1
|
Meconium analysis as a promising diagnostic tool for monitoring fetal exposure to toxic substances: Recent trends and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
2
|
Mantovani CDC, Silva JPE, Forster G, Almeida RMD, Diniz EMDA, Yonamine M. Simultaneous accelerated solvent extraction and hydrolysis of 11-nor-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid glucuronide in meconium samples for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1074-1075:1-7. [PMID: 29329090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis misuse during pregnancy is associated with severe impacts on the mother and baby health, such as newborn low birth weight, growth restriction, pre-term birth, neurobehavioral and developmental deficits. In most of the cases, drug abuse is omitted or denied by the mothers. Thus, toxicological analyzes using maternal-fetal matrices takes place as a suitable tool to assess drug use. Herein, meconium was the chosen matrix to evaluate cannabis exposure through identification and quantification of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic (THCCOOH). Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was applied for sample preparation technique to simultaneously extract and hydrolyze conjugated THCCOOH from meconium, followed by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure. The method was developed and validated for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), reaching hydrolysis efficiency of 98%. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were, respectively, 5 and 10 ng/g. The range of linearity was LOQ to 500 ng/g. Inter and intra-batch coefficients of variation were <8.4% for all concentration levels. Accuracy was in 101.7-108.9% range. Recovery was on average 60.3%. Carryover effect was not observed. The procedure was applied in six meconium samples from babies whose mothers were drug users and showed satisfactory performance to confirm fetal cannabis exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia de Carvalho Mantovani
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 13B, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Pereira E Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 13B, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Forster
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 13B, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Menck de Almeida
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 13B, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 13B, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of cannabinoids and phase I and II metabolites in meconium. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1497:118-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
4
|
|
5
|
Abstract
Consumption of drugs of abuse, tobacco and alcohol throughout pregnancy is a serious public health problem and results in an important economic cost to the health system. Drug and/or metabolites determination in biological matrices from mother and newborn is an objective measure of in utero drug exposure. We reviewed methods published for the determination of in utero drug exposure from 2007 to 2014, with special focus on meconium, placenta, umbilical cord and newborn hair. Accurate bioanalytical procedures are essential to obtain high-quality data to perform interventions and to establish correlations between analytical measures and clinical outcomes. We included a brief overview of clinical implications of in utero drug exposure to better understand the importance of this serious health issue.
Collapse
|
6
|
Simplified Analysis of 11-Hydroxy-Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-Carboxy-Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Meconium: Method Development and Validation. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 39:35-40. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
7
|
Abstract
Multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) methods are high-resolution volatile chemical separation techniques, and comprise classical heart-cutting MDGC and its more recent incarnation, comprehensive 2D GC. Although available for a long period, MDGC approaches are still not widely practiced in the field of bioanalysis, possibly reflecting the general preference for regular GC versus MDGC approaches. With the recent introduction of ‘-omic’ techniques that emphasize global nontargeted profiling of metabolites within living systems, it is evident that MDGC is gaining momentum as a separation tool, since it offers very high resolution. By untangling metabolites within highly complex biological matrices, and expanding the metabolic coverage, MDGC plays a frontline role in ‘-omics’ based studies. This review highlights state-of-the-art MDGC approaches, and summarizes the recent developments in bioanalytics.
