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Elfiky M, Gaber M, Mousa M, Salahuddin N. Synthesis and validation of ultrasensitive stripping voltammetric sensor based on polypyrrole@ZnO/Fe 3O 4 core-shell nanostructure for picomolar detection of artesunate and dopamine drugs. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3739-3750. [PMID: 36124547 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00864e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A stripping voltammetric sensor for ultrasensitive detection of artesunate (ART) and dopamine HCl (DA) has been successfully developed using a Ppy@ZnO/Fe3O4 core-shell nanocomposite ([PZM])-modified carbon paste sensor (MCPS). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area method, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the nanomaterials. Noteworthily, the morphology of [PZM] reveals a spherical core-shell nanostructure with an increase in the average diameter range of 20-37.5 nm (specific surface area (SSA) of 28.5 m2 g-1 (0.0247 cm3 g-1)) when compared with the average diameter range 7.5-15.7 nm (SSA of 5.43 m2 g-1 (0.0111 cm3 g-1)) of ZnO/Fe3O4[ZM]. The [PZM] MCPS provided the best electroactive surface area (0.078 cm2) and the least electrocatalytic activity (Rst = 370 Ω). Furthermore, the MCPS showed low detection limits (LODs) of 0.092 pg mL-1 (0.24 pM) and 0.0046 pg mL-1 (0.03 pM) for ART and DA, respectively. Moreover, LODs were found to be 0.029 pg mL-1 (0.75 pM) and 0.014 pg mL-1 (0.09 pM) for ART mixed with 0.7 pM of DA (ART1) and DA in the presence of 2.0 pM of ART drug (DA1), respectively. In addition, the MCPS revealed a proper repeatability, reproducibility, and storage stability (93.5-90.48%). During the routine analysis, the [PZM] MCPS detected ART and DA concentrations in human urine, without interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Elfiky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Gaber
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Maie Mousa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Measurement of Tetrahydrobiopterin in Animal Tissue Samples by HPLC with Electrochemical Detection-Protocol Optimization and Pitfalls. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061182. [PMID: 35740082 PMCID: PMC9228106 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor of all nitric oxide synthase isoforms, thus determination of BH4 levels can provide important mechanistic insight into diseases. We established a protocol for high-performance liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection (HPLC/ECD)-based determination of BH4 in tissue samples. We first determined the optimal storage and work-up conditions for authentic BH4 and its oxidation product dihydrobiopterin (BH2) under various conditions (pH, temperature, presence of antioxidants, metal chelators, and storage time). We then applied optimized protocols for detection of BH4 in tissues of septic (induced by lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) rats. BH4 standards in HCl are stabilized by addition of 1,4-dithioerythritol (DTE) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), while HCl was sufficient for BH2 standard stabilization. Overnight storage of BH4 standard solutions at room temperature in HCl without antioxidants caused complete loss of BH4 and the formation of BH2. We further optimized the protocol to separate ascorbate and the BH4 tissue sample and found a significant increase in BH4 in the heart and kidney as well as higher BH4 levels by trend in the brain of septic rats compared to control rats. These findings correspond to reports on augmented nitric oxide and BH4 levels in both animals and patients with septic shock.
