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Abu-Hassan AA. Nano-level assay of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medicament, atomoxetine by molecular-size-based resonance rayleigh scattering strategy. Employment in content uniformity, dosage form, and plasma analysis. BMC Chem 2023; 17:175. [PMID: 38057838 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The psychoanaleptic medication atomoxetine (ATX) is prescribed to cure attention-deficit hyperactivity syndrome. ATX works by selective prevention of norepinephrine reuptake. It acts by raising the brain's natural level of norepinephrine, which is necessary for behavior regulation. In this study, a sensitive and practical experimental method was employed to analyze the presence of ATX. The approach utilized a green chemistry-compatible technique, known as a one-pot experiment. The main principle behind this method was the use of molecular-size-dependant resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) phenomenon, which occurred due to the interaction between the dual complex of Cilefa Pink B and ATX. When ATX medication and Cilefa Pink B were combined in an acidic environment, they formed an association complex, leading to an amplification of the RRS signal. This amplification directly correlated with the concentration of ATX, specifically within the range of 40-1250 ng/mL. The RRS signal was monitored at a wavelength of 352 nm. The sensitivity of the method was demonstrated by the determination of the limit of detection (LOD) at 12.9 ng/mL and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) at 39.2 ng/mL. The variables of the method were thoroughly investigated and optimized. To ensure the reliability of the method, it was validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to analyze ATX in its prescribed dosage form. The achievement of using the established resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) technology to analyze the target drug in plasma and ensure content uniformity was a remarkable feat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Abu-Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut Branch, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
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Mohanty D, Alsaidan OA, Zafar A, Dodle T, Gupta JK, Yasir M, Mohanty A, Khalid M. Development of Atomoxetine-Loaded NLC In Situ Gel for Nose-to-Brain Delivery: Optimization, In Vitro, and Preclinical Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1985. [PMID: 37514171 PMCID: PMC10386213 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the brain-targeted efficiency of atomoxetine (AXT)-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-laden thermosensitive in situ gel after intranasal administration. AXT-NLC was prepared by the melt emulsification ultrasonication method and optimized using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimized formulation (AXT-NLC) exhibited particle size PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency (EE) of 108 nm, 0.271, -42.3 mV, and 84.12%, respectively. The morphology of AXT-NLC was found to be spherical, as confirmed by SEM analysis. DSC results displayed that the AXT was encapsulated within the NLC matrix. Further, optimized NLC (AXT-NLC13) was incorporated into a thermosensitive in situ gel using poloxamer 407 and carbopol gelling agent and evaluated for different parameters. The optimized in situ gel (AXT-NLC13G4) formulation showed excellent viscosity (2532 ± 18 Cps) at 37 °C and formed the gel at 28-34 °C. AXT-NLC13-G4 showed a sustained release of AXT (92.89 ± 3.98% in 12 h) compared to pure AXT (95.47 ± 2.76% in 4 h). The permeation flux through goat nasal mucosa of AXT from pure AXT and AXT-NLC13-G4 was 504.37 µg/cm2·h and 232.41 µg/cm2·h, respectively. AXT-NLC13-G4 intranasally displayed significantly higher absolute bioavailability of AXT (1.59-fold higher) than intravenous administration. AXT-NLC13-G4 intranasally showed 51.91% higher BTP than pure AXT (28.64%) when administered via the same route (intranasally). AXT-NLC13-G4 showed significantly higher BTE (207.92%) than pure AXT (140.14%) when administered intranasally, confirming that a high amount of the AXT reached the brain. With the disrupted performance induced by L-methionine, the AXT-NLC13-G4 showed significantly (p < 0.05) better activity than pure AXT as well as donepezil (standard). The finding concluded that NLC in situ gel is a novel carrier of AXT for improvement of brain delivery by the intranasal route and requires further investigation for more justification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyalochan Mohanty
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Centre for Nanomedicine), School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Hyderabad 500088, Telangana, India
| | - Omar Awad Alsaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameeduzzafar Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Trishala Dodle
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Centre for Nanomedicine), School of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Hyderabad 500088, Telangana, India
| | - Jeetendra Kumar Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura, Chaumuhan 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Yasir
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella P.O. Box 396, Ethiopia
| | - Anshuman Mohanty
- Product Development, Innovation and Science, Amway Global Services India Pvt. Ltd., Gurugram 122001, Haryana, India
