, relative standard deviations lower than 17 %, and a linear range from LOQ to 500 μg L-1. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed device is suitable for the easy and simple extraction of psychoactive substances from urine samples with a high portability, reduced solvent consumption, low cost, and low environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muñoz-Bartual
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - P Arjona-Mudarra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - S Garrigues
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - F A Esteve-Turrillas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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de Paula Lima I, Polycarpo Valle S, de Oliveira MAL, de Carvalho Marques FF, Antonio Simas Vaz F. Monolithic stationary phases preparation for use in chromatographic and electromigration techniques: the state-of-the-art. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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4
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Žuvela P, Skoczylas M, Jay Liu J, Ba Czek T, Kaliszan R, Wong MW, Buszewski B, Héberger K. Column Characterization and Selection Systems in Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3674-3729. [PMID: 30604951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most popular chromatographic mode, accounting for more than 90% of all separations. HPLC itself owes its immense popularity to it being relatively simple and inexpensive, with the equipment being reliable and easy to operate. Due to extensive automation, it can be run virtually unattended with multiple samples at various separation conditions, even by relatively low-skilled personnel. Currently, there are >600 RP-HPLC columns available to end users for purchase, some of which exhibit very large differences in selectivity and production quality. Often, two similar RP-HPLC columns are not equally suitable for the requisite separation, and to date, there is no universal RP-HPLC column covering a variety of analytes. This forces analytical laboratories to keep a multitude of diverse columns. Therefore, column selection is a crucial segment of RP-HPLC method development, especially since sample complexity is constantly increasing. Rationally choosing an appropriate column is complicated. In addition to the differences in the primary intermolecular interactions with analytes of the dispersive (London) type, individual columns can also exhibit a unique character owing to specific polar, hydrogen bond, and electron pair donor-acceptor interactions. They can also vary depending on the type of packing, amount and type of residual silanols, "end-capping", bonding density of ligands, and pore size, among others. Consequently, the chromatographic performance of RP-HPLC systems is often considerably altered depending on the selected column. Although a wide spectrum of knowledge is available on this important subject, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review for an objective comparison and/or selection of chromatographic columns. We aim for this review to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and easily readable monograph of the most relevant publications regarding column selection and characterization in RP-HPLC covering the past four decades. Future perspectives, which involve the integration of state-of-the-art molecular simulations (molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo) with minimal experiments, aimed at nearly "experiment-free" column selection methodology, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Žuvela
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Magdalena Skoczylas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
| | - J Jay Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pukyong National University , 365 Sinseon-ro , Nam-gu, 48-513 Busan , Korea
| | | | | | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
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Optimization of an innovative vinylimidazole-based monolithic stationary phase and its use for pressured capillary electrochromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 162:117-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Carrasco-Correa EJ, Ferri M, Woiwode U, Ma Y, Herrero-Martínez JM, Ramis-Ramos G, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Zwitterionic codeine-derived methacrylate monoliths for enantioselective capillary electrochromatography of chiral acids and chiral bases. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2558-2565. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Javier Carrasco-Correa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - Martina Ferri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Ulrich Woiwode
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Yubo Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Lindner Consulting GmbH; Klosterneuburg Austria
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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7
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Thiol-radical-mediated polymerization for preparation of POSS-containing polyacrylate monoliths in capillary liquid chromatography. Talanta 2018; 190:62-69. [PMID: 30172542 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Through introducing octakis (3-mercaptopropyl) octasilsesquioxane (POSS-SH) synthesized in our lab to the prepolymerization solution containing stearyl acrylate (SA), 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate (HEDA) in the existence of porogenic solvents (tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-butanediol and 1-propanol), a POSS-containing hybrid monolithic column was fabricated via photo-initiated thiol-acrylate polymerization within 7 min. The resulting poly(SA-co-HEDA-co-POSS) monoliths were investigated by physical characterization and chromatographic evaluation. It was found that both the additive amount of thiol group and the proportion of porogenic solvents played vital effect on column efficiency, pore morphology and hydrophobicity of monolithic columns. Consequently, the poly(SA-co-HEDA-co-POSS) monolith possessed superior thermal stability, suitable permeability and homogeneous microstructure. The highest column efficiency was ∼111,000 N m-1 for butylbenzene at the linear velocity of 0.71 mm s-1 in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Subsequently, baseline separations of 9 phenolic compounds, 5 anilines and 5 antibiotics were achieved, indicating the monolithic poly(SA-co-HEDA-co-POSS) column had great ability for separation of small molecules. The analytic results of the tryptic digest of BSA and HeLa were also proved that the hybrid monolith had potential for the analysis of complicated biological samples.