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Zech J, Salaymeh N, Hunt NH, Mäder K, Golenser J. Efficient Treatment of Experimental Cerebral Malaria by an Artemisone-SMEDDS System: Impact of Application Route and Dosing Frequency. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e02106-20. [PMID: 33558284 PMCID: PMC8097435 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02106-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisone (ART) has been successfully tested in vitro and in animal models against several diseases. However, its poor aqueous solubility and limited chemical stability are serious challenges. We developed a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) that overcomes these limitations. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of this formulation against experimental cerebral malaria in mice and the impact of its administration using different routes (gavage, intranasal delivery, and parenteral injections) and frequency on the efficacy of the treatment. The minimal effective daily oral dose was 20 mg/kg. We found that splitting a dose of 20 mg/kg ART given every 24 h, by administering two doses of 10 mg/kg each every 12 h, was highly effective and gave far superior results compared to 20 mg/kg once daily. We obtained the best results with nasal treatment; oral treatment was ranked second, and the least effective route of administration was intraperitoneal injection. A complete cure of experimental cerebral malaria could be achieved through choosing the optimal route of application, dose, and dosing interval. Altogether, the developed formulation combines easy manufacturing with high stability and could be a successful and very versatile carrier for the delivery of ART in the treatment of human severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Zech
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nadeen Salaymeh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nicholas H Hunt
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jacob Golenser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Qian J, He Q, Liu L, Wang M, Wang B, Cui L. Rapid quantification of artemisinin derivatives in antimalarial drugs with dipstick immunoassays. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113605. [PMID: 32961520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Substandard antimalarial drugs will result in unsatisfied therapeutic efficacy and increase the risk of resistance development. The point-of-care, qualitative, or semi-quantitative dipstick immunoassays cannot differentiate the substandard drugs with confidence. A rapid and quantitative analytical method that can be used under field conditions is needed. Here, three lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) based on colloidal gold nanobeads (CGN) as labels were developed for quantification of artemether, dihydroartemisinin and artesunate contents in antimalarial drugs with the aid of a portable optical scanner. Also, time-resolved fluorescent nanobeads (TRFN)-LFIA, coupled with a portable fluorescent lateral flow reader, was developed for quantification of artesunate. Commercial antimalarial drugs were used to validate these LFIAs with comparison to the gold standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The drug contents estimated with these CGN-LFIAs were in the range of 85.5-109.3% of the contents determined by HPLC with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.5-13.0%. The TRFN-LFIA results were in the range of 93.7-108.4% of contents determined by HPLC with a CV of 5.2-8.9%. There were no significant differences between the results of CGN-LFIA and TRFN-LIFA (P = 0.5277, t-test). Both types of LFIAs with portable readers may be used for quantitation of active ingredients in antimalarial drugs and for screening substandard antimalarial drugs in resource-limiting settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Qian
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingqing He
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mian Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa FL 33612, USA.
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Kitisripanya T, Sermpradit W, Sakamoto S, Tanaka H, Putalun W. An estimated quantitative lateral flow immunoassay for determination of artesunate using monoclonal antibody. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4718. [PMID: 31642080 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There have been reports of fake artesunate (ART), which has led to deaths from untreated malaria in South East Asia. To rapidly screen for fake and adulterated ART products in the drug market, a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on a colloidal gold-monoclonal antibody probe for detection of ART within samples was developed. With this method, the calibration curve for ART was determined by the intensity ratio of the test and control bands at various ART concentrations. The linearity range was 12.5-200 μg/ml of ART. Samples were tested by the developed LFIA and can be calculated for ART contents. The levels of ART in the samples were also confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of the two methods were in good conformance. The proposed LFIA was demonstrated to be a simple and rapid analytical method for detecting ART in the pharmaceutical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharita Kitisripanya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witcha Sermpradit