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Abumelha HM, Alorabi AQ, Alessa H, Alamrani NA, Alharbi A, Keshk AA, El-Metwaly NM. Novel Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Fortified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Atomoxetine. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19006-19015. [PMID: 37273581 PMCID: PMC10233827 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the fabrication and full characterization of a novel atomoxetine (ATX) voltammetric carbon paste electrode (CPE) fortified with iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) is demonstrated. Modification of the carbon paste matrix with the metallic oxide nanostructure provides proper electrocatalytic activity against the oxidation of ATX molecules at the carbon paste surface, resulting in a noticeable improvement in the performance of the sensor. At the recommended pH value, ATX recorded an irreversible anodic peak at 1.17 V, following a diffusion-controlled reaction mechanism. Differential pulse voltammograms exhibited peak heights linearly correlated to the ATX content within a wide concentration range from 45 to 8680 ng mL-1, with the limit of detection reaching 11.55 ng mL-1. The electrooxidation mechanism of the ATX molecule was proposed to be the oxidation of the terminal amino group accompanied by the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The fabricated FeONPs/CPE sensors exhibited enhanced selectivity and sensitivity and therefore can be introduced for voltammetric assaying of atomoxetine-indifferent pharmaceutical and biological samples in the presence of its degradation products and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana M. Abumelha
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess
Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Q. Alorabi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Al-Baha
University, P.O. Box 1988, Albaha 65799, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Alessa
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser A. Alamrani
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Alharbi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Keshk
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa M. El-Metwaly
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura
University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Abu-Hassan AA. A novel spectrophotometric approach relies on a charge transfer complex between atomoxetine with quinone-based π-acceptor. Application to content uniformity test. BMC Chem 2023; 17:40. [PMID: 37087453 PMCID: PMC10122339 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomoxetine (ATO) belongs to psychoanaleptic drugs and is utilized in attention-deficit hyperactivity syndrome treatment. In this study, two facile and selective approaches are implemented for the spectrophotometric analysis of atomoxetine. The two approaches rely on charge transfer formed between ATO base (n-donor) with p-chloranil and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ; π-acceptor). The generated complexes exhibit absorption intensity maxima at 550 and 460 nm in acetonitrile for p-chloranil and DDQ in the order. Under the optimum reaction condition, Beer's law was followed for p-chloranil and DDQ at concentrations of 30-320 and 10-80 µg mL- 1, respectively. The ICH guidelines were followed for work validation, and the outcomes were excellent and satisfactory. The assessment of ATO in pharmaceutical capsules using the suggested procedures was successful, and the results were contrasted with those obtained using a different published method to show accuracy and precision. Additionally, the two methods were used to assess the homogeneity of ATO content in the commercialized capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Abu-Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
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Novel screen-printed sensors with chemically deposited boron-doped diamond and their use for voltammetric determination of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication atomoxetine. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Determination of atomoxetine or escitalopram in human plasma by HPLC: Applications in neuroscience research studies
. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 58:426-438. [PMID: 32449675 DOI: 10.5414/cp203705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atomoxetine and escitalopram are potent and selective drugs approved for noradrenergic or serotonergic modulation of neuronal networks in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or depression, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods still play an important role in the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of psychopharmacological drugs, and coupled with tandem mass spectrometry are the gold standard for the quantification of drugs in biological matrices, but not available everywhere. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a HPLC method for neuroscientific studies using atomoxetine or escitalopram as a test drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS A HPLC method from routine TDM determination of atomoxetine or citalopram in plasma was adapted and validated for use in neuroscientific research. Using photo diode array detection with UV absorption at 205 nm, the variation of internal standard within one chromatographic method enables separate drug monitoring for concentration-controlled explorative studies in healthy humans and patients with Parkinson's disease. RESULTS The method described here was found to be linear in the range of 0.002 - 1.4 mg/L for atomoxetine and 0.0012 - 0.197 mg/L for escitalopram, with overall mean intra-day and inter-day imprecision and accuracy bias < 10% for both drugs. The method was successfully applied in concentration-controlled neuroimaging studies in populations of healthy humans and patients with Parkinson's disease. CONCLUSION A simple, sensitive, robust HPLC method capable of monitoring escitalopram and atomoxetine is presented and validated, as a useful tool for drug monitoring and the study of pharmacokinetics in neuroscientific study applications.
