1
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Dubey SK, Jindal M, Nagpal S, Saha RN, Singhvi G, Anand A, Krishna KV. A Systematic Review on Analytical Methods to Determine Chiral and Achiral Forms of Venlafaxine and its Metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190204144202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Venlafaxine (VEN) is a bicyclic phenylethylamine derivative and possesses a
marked structural difference from other antidepressant drugs present in the market. It works by eliciting
the neurotransmitter action in CNS. It occurs in two enantiomeric forms i.e. R and S VEN. After the
first pass metabolism, it gets metabolized into more active form O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) which
also exist in the enantiomeric forms. So it is important to develop a suitable analytical and bioanalytical
method for the determination of VEN and its metabolite to quantify them accurately.
Methods and Results:
The current review summarizes methods to determine chiral and achiral forms of
VEN and ODV. According to the literature, it is clear that most widely used method for the determination
of VEN and ODV is liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, other methods used for routine
analysis include UV spectroscopy, reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography with PDA
detector. For the determination of enantiomeric forms of VEN and ODV, different chiral columns have
been utilized. Capillary electrophoresis with charged cyclodextrins is also used to determine the enantiomeric
forms.
Conclusion:
Various analytical methods for determining VEN and its metabolite in different matrices
have been discussed thoroughly in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
| | - Monika Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
| | - Shakti Nagpal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
| | - Ranendra N. Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
| | - Amit Anand
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
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2
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Hancu G, Lupu D, Milan A, Budău M, Barabás-Hajdu E. Enantioselective analysis of venlafaxine and its active metabolites: A review on the separation methodologies. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4874. [PMID: 32367587 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Venlafaxine (VFX) is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor chiral drug used in therapy as an antidepressant in the form of a racemate consisting of R- and S-VFX. The two enantiomers of VFX exhibit different pharmacological activities: R-VFX inhibits both norepinephrine and serotonin synaptic reuptake, whereas S-VFX inhibits only the serotonin one. R- and S-VFX are metabolized in the liver to the respective R- and S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODVFX), R- and S-N-desmethylvenlafaxine (NDVFX), and R- and S-N,O-didesmethylvenlafaxine (NODVFX). The pharmacological profile of ODVFX is close to that of VFX, whereas the other two chiral metabolites (NDVFX and NODVFX) have lower affinity for the receptor sites. The pharmacokinetics of the VFX enantiomers appear stereoselective, including the metabolism process. In the past 20 years, several studies describing the enantioselective analysis of R- and S-VFX in pharmaceutical formulations and its chiral metabolites in biological matrices were published. These methods encompass liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection, mass spectrometry, or tandem mass spectrometry, and capillary electrophoresis. This paper reviews the published methods used for the determination of the individual enantiomers of VFX and its chiral metabolites in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Daniela Lupu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Andreea Milan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Monica Budău
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Enikő Barabás-Hajdu
- Department of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureş, Romania
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3
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Enantioseparations Using Macrocyclic Glycopeptide-Based Chiral Stationary Phases: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:201-237. [PMID: 31069737 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since their introduction by Daniel W. Armstrong in 1994, antibiotic-based chiral stationary phases have proven their applicability for the chiral resolution of various types of racemates. The unique structure of macrocyclic glycopeptides and their large variety of interactive sites (e.g., hydrophobic pockets, hydroxy, amino and carboxyl groups, halogen atoms, aromatic moieties) are the reasons for their wide-ranging selectivity. The commercially available Chirobiotic™ phases, which display complementary characteristics, are capable of separating a broad variety of enantiomeric compounds with good efficiency, good column loadability, high reproducibility, and long-term stability. These are the major reasons for the frequent use of macrocyclic antibiotic-based stationary phases in HPLC enantioseparations.This overview chapter provides a brief summary of general aspects of antibiotic-based chiral stationary phases including their preparation and their application to direct enantioseparations of various racemates focusing on the literature published since 2004.