Collapse
|
8
|
Battista N, Sergi M, Montesano C, Napoletano S, Compagnone D, Maccarrone M. Analytical approaches for the determination of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids in human matrices. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:7-16. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
| | | | - Sabino Napoletano
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
- Department of Public Safety, Ministry of Interior; Forensic Service/GIPS; Ancona Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome Italy
- Center of Integrated Research; Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome; Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kailasa SK, Wu HF. Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Neuro-chemicals and their Metabolites in Biofluids. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:436-64. [PMID: 24381533 PMCID: PMC3744906 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311040007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mass spectrometric related techniques have been widely applied for the identification and quantification of neurochemicals and their metabolites in biofluids. This article presents an overview of mass spectrometric techniques applied in the detection of neurological substances and their metabolites from biological samples. In addition, the advances of chromatographic methods (LC, GC and CE) coupled with mass spectrometric techniques for analysis of neurochemicals in pharmaceutical and biological samples are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Kailasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat – 395007, India
| | - Hui-Fen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 800, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) as markers for alcohol in meconium: method validation and implementation of a screening program for prenatal drug exposure. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2012; 9:287-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-012-9385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
11
|
Andrews R, Paterson S. A validated method for the analysis of cannabinoids in post-mortem blood using liquid–liquid extraction and two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:111-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Li G, Wu D, Wang Y, Xie W, Zhang X, Liu B. Determination of the volatiles from tobacco by capillary gas chromatography with atomic emission detection and mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:334-40. [PMID: 22180172 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new gas chromatograph-atomic emission detector (GC-AED) coupled with Deans switching technique for analyzing volatiles from tobaccos were developed. The detector operating parameters (reagent gas pressure and make-up gas flow rate) were optimized. The detection limits for the elements carbon (193 nm), hydrogen (486 nm) and oxygen (171 nm) ranged 0.05-0.2, 0.05-0.3 and 1-11 ng, respectively, depending on the compound. The sensitivity and linearity for the elements carbon (193 nm), hydrogen (486 nm) and oxygen (171 nm) decreased in the order O>H>C. Calibration curves were obtained by plotting peak area versus concentration, and the correlation coefficients relating to linearity were at least 0.9359. Elemental response factors measured on these channels, relative to the carbon 193-nm channel, were hydrogen, 0.38-0.48 (mean %RSD=5.64), and oxygen, 0.085-0.128 (mean %RSD=14.9). The evaluation was also done for the new technique and for an established GC-MS technique for the same real samples. The results of GC-AED and GC-MS showed that there was a relatively good agreement between the two sets of data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China; Technology Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Direct and simultaneous determination of representative byproducts in a lignocellulosic hydrolysate of corn stover via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with a Deans switch. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5319-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Wang Y, Chen Q, Norwood DL, McCaffrey J. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE APPLICATIONS OF COMPREHENSIVE TWO-DIMENSIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPH. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.484339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Qian Chen
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Daniel L. Norwood
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - John McCaffrey
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Broad-spectrum drug screening of meconium by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:925-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
16
|
Gray TR, Barnes AJ, Huestis MA. Effect of hydrolysis on identifying prenatal cannabis exposure. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2335-47. [PMID: 20517601 PMCID: PMC3163086 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Identification of prenatal cannabis exposure is important due to potential cognitive and behavioral consequences. A two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for cannabinol, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), 8beta,11-dihydroxy-THC, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) quantification in human meconium was developed and validated. Alkaline, enzymatic, and enzyme-alkaline tandem hydrolysis conditions were optimized with THC- and THCCOOH-glucuronide reference standards. Limits of quantification ranged from 10 to 15 ng/g, and calibration curves were linear to 500 ng/g. Bias and intra-day and inter-day imprecision were <12.3%. Hydrolysis efficiencies were analyte-dependent; THC-glucuronide was effectively cleaved by enzyme, but not base. Conversely, THCCOOH-glucuronide was most sensitive to alkaline hydrolysis. Enzyme-alkaline tandem hydrolysis maximized efficiency for both glucuronides. Identification of cannabinoid-positive meconium specimens nearly doubled following alkaline and enzyme-alkaline hydrolysis. Although no 11-OH-THC glucuronide standard is available, enzymatic hydrolysis improved 11-OH-THC detection in authentic specimens. Maximal identification of cannabis-exposed neonates and the widest range of cannabis biomarkers are achieved with enzyme-alkaline tandem hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R. Gray