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Protti M, Mandrioli R, Marasca C, Cavalli A, Serretti A, Mercolini L. New‐generation, non‐SSRI antidepressants: Drug‐drug interactions and therapeutic drug monitoring. Part 2: NaSSAs, NRIs, SNDRIs, MASSAs, NDRIs, and others. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1794-1832. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Pharmaco‐Toxicological Analysis Laboratory (PTA Lab)Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Roberto Mandrioli
- Department for Life Quality Studies (QuVi)Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of BolognaRimini Italy
| | - Camilla Marasca
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Pharmaco‐Toxicological Analysis Laboratory (PTA Lab)Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Computational and Chemical BiologyFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genoa Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Pharmaco‐Toxicological Analysis Laboratory (PTA Lab)Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Computational and Chemical BiologyFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genoa Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Pharmaco‐Toxicological Analysis Laboratory (PTA Lab)Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Derayea SM, Omar MA, Abu-hassan AA. Studying the association complex formation of atomoxetine and fluvoxamine with eosin Y and its application in their fluorimetric determination. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:170943. [PMID: 29657744 PMCID: PMC5882668 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and non-extractive spectrofluorimetric method has been developed and validated for the determination of two psychoanaleptic drugs, atomoxetine and fluvoxamine, in pure forms and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The proposed method is based on the formation of binary complexes between eosin Y and the studied drugs in the presence of a Teorell-Stenhagen buffer. The quenching of the native fluorescence of eosin Y due to complex formation with the studied drugs was measured spectrofluorimetrically at 545 nm after excitation at 302 nm. At the optimum reaction conditions, the fluorescence quenching values (ΔF) and concentrations were rectilinear over the concentration ranges of 0.2-2.2 and 0.3-2.2 µg ml-1 for atomoxetine and fluvoxamine, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations with average percentage recoveries of 100.13 ± 0.66 and 99.69 ± 0.44 for atomoxetine and fluvoxamine, respectively (n = 5), without interference from common excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed M. Derayea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Author for correspondence: Sayed M. Derayea e-mail:
| | - Mahmoud A. Omar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Abu-hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut branch, Assiut, Egypt
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Saka C. Analytical Strategies for the Determination of Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:40-66. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2014.948679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kehagia AA, Housden CR, Regenthal R, Barker RA, Müller U, Rowe J, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Targeting impulsivity in Parkinson's disease using atomoxetine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1986-97. [PMID: 24893708 PMCID: PMC4065022 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Noradrenergic dysfunction may play a significant role in cognition in Parkinson's disease due to the early degeneration of the locus coeruleus. Converging evidence from patient and animal studies points to the role of noradrenaline in dopaminergically insensitive aspects of the parkinsonian dysexecutive syndrome, yet the direct effects of noradrenergic enhancement have not to date been addressed. Our aim was to directly investigate these, focusing on impulsivity during response inhibition and decision making. To this end, we administered 40 mg atomoxetine, a selective noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor to 25 patients with Parkinson's disease (12 female /13 male; 64.4 ± 6.9 years old) in a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled design. Patients completed an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests addressing response inhibition, decision-making, attention, planning and verbal short term memory. Atomoxetine improved stopping accuracy on the Stop Signal Task [F(1,19) = 4.51, P = 0.047] and reduced reflection impulsivity [F(1,9) = 7.86, P = 0.02] and risk taking [F(1,9) = 9.2, P = 0.01] in the context of gambling. The drug also conferred effects on performance as a function of its measured blood plasma concentration: it reduced reflection impulsivity during information sampling [adjusted R(2) = 0.23, F(1,16) = 5.83, P = 0.03] and improved problem solving on the One Touch Stockings of Cambridge [adjusted R(2) = 0.29, F(1,17) = 8.34, P = 0.01]. It also enhanced target sensitivity during sustained attention [F(1,9) = 5.33, P = 0.046]. The results of this exploratory study represent the basis of specific predictions in future investigations on the effects of atomoxetine in Parkinson's disease and support the hypothesis that targeting noradrenergic dysfunction may represent a new parallel avenue of therapy in some of the cognitive and behavioural deficits seen in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie A Kehagia