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4
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Ribeiro C, Santos C, Gonçalves V, Ramos A, Afonso C, Tiritan ME. Chiral Drug Analysis in Forensic Chemistry: An Overview. Molecules 2018; 23:E262. [PMID: 29382109 PMCID: PMC6017579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many substances of forensic interest are chiral and available either as racemates or pure enantiomers. Application of chiral analysis in biological samples can be useful for the determination of legal or illicit drugs consumption or interpretation of unexpected toxicological effects. Chiral substances can also be found in environmental samples and revealed to be useful for determination of community drug usage (sewage epidemiology), identification of illicit drug manufacturing locations, illegal discharge of sewage and in environmental risk assessment. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the application of chiral analysis in biological and environmental samples and their relevance in the forensic field. Most frequently analytical methods used to quantify the enantiomers are liquid and gas chromatography using both indirect, with enantiomerically pure derivatizing reagents, and direct methods recurring to chiral stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Cristiana Santos
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Valter Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Ramos
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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5
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Sanganyado E, Lu Z, Fu Q, Schlenk D, Gan J. Chiral pharmaceuticals: A review on their environmental occurrence and fate processes. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:527-542. [PMID: 28806704 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
More than 50% of pharmaceuticals in current use are chiral compounds. Enantiomers of the same pharmaceutical have identical physicochemical properties, but may exhibit differences in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity. The advancement in separation and detection methods has made it possible to analyze trace amounts of chiral compounds in environmental media. As a result, interest on chiral analysis and evaluation of stereoselectivity in environmental occurrence, phase distribution and degradation of chiral pharmaceuticals has grown substantially in recent years. Here we review recent studies on the analysis, occurrence, and fate of chiral pharmaceuticals in engineered and natural environments. Monitoring studies have shown ubiquitous presence of chiral pharmaceuticals in wastewater, surface waters, sediments, and sludge, particularly β-receptor antagonists, analgesics, antifungals, and antidepressants. Selective sorption and microbial degradation have been demonstrated to result in enrichment of one enantiomer over the other. The changes in enantiomer composition may also be caused by biologically catalyzed chiral inversion. However, accurate evaluation of chiral pharmaceuticals as trace environmental pollutants is often hampered by the lack of identification of the stereoconfiguration of enantiomers. Furthermore, a systematic approach including occurrence, fate and transport in various environmental matrices is needed to minimize uncertainties in risk assessment of chiral pharmaceuticals as emerging environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Sanganyado
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
| | - Zhijiang Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
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6
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Song L, Zheng Z, Liang C, Chen X, Zhang R, Hong Z, Chai Y. Rapid solid-phase extraction coupled with GC-MS method for the determination of venlafaxine in rat plasma: Application to the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction study of venlafaxine combined with fluoxetine. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3462-3468. [PMID: 28685967 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method for the determination of venlafaxine in rat plasma has been developed and applied to a drug-drug interaction study of fluoxetine on pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine in rats. Rat plasma was spiked with 2% aqueous ammonia before subjected to preactivated C18 solid-phase extraction columns and eluted with methanol. No endogenous interferences were observed under optimal condition. The calibration curve was linear (R2 = 0.9994) in the range of 10-1000 ng/mL. The quantification limit of venlafaxine in rat plasma was 10 ng/mL. The accuracy was in the range of 85-110%, and the extraction recovery was no less than 50%. Both the intra- and interday precision were 5.0-10.7%. The concentration-time curve showed that plasma concentrations of the coadministration group (group B) were higher than that of single dose group (group A). Both values of Cmax (0.069 mg/L) and AUC0→∞ (0.291 mg h/L) in group B were statistically greater than that of Cmax (0.046 mg/L) and AUC0→∞ (0.181 mg·h/L) in group A (P < 0.05). The results indicated that a significant effect of fluoxetine was shown on the pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine, suggesting that drug-drug interactions are of concern for the treatment of depression with the combined use of venlafaxine and fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolites Research, Shanghai, China.,Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolites Research, Shanghai, China.,Medical Team, 91837 PLA Unit, Zhoushan, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujuan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolites Research, Shanghai, China.,Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Runsheng Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanying Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolites Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolites Research, Shanghai, China
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7
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Gherdaoui D, Bekdouche H, Zerkout S, Fegas R, Righezza M. Chiral separation of ketoprofen on an achiral NH2 column by HPLC using vancomycin as chiral mobile phase additive. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-016-0951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Liu Y, Jann M, Vandenberg C, Eap CB, Shamsi SA. Development of an enantioselective assay for simultaneous separation of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to the analysis of drug-drug interaction. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1420:119-28. [PMID: 26460073 PMCID: PMC5025041 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To-date, there has been no effective chiral capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) method reported for the simultaneous enantioseparation of the antidepressant drug, venlafaxine (VX) and its structurally-similar major metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (O-DVX). This is mainly due to the difficulty of identifying MS compatible chiral selector, which could provide both high enantioselectivity and sensitive MS detection. In this work, poly-sodium N-undecenoyl-L,L-leucylalaninate (poly-L,L-SULA) was employed as a chiral selector after screening several dipeptide polymeric chiral surfactants. Baseline separation of both O-DVX and VX enantiomers was achieved in 15 min after optimizing the buffer pH, poly-L,L-SULA concentration, nebulizer pressure and separation voltage. Calibration curves in spiked plasma (recoveries higher than 80%) were linear over the concentration range 150-5000 ng/mL for both VX and O-DVX. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be as low as 30 ng/mL and 21 ng/mL for O-DVX and VX, respectively. This method was successfully applied to measure the plasma concentrations of human volunteers receiving VX or O-DVX orally when co-administered without and with indinivar therapy. The results suggest that micellar electrokinetic chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (MEKC-ESI-MS/MS) is an effective low cost alternative technique for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies of both O-DVX and VX enantiomers. The technique has potential to identify drug-drug interaction involving VX and O-DVX enantiomers while administering indinivar therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Liu
- Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Michael Jann
- Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Chad Vandenberg
- Midwestern University, Institute for Healthcare Innovation, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States
| | - Chin B Eap
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University, Hospital of Cery, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shahab A Shamsi
- Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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9
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Ebrahimi M, Ebrahimitalab A, Es'haghi Z, Mohammadinejad A. Magnetized silane-coupling agent KH-570 based solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection to determine venlafaxine in human hair and aqueous environmental samples. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:412-420. [PMID: 25367213 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel adsorbent, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) functionalized by silane-coupling agent KH-570, was successfully synthesized. The prepared MNPs were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It was applied as functionalized magnetic nano-adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of trace levels of venlafaxine using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. This method was developed and optimized for use in analysis of venlafaxine in human hair and aqueous environmental samples. The main factors influencing the extraction efficiency including pH of sample, amount of the MNPs, adsorption time, volume of sample, and desorption conditions such as volume of solvent and desorption time were studied and optimized. Under the optimized experimental conditions, good linearity was observed in the range of 1-1,000 µg L(-1) for aqueous environmental samples with correlation coefficients (R (2)) 0.996. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.1 and 0.5 μg L(-1), respectively. Good reproducibility with the relative standard deviations (n = 5) 3.21 % was obtained. The developed method was successfully applied to the extraction of venlafaxine from spiked human hair, river water, and surface water samples and the relative recoveries of 89.36, 93.43, and 94.99 % were obtained, respectively. The results indicated that Fe3O4/KH-570 MNPs have a satisfying extraction efficiency and can be served as a sensitive, inexpensive, and reliable method for analysis of antidepressant drugs such as venlafaxine in biological and aqueous environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Panahi HA, Alaei HS. β-Cyclodextrin/thermosensitive containing polymer brushes grafted onto magnetite nano-particles for extraction and determination of venlafaxine in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Int J Pharm 2014; 476:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Nageswara Rao R, Guru Prasad K. Stereo-specific LC and LC-MS bioassays of antidepressants and psychotics. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:21-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Nageswara Rao
- D215, Discovery Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka Hyderabad 500 607 India
| | - K. Guru Prasad
- D215, Discovery Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Division; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka Hyderabad 500 607 India
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12
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Enantioseparation of chiral pharmaceuticals in biomedical and environmental analyses by liquid chromatography: An overview. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 968:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Kailasa SK, Wu HF. Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Neuro-chemicals and their Metabolites in Biofluids. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:436-64. [PMID: 24381533 PMCID: PMC3744906 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311040007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mass spectrometric related techniques have been widely applied for the identification and quantification of neurochemicals and their metabolites in biofluids. This article presents an overview of mass spectrometric techniques applied in the detection of neurological substances and their metabolites from biological samples. In addition, the advances of chromatographic methods (LC, GC and CE) coupled with mass spectrometric techniques for analysis of neurochemicals in pharmaceutical and biological samples are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Kailasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat – 395007, India
| | - Hui-Fen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 800, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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14
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Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction and chiral LC–MS/MS analysis of venlafaxine and its metabolites in plasma. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:721-30. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An enantioselective analytical method was developed and validated for determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites O-desmethylvenlafaxine and N-desmethylvenlafaxine in plasma samples. The method employed LC–MS/MS analysis and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF LPME) for sample preparation. Results: After HF LPME optimization the following condition was established: sample volume of 4 ml, sample agitation at 1750 rpm, 20 min of extraction, 0.1 mol/l acetic acid as acceptor phase, 1-octanol as organic phase and donor phase pH adjustment to 10. Under these conditions, the method was linear over the concentration range of 5–500 ng/ml with quantification limits of 5 ng/ml. Conclusion: The use of HF LPME for sample preparation provided suitable recoveries, efficient clean-up and low consumption of organic solvent.