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd. Suite 200, Room 05A721A, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allan J. Barnes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd. Suite 200, Room 05A721A, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd. Suite 200, Room 05A721A, Baltimore, MD, USA. Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd. Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Karschner EL, Barnes AJ, Lowe RH, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA. Validation of a two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of cannabidiol, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC in plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:603-11. [PMID: 20306180 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive analytical method for simultaneous quantification of sub-nanogram concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD), Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) in plasma is presented for monitoring cannabinoid pharmacotherapy and illicit cannabis use. Analytes were extracted from 1 mL plasma by solid-phase extraction, derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide with 1% trimethylchlorosilane, and analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (2D-GCMS) with cryofocusing. The lower calibration curve was linear from 0.25-25 ng/mL for CBD and THC, 0.125-25 ng/mL for 11-OH-THC and 0.25-50 ng/mL for THCCOOH. A second higher linear range from 5-100 ng/mL, achieved through modification of injection parameters, was validated for THC, 11-OH-THC, and THCCOOH and was only implemented if concentrations exceeded the lower curve upper limit of linearity. This procedure prevented laborious re-extraction by allowing the same specimen to be re-injected for quantification on the high calibration curve. Intra- and inter-assay imprecision, determined at four quality control concentrations, were <or=7.8% CV. Analytical bias was within +/-9.2% of target and extraction efficiencies were >or=72.9% for all analytes. Analytes were stable when stored at 22 degrees C for 16 h, 4 degrees C for 48 h, after three freeze-thaw cycles at -20 degrees C and when stored on the autosampler for 48 h. This sensitive and specific 2D-GCMS assay provides a new means of simultaneously quantifying CBD, THC and metabolite biomarkers in clinical medicine, forensic toxicology, workplace drug testing, and driving under the influence of drugs programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Karschner
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd. Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Madej KA. Analysis of meconium, nails and tears for determination of medicines and drugs of abuse. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Schwilke EW, Karschner EL, Lowe RH, Gordon AM, Cadet JL, Herning RI, Huestis MA. Intra- and intersubject whole blood/plasma cannabinoid ratios determined by 2-dimensional, electron impact GC-MS with cryofocusing. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1188-95. [PMID: 19264857 PMCID: PMC3197018 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-blood concentrations of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) are approximately half of those in plasma due to high plasma protein binding and poor cannabinoid distribution into erythrocytes. Whole blood is frequently the only specimen available in forensic investigations; controlled cannabinoid administration studies provide scientific data for interpretation of cannabinoid tests but usually report plasma concentrations. Whole-blood/plasma cannabinoid ratios from simultaneously collected authentic specimens are rarely reported. METHODS We collected whole blood for 7 days from 32 individuals residing on a closed research unit. Part of the whole blood was processed to obtain plasma, and the whole blood and plasma were stored at -20 degrees C until analysis by validated 2-dimensional GC-MS methods. RESULTS We measured whole-blood/plasma cannabinoid ratios in 187 specimen pairs. Median (interquartile range) whole-blood/plasma ratios were 0.39 (0.28-0.48) for THC (n = 75), 0.56 (0.43-0.73) for 11-OH-THC (n = 17), and 0.37 (0.24-0.56) for THCCOOH (n = 187). Intrasubject variability was determined for the first time: 18.1%-56.6% CV (THC) and 10.8%-38.2% CV (THCCOOH). The mean whole-blood/plasma THC ratio was significantly lower than the THCCOOH ratio (P = 0.0001; 4 participants' mean THCCOOH ratios were >0.8). CONCLUSIONS Intra- and intersubject whole-blood/plasma THC and THCCOOH ratios will aid interpretation of whole-blood cannabinoid data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene W. Schwilke
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Erin L. Karschner
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ross H. Lowe
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ann M. Gordon
- Washington State Patrol, Washington State Toxicology Laboratory, Seattle, WA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ronald I. Herning
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Brettell
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, 100 College Drive, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-6196
| | - J. M. Butler
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8312
| | - J. R. Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, Florida 33199
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gallardo E, Queiroz JA. The role of alternative specimens in toxicological analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:795-821. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|