- 1 Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Charlotte R Housden
- 2 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK3 Cambridge Cognition Limited, Cambridge, UK4 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- 5 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roger A Barker
- 6 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulrich Müller
- 2 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK4 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK7 Adult ADHD Service, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - James Rowe
- 2 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK6 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK8 MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- 2 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK4 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- 2 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK9 Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Choi CI, Jang CG, Bae JW, Lee SY. Validation of an analytical LC-MS/MS method in human plasma for the pharmacokinetic study of atomoxetine. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813110051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for hair analysis of atomoxetine and its metabolites: Application in clinical practice. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 218:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ulu ST. SENSITIVE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF ATOMOXETINE IN PLASMA AND URINE PRECOLUMN DERIVATIZATION WITH 1-DIMETHYLAMINONAPHTHALENE-5-SULPHONYL CHLORIDE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.608232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Tatar Ulu
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
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Choi CI, Bae JW, Lee HI, Jang CG, Sohn UD, Lee SY. Determination of atomoxetine metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 885-886:103-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Marchei E, Papaseit E, Garcia-Algar OQ, Farrè M, Pacifici R, Pichini S. Determination of atomoxetine and its metabolites in conventional and non-conventional biological matrices by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 60:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Appel DI, Brinda B, Markowitz JS, Newcorn JH, Zhu HJ. A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for the analysis of atomoxetine in human plasma and in vitro cellular samples. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1364-70. [PMID: 22275222 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive method for quantification of atomoxetine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. This assay represents the first LC-MS/MS quantification method for atomoxetine utilizing electrospray ionization. Deuterated atomoxetine (d3-atomoxetine) was adopted as the internal standard. Direct protein precipitation was utilized for sample preparation. This method was validated for both human plasma and in vitro cellular samples. The lower limit of quantification was 3 ng/mL and 10 nm for human plasma and cellular samples, respectively. The calibration curves were linear within the ranges of 3-900 ng/mL and 10 nm to 10 µm for human plasma and cellular samples, respectively (r(2) >0.999). The intra- and inter-day assay accuracy and precision were evaluated using quality control samples at three different concentrations in both human plasma and cellular lysate. Sample run stability, assay selectivity, matrix effect and recovery were also successfully demonstrated. The present assay is superior to previously published LC-MS and LC-MS/MS methods in terms of sensitivity or the simplicity of sample preparation. This assay is applicable to the analysis of atomoxetine in both human plasma and in vitro cellular samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Appel
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0486, USA
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Dogrukol-Ak D, Yeniceli D. A SIMPLE AND SPECIFIC HPLC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ATOMOXETINE IN PHARMACEUTICALS AND HUMAN PLASMA. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.526816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Dogrukol-Ak
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University , Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yeniceli
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University , Eskisehir, Turkey
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