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Lin S, Zhang Y, Huang W, Dong X. Preparation of a monolithic cation-exchange material with hydrophilic external layers by two-step reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1694-1702. [PMID: 28217862 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the efficient analysis of biological samples has become more important due to the advances of life science and pharmaceutical research and practice. Because biological sample pretreatment is the bottleneck for fast process, material development for efficient sample process in the high-performance liquid chromatography analysis is highly desirable. In this research, a cation-exchange restricted access monolithic column was synthesized by a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization method. Utilizing the controlled/living property of the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer method, a monolithic column of cross-linked poly(sulfopropyl methacrylate) was prepared first and then linear poly(glycerol mono-methacrylate) was immobilized covalently on the surface of the polymer. The monolithic material has both functionalities of cation-exchange and protein exclusion. Protein recovery of 94.6% was obtained after grafting of poly(glycerol mono-methacrylate) while the cation-exchange property of the column is still retained. In the study, the relation between the synthetic conditions and properties of the materials was studied. The synthesis conditions including the porogen, monomer concentration, and ratio of monomers/initiator/reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer agent were optimized. The study provided a method for the preparation of restricted access monolithic columns: a bifunctional material by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Lin
- Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangchao Dong
- Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Vlakh EG, Korzhikov VA, Hubina AV, Tennikova TB. Molecular imprinting: a tool of modern chemistry for the preparation of highly selective monolithic sorbents. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Zhai H, Su Z, Chen Z, Liu Z, Yuan K, Huang L. Molecularly imprinted coated graphene oxide solid-phase extraction monolithic capillary column for selective extraction and sensitive determination of phloxine B in coffee bean. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 865:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Polymethacrylate monoliths with immobilized poly-3-mercaptopropyl methylsiloxane film for high-coverage surface functionalization by thiol-ene click reaction. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1367:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction monolithic capillary column for selective extraction and sensitive determination of safranine T in wolfberry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1551-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lu Y, Shamsi SA. Comparison of positively and negatively charged achiral co-monomers added to cyclodextrin monolith: improved chiral separations in capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:1109-20. [PMID: 24108813 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) and their derivatives have been one of the most popular and successful chiral additives used in electrokinetic chromatography because of the presence of multiple chiral centers, which leads to multiple chiral interactions. However, there has been relatively less published work on the use of CDs as monolithic media for capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The goal of this study was to show how the addition of achiral co-monomer to a polymerizable CD such as glycidyl methacrylate β-cyclodextrin (GMA/β-CD) can affect the enantioselective separations in monolithic CEC. To achieve this goal, polymeric monoliths columns were prepared by co-polymerizing GMA/β-CD with cationic or anionic achiral co-monomers [(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and vinyl benzyltrimethyl-ammonium (VBTA)] in the presence of conventional crosslinker (ethylene dimethacrylate) and ternary porogen system including butanediol, propanol and water. A total of 34 negatively charged compounds, 30 positively charged compounds and 33 neutral compounds were screened to compare the enantioresolution capability on the GMA/β-CD, GMA/β-CD-VBTA and GMA/β-CD-AMPS monolithic columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
| | - Shahab A Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
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Li J, Zhai H, Chen Z, Zhou Q, Liu Z, Su Z. Preparation and evaluation of a novel molecularly imprinted SPE monolithic capillary column for the determination of auramine O in shrimp. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3608-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Li
- College of Pharmacy; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Haiyun Zhai
- College of Pharmacy; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zuanguang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qing Zhou
- College of Pharmacy; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhenping Liu
- College of Pharmacy; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zihao Su
- College of Pharmacy; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou China