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15
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Saka C, Şahin Ö. Determination of Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Material. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.645377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cafer Saka
- a School of Health, Sıırt University , Sıırt , Turkey
| | - Ömer Şahin
- b Faculty of Engineering and Architecture , Sıırt University , Sıırt , Turkey
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16
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Ilisz I, Aranyi A, Pataj Z, Péter A. Enantioseparations by high-performance liquid chromatography using macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral stationary phases: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 970:137-163. [PMID: 23283775 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-263-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since their introduction by Armstrong in 1994, macrocyclic antibiotic-based chiral stationary phases have proven their applicability for the chiral resolution of various types of racemates. The unique structure of macrocyclic glycopeptides and their large variety of interactive sites (e.g., hydrophobic pockets, hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups, halogen atoms, aromatic moieties, etc.) are the reason for their wide-ranging selectivity. The commercially available Chirobiotic™ phases, which display complementary characteristics, are capable of separating a broad variety of enantiomeric compounds with good efficiency, good column loadability, high reproducibility, and long-term stability. These are the major reasons for the use of macrocyclic antibiotic-based stationary phases in HPLC enantioseparations. This overview chapter provides a brief summary of general aspects of macrocyclic antibiotic-based chiral stationary phases including their preparation and their application to direct enantioseparations of various racemates focusing on the literature published since 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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17
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Schwaninger AE, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Chiral drug analysis using mass spectrometric detection relevant to research and practice in clinical and forensic toxicology. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:122-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Bagnall J, Evans S, Wort M, Lubben A, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Using chiral liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in surface and wastewater at the enantiomeric level. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1249:115-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Ilisz I, Pataj Z, Aranyi A, Péter A. Macrocyclic Antibiotic Selectors in Direct HPLC Enantioseparations. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2011.596253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Vecchione G, Casetta B, Chiapparino A, Bertolino A, Tomaiuolo M, Cappucci F, Gatta R, Margaglione M, Grandone E. A reliable and rapid tool for plasma quantification of 18 psychotropic drugs by ESI tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:104-13. [PMID: 22608096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A simple liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for simultaneous analysis of 17 basic and one acid psychotropic drugs in human plasma. The method relies on a protein precipitation step for sample preparation and offers high sensitivity, wide linearity without interferences from endogenous matrix components. Chromatography was run on a reversed-phase column with an acetonitrile-H₂O mixture. The quantification of target compounds was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and by switching the ionization polarity within the analytical run. A further sensitivity increase was obtained by implementing the functionality "scheduled multiple reaction monitoring" (sMRM) offered by the recent version of the software package managing the instrument. The overall injection interval was less than 5.5 min. Regression coefficients of the calibration curves and limits of quantification (LOQ) showed a good coverage of over-therapeutic, therapeutic and sub-therapeutic ranges. Recovery rates, measured as percentage of recovery of spiked plasma samples, were ≥ 94%. Precision and accuracy data have been satisfactory for a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) service as for managing plasma samples from patients receiving psycho-pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Vecchione
- Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", S. Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
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21
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Galkina MA, Galkin OM, Kochetkov KA. Crystallization and quality examination of pharmaceutical substance venlafaxine. Pharm Chem J 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-012-0734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Therapeutic drug monitoring and LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 883-884:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Al Lawati HAJ, Varma GB, Suliman FEO. High-throughput method for the analysis of venlafaxine in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids, using a tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II)-peroxydisulphate chemiluminescence system in a two-chip device. LUMINESCENCE 2012; 28:44-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gouri B. Varma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; Sultan Qaboos University; Al-Khod; Oman
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24
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A simple HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and its major metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human serum. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:1713-8. [PMID: 21827270 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Venlafaxine is a very popular antidepressant in Greece. There is an increasing rate of self-poisoning cases with this drug presenting at the emergency departments around the country. We have developed a simple HPLC method with ultraviolet detection for the simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and its major metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, in human serum following solid-phase extraction. The developed method was validated in terms of sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability and selectivity both for therapeutic and toxic serum ranges, and was applied to human serum samples. The method currently developed and validated is simple, does not require expensive instrumentation and can therefore be easily applied in the clinical toxicology setting for the diagnosis and management of acute venlafaxine intoxication.