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Research University-Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Seiichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Research University-Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Puttappa N, Yamjala K, S T N, Raman SK, Kuppusamy G, Babu B, Kumar PR. A simple sensitive UFLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of artesunate, dihydroartemisinin and quercetin in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41794-41802. [PMID: 35541625 PMCID: PMC9076539 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07707c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultrafast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of artesunate (ART), dihydroartemisinin (DHA, an active metabolite of ART) and quercetin (QRT) in rat plasma. The separation was achieved using a Zorbax C18 column (3 μm, 50 mm × 4.6 mm) as a stationary phase with a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid (10% by volume) and methanol (90% by volume) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min-1 and an injection volume of 10 μL. Artemisinin (ATM) was used as the internal standard (IS). Mass detection was performed by electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive mode except for QRT, where negative ionization was used. The extraction recoveries of ART, DHA, and QRT from plasma were found to be 91.05-99.62%, 95.12-98.56% and 89.35-98.90%, respectively. The developed method was validated and successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of ART, DHA and QRT in plasma samples after the oral administration of ART and ART-QRT pure drugs to rats at the dose of 5 mg kg-1 each. The results reveal that the developed method can be further used for the quantification of the proposed combination drugs in nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethravathi Puttappa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Karthik Yamjala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Narenderan S T
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Suresh Kumar Raman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Basuvan Babu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - P Ram Kumar
- Netmeds Marketplace Limited Chennai Tamil Nadu India
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Tang XC, Xiao Y, Li P, Qi LW. Simple, Fast, and Sensitive detection of artemisinin in human serum and Artemisia annua using microsensor array coupled with electrochemiluminescent imaging technique. Talanta 2019; 196:124-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chung H, Tajiri S, Hyoguchi M, Koyanagi R, Shimura A, Takata F, Dohgu S, Matsui T. Analysis of Catecholamine and Their Metabolites in Mice Brain by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Sulfonated Mixed-mode Copolymer Column. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:433-439. [PMID: 30584183 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simultaneous assay for catecholamines and their metabolites in the brain was established using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). To achieve complete separation, a cation-exchange/reversed-phase mixed-mode copolymer resin column containing 0.81 wt% sulfo groups was used for the simultaneous LC-MS assay. The analyzed catecholamines were dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (E), while the metabolites lacking amino groups were 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG). The metabolites were separated and detected using LC-MS, on columns with and without sulfo groups. However, we could not achieve adequate separation of catecholamines on both columns using a gradient elution of 0 - 50 (v/v)% methanol containing 0.1 (v/v)% formic acid (FA). When volatile ion-pairing reagents were added to the mobile phase, they improved the retention and detection of catecholamines on the sulfonated mixed-mode column. Under optimized elution conditions, which involved a linear gradient elution of water containing 0.1 (v/v)% FA to 50 (v/v)% acetonitrile in 50 mM ammonium formate at 40°C and a 0.20 mL/min rate, all six target molecules were simultaneously detected within 25 min, when using negative mode LC-MS on a sulfonated mixed-mode column. The limits of detection (LODs) for DA, NE, E, DOPCA, HVA, and MHPG were determined to be 20.7, 12.6, 74.6, 1110, 18.7, and 3196 nM, respectively. Moreover, the established LC-MS assay allowed the detection of endogenous DA, NE, and HVA, in normal mouse brain samples at concentrations higher than 20, 9, and 4 pmol/mg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Chung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| | - Satoshi Tajiri
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| | - Mai Hyoguchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| | - Riho Koyanagi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
| | - Akihiro Shimura
- Separation Materials Laboratory, Kurosaki R & D Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Co
| | - Fuyuko Takata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Shinya Dohgu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University
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Gallay J, Prod'hom S, Mercier T, Bardinet C, Spaggiari D, Pothin E, Buclin T, Genton B, Decosterd LA. LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous analysis of seven antimalarials and two active metabolites in dried blood spots for applications in field trials: Analytical and clinical validation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:263-277. [PMID: 29579633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In epidemiological studies, antimalarials measurements in blood represent the best available marker of drugs exposure at population level, an important driver for the emergence of drug resistance. We have developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous quantification of 7 frequently used antimalarials (amodiaquine, chloroquine, quinine, sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, mefloquine, lumefantrine) and 2 active metabolites (N-desethyl-amodiaquine, desbutyl-lumefantrine) in 10-μl dried blood spots (DBS). This sampling approach is suitable for field studies wherein blood samples processing, transportation and storage are problematic. Sample preparation included extraction from a 3 mm-disk punched out of the DBS with 100-μl of methanol + 1% formic acid containing deuterated internal standards for all drugs. Good performances were achieved in terms of trueness (-12.1 to +11.1%), precision (1.4-15.0%) and sensitivity, with lower limits of quantification comprised between 2 ng/ml (sulfadoxine) and 20 ng/ml (chloroquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, mefloquine, lumefantrine and desbutyl-lumefantrine). All analytes were stable in DBS kept for 24 h at room temperature and at 37 °C. The developed assay was applied within the frame of a pharmacokinetic study including 16 healthy volunteers who received a single dose of artemether-lumefantrine. Lumefantrine concentrations in plasma and in DBS were highly correlated (R = 0.97) at all time points, confirming the assumption that lumefantrine concentrations determined in DBS confidently reflect blood concentrations. The blood/plasma ratio of 0.56 obtained using the Bland-Altman approach (and corresponding to the slope of the linear regression) is in line with very low penetration of lumefantrine into red blood cells. This sensitive multiplex LC-MS/MS assay enabling the simultaneous analysis of antimalarials in DBS is suitable for epidemiological studies in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gallay