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Cheng J, Chen X, Cai Y, He Y, Chen Z, Lin Z, Zhang L. Preparation and evaluation of a hydrophilic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide) monolithic column for pressurized capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1189-96. [PMID: 23404784 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A polar polymethacrylate-based monolithic column was introduced and evaluated as a hydrophilic interaction CEC stationary phase. The monolithic stationary phase was prepared by in situ copolymerization of a neutral monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and a polar cross-linker N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide in a binary porogenic solvent consisting of dodecyl alcohol and toluene. The hydroxyl and amino groups at the surface of the monolithic stationary phase provided polar sites which were responsible for hydrophilic interactions. The composition and proportion of the polymerization mixture was investigated in detail. The mechanical stability and reproducibility of the obtained monolithic column preformed was satisfied. The effects of pH and organic solvent content on the EOF and the separation of amines, nucleosides, and narcotics on the optimized monolithic column were investigated. A typical hydrophilic interaction CEC was observed on the neutral polar stationary phase. The optimized monolithic column can obtain high-column efficiencies with 62,000-126,000 theoretical plates/m and the RSDs of column-to-column (n = 9), run-to-run (n = 5), and day-to-day (n = 3) reproducibility were less than 6.3%. The calibration curves of these five narcotics exhibited good linearity with R in the range of 0.9959-0.9970 and linear ranges of 1.0-200.0 μg/mL. The detection limits at S/N = 3 were between 0.2 and 1.2 μg/mL. The recoveries of the separation of narcotics on the column were in the range of 84.0-108.6%. The good mechanical stability, reproducibility, and quantitation capacity was suitable for pressure-assisted CEC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintian Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
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García-Gómez D, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Carabias-Martínez R. Stationary phases for separation of nucleosides and nucleotides by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Lin X, Jia W, Feng S, Lin J, Xie Z. A polymer monolith for hydrophilic and dynamically surfactant-modified reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43377c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Shu S, Kobayashi H, Okubo M, Sabarudin A, Butsugan M, Umemura T. Chemical anchoring of lauryl methacrylate-based reversed phase monolith to 1/16″ o.d. polyetheretherketone tubing. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1242:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Microscale separation methods for enzyme kinetics assays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2185-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Gu C, Shamsi SA. Evaluation of a methacrylate-bonded cyclodextrins as a monolithic chiral stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography (CEC)-UV and CEC coupled to mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2727-37. [PMID: 21983821 PMCID: PMC3517074 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycidyl methacrylate-bonded β-cyclodextrin (GMA-β-CD) is synthesized as a new chiral monomer by direct chemical bonding with GMA using a fast and simple alternative procedure. Next, rigid and homogenous monolithic columns were prepared by polymerization of GMA-β-CD monomer with ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA), in the presence of commonly used porogens and a charged achiral monomer to form a versatile chiral monolith. This is the first report in which a preparation procedure for a methacrylate-bonded CD is introduced for chiral separations in CEC. The degree of substitution of GMA-β-CD monomer and mobile-phase parameters were optimized to achieve the highest enantioselectivity and plate number. To evaluate the GMA-β-CD monolithic column, different classes of chiral compounds were screened. Under the optimized β-CD monolith phase and the optimum mobile-phase conditions, 30 neutral and basic chiral compounds and two acidic compounds could be separated. The high chemical and mechanical stability, homogenous microflow and no loss of material at the interface allows for the first time the feasibility of applying this polymer-based monolithic column for CEC coupled to ESI-MS. Compared with CEC-UV, CEC-ESI-MS showed higher sensitivity and lower resolution. However, resolution greater than 1.0 can still be obtained for majority of the select tested compound in CEC-ESI-MS with at least three out of seven compound providing Rs≥1.5. The results reinforce the potential of GMA-β-CD monolithic columns for chiral separations with high sensitivity in CEC-ESI-MS. Finally, using hexobarbital as the model chiral analyte, the monolithic column demonstrated excellent stability and reproducibility of retention time and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shahab A. Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Preparation and characterization of lauryl methacrylate-based monolithic microbore column for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5228-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Svobodová A, Křížek T, Širc J, Šálek P, Tesařová E, Coufal P, Štulík K. Monolithic columns based on a poly(styrene-divinylbenzene-methacrylic acid) copolymer for capillary liquid chromatography of small organic molecules. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1544-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Fast liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry for the analysis of metabolites and proteins in human body fluids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:2635-44. [PMID: 21253711 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade various analytical strategies have been established to enhance separation speed and efficiency in high performance liquid chromatography applications. Chromatographic supports based on monolithic material, small porous particles, and porous layer beads have been developed and commercialized to improve throughput and separation efficiency. This paper provides an overview of current developments in fast chromatography combined with mass spectrometry for the analysis of metabolites and proteins in clinical applications. Advances and limitations of fast chromatography for the combination with mass spectrometry are discussed. Practical aspects of, recent developments in, and the present status of high-throughput analysis of human body fluids for therapeutic drug monitoring, toxicology, clinical metabolomics, and proteomics are presented.
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25
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Turson M, Zhou M, Jiang P, Dong X. Monolithic poly(ethylhexyl methacrylate-co
-ethylene dimethacrylate) column with restricted access layers prepared via
reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:127-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Lerma-García MJ, Cerretani L, Herrero-Martínez JM, Bendini A, Simó-Alfonso EF. Methacrylate ester-based monolithic columns for nano-LC separation of tocopherols in vegetable oils. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2681-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Tripp JA, Needham TP, Ripp EM, Konzman BG, Homnick PJ. A continuous-flow electrophile scavenger prepared by a simple grafting procedure. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Cheng J, Zhang L, Lu Q, Lu M, Chen Z, Chen G. pCEC coupling with ESI-MS for the analysis of β2-agonists and narcotics using a poly-(1-hexadecene-co-TMPTMA) monolithic column. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1991-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Gu C, He J, Jia J, Fang N, Shamsi SA. Surfactant-bound monolithic columns for CEC. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:3814-27. [PMID: 19885887 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel anionic surfactant bound monolithic stationary phase based on 11-acrylaminoundecanoic acid is designed for CEC. The monolith possessing bonded undecanoyl groups (hydrophobic sites) and carboxyl groups (weak cationic ion-exchange sites) were evaluated as a mixed-mode stationary phase in CEC for the separation of neutral and polar solutes. Using a multivariate D-optimal design the composition of the polymerization mixture was modeled and optimized with five alkylbenzenes and seven alkyl phenyl ketones as test solutes. The D-optimal design indicates a strong dependence of electrochromatographic parameters on the concentration of 11-acrylaminoundecanoic acid monomer and porogen (water) in the polymerization mixture. A difference of 6, 8 and 13% RSD between the predicted and the experimental values in terms of efficiency, resolution and retention time, respectively, indeed confirmed that the proposed approach is practical. The physical (i.e. morphology, porosity and permeability) and chromatographic properties of the monolithic columns were thoroughly investigated. With the optimized monolithic column, high efficiency separation of N-methylcarbamates pesticides and positional isomers was successfully achieved. It appears that this type of mixed-mode monolith (containing both chargeable and hydrophobic sites) may have a great potential as a new generation of CEC stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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30
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Gu C, He J, Jia J, Fang N, Simmons R, Shamsi SA. Surfactant-bound monolithic columns for separation of proteins in capillary high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:530-9. [PMID: 20031139 PMCID: PMC3098612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A surfactant-bound monolithic stationary phase based on the co-polymerization of 11-acrylamino-undecanoic acid (AAUA) is designed for capillary high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using D-optimal design, the effect of the polymerization mixture (concentrations of monomer, crosslinker and porogens) on the chromatographic performance (resolution and analysis time) of the AAUA-EDMA monolithic column was evaluated. The polymerization mixture was optimized using three proteins as model test solutes. The D-optimal design indicates a strong dependence of chromatographic parameters on the concentration of porogens (1,4-butanediol and water) in the polymerization mixture. Optimized solutions for fast separation and high resolution separation, respectively, were obtained using the proposed multivariate optimization. Differences less than 6.8% between the predicted and the experimental values in terms of resolution and retention time indeed confirmed that the proposed approach is practical. Using the optimized column, fast separation of proteins could be obtained in 2.5 min, and a tryptic digest of myoglobin was successfully separated on the high resolution column. The physical properties (i.e., morphology, porosity and permeability) of the optimized monolithic column were thoroughly investigated. It appears that this surfactant-bound monolith may have a great potential as a new generation of capillary HPLC stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jinping Jia