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25
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Kandhwal K, Dey S, Nazarudheen S, Reyar S, Mishra S, Thudi NR, Khuroo AH, Monif T. Establishing bioequivalence of racemic venlafaxine formulations using stereoselective assay method: Is it necessary? Chirality 2011; 23:948-54. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.21021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Liu W, Dai YC, Deng N, Liu XR, Yi Luo. Development and validation of a HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of venlafaxine enantiomers and application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:412-6. [PMID: 21321974 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the determination of venlafaxine enantiomers in human plasma and applied to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. The method was carried out on a vancomycin chiral column (5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm) maintained at 25°C. The mobile phase was methanol-water containing 30 mmol/L ammonium acetate, pH 3.3 adjusted with aqueous ammonia (8:92, v/v) at the flow rate 1.0 mL/min. A tandem mass spectrometer with an electrospray interface was operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode to detect the selected ions pair at m/z 278.0 → 120.8 for venlafaxine enantiomers and m/z 294.8 → 266.7 for estazolanm (internal standard). The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.28-423.0 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification was 0.28 ng/mL. The intra-and inter-day relative standard deviations were less than 9.7%. The method was successfully applied for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic profiles of venlafaxine enantiomers in 18 healthy volunteers. Validation parameters such as the specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and stability were evaluated, giving results within the acceptable range. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the venlafaxine enantiomers were measured in the 18 healthy Chinese volunteers who received a single regimen with venlafaxine hydrochloride capsules. The results show that AUC((0-∞)) , C(max) and t(1/2) between S-venlafaxine and R-venlafaxine are significantly different (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- The Pharmaceutical Department of the Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/Hunan Normal University, ChangSha, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Bioequivalence of venlafaxine modified-release capsule revisited with an innovative approach using experimental and predictive models. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:31-43. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To evaluate the venlafaxine:O-desmethyl venlafaxine (active metabolite) in vivo formation ratio (MR) in three independent bioequivalence (BE) studies consisting of single-dosed (under fasted and fed conditions) and multiple-dosed clinical trials on healthy subjects. The pooled data pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis demonstrates a model to conduct enantiomer/racemate/active metabolite bioanalysis for regulatory submission of bioavailability/bioequivalence (BA/BE) studies using an interesting MR concept. Results: BE was established for all three studies. Moreover, the venlafaxine:O-desmethyl venlafaxine MR for Cmax and AUClast differed by more than 50% for fasted and fed single-dosed studies, while pooled data analysis found the MR for Cmax to be approximately 0.63 and the AUC to be approximately 0.36 for both test and reference drugs. However, negligible variation was observed for both rate and extent of drug and active metabolite absorption into the systemic circulation at steady state, as the MR for both Cmax and AUC was approximately 0.62. Conclusions: The applications/consequences of the above results are immense. First, an achiral assay for venlafaxine and O-desmethyl venlafaxine estimation in human plasma has been justified for the regulatory acceptance of BA/BE studies, supported with both single- and multiple-dosed PK data showing negligible variation in terms of MR at Cmax. Second, the current investigation shows the MR to be within ±10% when compared with the single-dosed reported study on a western population. Third, the racial effect would not lead to any significant clinical outcome using an interchangeable venlafaxine 150-mg capsule manufactured by Ranbaxy with an Efexor 150-mg capsule manufactured by Wyeth. Furthermore, a decision tree is proposed to evaluate if a racemate or an enantiomer drug and active metabolite bioanalysis should be executed for BA/BE regulatory submission using respective achiral or chiral assays when the drug moiety is a racemate or an enantiomer, formulated in modified-release dosage forms.