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Nenghu Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Robert Simmons
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shahab A. Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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31
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Byström E, Viklund C, Irgum K. Differences in porous characteristics of styrenic monoliths prepared by controlled thermal polymerization in molds of varying dimensions. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:191-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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33
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Ye F, Wang S, Zhao S. Preparation and characterization of mixed-mode monolithic silica column for capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8845-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Saunders KC, Ghanem A, Boon Hon W, Hilder EF, Haddad PR. Separation and sample pre-treatment in bioanalysis using monolithic phases: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 652:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Lu M, Feng Q, Lu Q, Cai Z, Zhang L, Chen G. Preparation and evaluation of the highly cross-linked poly(1-hexadecane-co-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate) monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3540-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Svec F. CEC: selected developments that caught my eye since the year 2000. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S68-82. [PMID: 19517503 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, a number of new developments have emerged in the field of CEC. This paper focuses only on monolithic columns prepared from synthetic polymers. Monolithic columns have become a well-established format of stationary phases for CEC immediately after their inception in the mid-1990s. They are readily prepared in situ from liquid precursors. Also, the control over both porous properties and surface chemistries is easy to achieve. These advantages make the monolithic separation media an attractive alternative to capillary columns packed with particulate materials. Since the number of papers concerned with just this single topic of polymer-based monolithic CEC columns is large, this overview describes only those approaches this author found interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720-8197, USA.
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37
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Trojer L, Bisjak CP, Wieder W, Bonn GK. High capacity organic monoliths for the simultaneous application to biopolymer chromatography and the separation of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6303-9. [PMID: 19632682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method for controlling the mesoporous structure of monolithic organic copolymers is presented by systematic variation in polymerisation time, employing poly(p-methylstyrene-co-1,2-(p-vinylphenyl)ethane) (MS/BVPE) as a representative styrene system. Decreasing the time of polymerisation introduces a considerable fraction of mesopores (up to 20% of the total pore volume), while keeping the support permeability reasonable high ( approximately 1.3x10(-14)m(2)). Monolith structures, prepared in such a manner, enable efficient (typically around 70,000plates/m) and fast separation of low-molecular-weight compounds, whereas their performance towards biopolymers is comparable to column supports, fabricated according to typically used protocols (polymerisation time >12h and thus monomer conversion >98%). The polymerisation time is hence a valuable tool to tailor the fraction of support flow-channels, macropores as well as mesopores, which is shown dramatically to influence the chromatographic separation characteristics of the respective column. This way, the preferred applicability of organic (styrene) monolithic copolymers can be extended to the separation of small molecules beyond biopolymer chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Trojer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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38
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Different alkyl dimethacrylate mediated stearyl methacrylate monoliths for improving separation efficiency of typical alkylbenzenes and proteins. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3098-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Gatschelhofer C, Mautner A, Reiter F, Pieber TR, Buchmeiser MR, Sinner FM. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization for the preparation of norbornene-based weak cation-exchange monolithic capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2651-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Cantó-Mirapeix A, Herrero-Martínez JM, Mongay-Fernández C, Simó-Alfonso EF. CEC column behaviour of butyl and lauryl methacrylate monoliths prepared in non-aqueous media. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:607-15. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Dong X, Wu R, Dong J, Wu M, Zhu Y, Zou H. Recent progress of polar stationary phases in CEC and capillary liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:141-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Cantó‐Mirapeix A, Herrero‐Martínez JM, Mongay‐Fernández C, Simó‐Alfonso EF. Preparation and characterization of hexyl methacrylate monolithic columns for CEC. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3866-74. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Cantó‐Mirapeix
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Herrero‐Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Mongay‐Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ernesto F. Simó‐Alfonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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43
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Applications of polymethacrylate-based monoliths in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:2637-50. [PMID: 18929365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic columns were introduced in the early 1990s and have become increasingly popular as efficient stationary phases for most of the important chromatographic separation modes. Monoliths are functionally distinct from porous particle-based media in their reliance on convective mass transport. This makes resolution and capacity independent of flow rate. Monoliths also lack a void volume. This eliminates eddy dispersion and permits high-resolution separations with extremely short flow paths. The analytical value of these features is the subject of recent reviews. Nowadays, among other types of rigid macroporous monoliths, the polymethacrylate-based materials are the largest and most examined class of these sorbents. In this review, the applications of polymethacrylate-based monolithic columns are summarized for the separation, purification and analysis of low and high molecular mass compounds in the different HPLC formats, including micro- and large-scale HPLC modes.
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44
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Potter OG, Hilder EF. Porous polymer monoliths for extraction: Diverse applications and platforms. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1881-906. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Wahl A, Al-Rimawi F, Schnell I, Kornysova O, Maruska A, Pyell U. Synthesis of a polyrotaxane-based macroporous polymer as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatographyviahost–guest complexation ofN,N ′-ethylenedianilinediacrylamide with statistically methylated β-cyclodextrin. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1519-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Sinner FM, Gatschelhofer C, Mautner A, Magnes C, Buchmeiser MR, Pieber TR. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization-derived monolithic capillary columns for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1191:274-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Blas M, McCord BR. Determination of trace levels of benzodiazepine in urine using capillary electrochromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2182-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Development of capillary electrochromatography with poly(styrene-divinylbenzene-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid) monolith as the stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1190:263-70. [PMID: 18358481 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A new polystyrene-based monolithic stationary phase, which was prepared by single step in situ copolymerization of styrene, divinylbenzene and vinylbenzenesulfonic acid (VBSA), was developed as a separation column for capillary electrochromatography, in which VBSA was employed as the charge-bearing monomer. Polymerization time of the polystyrene-based monolith had slightly influenced the separation time of the tested analytes, but it effectively altered their separation resolutions. Furthermore, baseline separation for a wider range of acetonitrile levels of mobile phase was achieved when a monolithic column prepared by a longer polymerization time was used. This novel polystyrene-based monolithic column provided an adequate electroosmotic flow either in basic or acidic mobile phase when VBSA level was maintained at 2.6% (w/w). Finally, this proposed polystyrene-based column allowed seven tested analytes to achieve a reproducible baseline separation within 2.2 min with theoretical plate numbers higher than 164 000 plates/m.
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49
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Jungbauer A, Hahn R. Polymethacrylate monoliths for preparative and industrial separation of biomolecular assemblies. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:62-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Celo V, Yassine MM. Recent advances in CE and CEC of pollutants. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:310-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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