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28
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Plenis A, Bączek T. Modern chromatographic and electrophoretic measurements of antidepressants and their metabolites in biofluids. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:164-98. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Kochetkov KA, Galkina MA, Galkin OM. Enzymatic resolution of (±)-venlafaxine. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Stereoselective determination of venlafaxine and its three demethylated metabolites in human plasma and whole blood by liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometric detection and solid phase extraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:583-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Choong E, Rudaz S, Kottelat A, Guillarme D, Veuthey JL, Eap CB. Therapeutic drug monitoring of seven psychotropic drugs and four metabolites in human plasma by HPLC–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:1000-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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da Fonseca P, Bonato PS. Chiral HPLC analysis of venlafaxine metabolites in rat liver microsomal preparations after LPME extraction and application to an in vitro biotransformation study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:817-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Modern bioanalytical methods for the rapid detection of antidepressants: SNRIs and SSRIs in human biological samples. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:451-88. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin–norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) belong to a new generation of antidepressants used in the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. SSRIs act as reuptake inhibitors primarily via the inhibition of the neuronal reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) in the CNS. SNRIs have additional inhibitory activity at noradrenaline-reuptake sites. Different analytical methods for the routine monitoring and toxicological screening of SNRIs and SSRIs have been developed. Rapid quantification is a necessity for clinical use, allowing the possibility of diagnostics. This review focuses on recent advances of the methods that concern the determination of SSRIs and SNRIs in human biological samples. Sample preparation methodologies are discussed, because sample pretreatment is the most limiting and crucial step in analysis of biological matrices. Furthermore, information concerning the mechanism of action, side effects and toxicity are also given.
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34
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Chiral determination of antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological samples. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:221-37. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of chiral drugs and their metabolites in biological samples is key to gaining a full understanding of enantioselective drug action and disposition, as well as establishing the advantages of using racemate or isolated enantiomers. In this review, methods published in the last 8 years regarding the analysis of chiral antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological fluids (e.g., plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid) are reviewed. The importance and interest in analyzing the enantiomers of the active compound and its metabolites in biological samples are also discussed.
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35
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Suenaga EM, Ifa DR, Cruz AC, Pereira R, Abib E, Tominga M, Nakaie CR. Automated determination of venlafaxine in human plasma by on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS. Application to a bioequivalence study. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:637-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Patel BN, Sharma N, Sanyal M, Shrivastav PS. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human plasma and its application to a bioequivalence study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:603-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Holcapek M, Kolárová L, Nobilis M. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:59-78. [PMID: 18345532 PMCID: PMC2359828 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Applications of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites are reviewed with an emphasis on recent papers published predominantly within the last 6 years (2002–2007) reporting the employment of atmospheric pressure ionization techniques as the most promising approach for a sensitive detection, positive identification and quantitation of metabolites in complex biological matrices. This review is devoted to in vitro and in vivo drug biotransformation in humans and animals. The first step preceding an HPLC-MS bioanalysis consists in the choice of suitable sample preparation procedures (biomatrix sampling, homogenization, internal standard addition, deproteination, centrifugation, extraction). The subsequent step is the right optimization of chromatographic conditions providing the required separation selectivity, analysis time and also good compatibility with the MS detection. This is usually not accessible without the employment of the parent drug and synthesized or isolated chemical standards of expected phase I and sometimes also phase II metabolites. The incorporation of additional detectors (photodiode-array UV, fluorescence, polarimetric and others) between the HPLC and MS instruments can result in valuable analytical information supplementing MS results. The relation among the structural changes caused by metabolic reactions and corresponding shifts in the retention behavior in reversed-phase systems is discussed as supporting information for identification of the metabolite. The first and basic step in the interpretation of mass spectra is always the molecular weight (MW) determination based on the presence of protonated molecules [M+H]+ and sometimes adducts with ammonium or alkali-metal ions, observed in the positive-ion full-scan mass spectra. The MW determination can be confirmed by the [M-H]- ion for metabolites providing a signal in negative-ion mass spectra. MS/MS is a worthy tool for further structural characterization because of the occurrence of characteristic fragment ions, either MSn analysis for studying the fragmentation patterns using trap-based analyzers or high mass accuracy measurements for elemental composition determination using time of flight based or Fourier transform mass analyzers. The correlation between typical functional groups found in phase I and phase II drug metabolites and corresponding neutral losses is generalized and illustrated for selected examples. The choice of a suitable ionization technique and polarity mode in relation to the metabolite structure is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holcapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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38
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Mallakpour S, Seyedjamali H. Synthesis and characterization of novel organosoluble and optically active aromatic polyesters containing l-methionine and phthalimide pendent groups. Amino Acids 2007; 34:531-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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