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Prod'hom
- Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Mercier
- Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carine Bardinet
- Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dany Spaggiari
- Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Pothin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Blaise Genton
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Community Medicine, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Rathod DM, Patel KR, Mistri HN, Jangid AG, Shrivastav PS, Sanyal M. Application of an LC–MS/MS method for reliable determination of amodiaquine, N -desethylamodiaquine, artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in human plasma for a bioequivalence study in healthy Indian subjects. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zehnacker L, Nevers MC, Sinou V, Parzy D, Créminon C, Parzy D, Azoulay S. Development of sensitive direct chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for the determination of dihydroartemisinin in plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7823-30. [PMID: 26280205 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in prevention and therapy, malaria is still one of the world's leading major diseases due to its high morbidity and mortality. Recommended treatments by the World Health Organization include the use of artemisinin and artemisinin derivative-based combination therapies. To allow efficient patient monitoring during antimalarial therapy without the use of expensive apparatus, we developed a sensitive direct chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for the determination of dihydroartemisinin in biological fluids. To produce specific antibodies against dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a synthetic DHA derivative was coupled to bovine serum albumin as the immunogen. In parallel, a new, rapid, and efficient procedure to covalently link glycoprotein to all amine-containing molecules has been established and the enzyme tracer was prepared by chemically coupling the DHA derivative in combination with SBP rather than the more commonly used HRP. It allowed us to develop, after optimization of the luminescent reagent, a sensitive and stable luminescent EIA, with a LLOQ of 90 pg mL(-1). This assay compares favorably with the most efficient HPLC methods previously reported with a LLOQ close to 1 ng mL(-1) and shows good precision and efficiency since recovery from human plasma spiked with DHA ranged between 91 and 103%, with coefficients of variation of <13%. To date, no immunoassay for DHA has been applied to plasma analysis and this EIA should be very useful in all clinical laboratories for rapid and cost-effective analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zehnacker
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 CNRS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Marie-Claire Nevers
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Sinou
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-MD3, Aix-Marseille Université, 27, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Parzy
- K-Plan, 66 Boulevard Niels Bohr, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Créminon
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Parzy
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-MD3, Aix-Marseille Université, 27, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Azoulay
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 CNRS, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.
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Li B, Zhang J, Zhou XZ, Li JY, Yang YJ, Wei XJ, Niu JR, Liu XW, Li JS, Zhang JY. Determination and pharmacokinetic studies of artesunate and its metabolite in sheep plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 997:146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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A high-throughput LC-MS/MS assay for quantification of artesunate and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma and saliva. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:2357-69. [PMID: 25384589 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Saliva is an alternative sampling matrix to plasma, offering a noninvasive technique, but requires a highly sensitive bioanalytical method. MATERIALS & METHODS An API 3000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source operated in the positive ion mode was used for the analysis. RESULTS A high-throughput LC-MS/MS method using SPE for the quantification of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in plasma and saliva has been optimized and validated according to US FDA guidelines. For both analytes the LLOQ was determined to 5 ng/ml and the calibration range was 5-1000 ng/ml for artesunate and 5-2000 ng/ml for dihydroartemisinin. CONCLUSION For the first time, a bioanalytical method for determination of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in human saliva has been described, showing possible applicability in clinical saliva samples in addition to plasma samples.
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Dubey S, Bose D, Shukla SK, Durgbanshi A, Esteve-Romero J, Carda-Broch S. DETERMINATION OF ALPHA-BETA ARTEETHER IN PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS USING DIRECT INJECTION MICELLAR LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.825852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dubey
- a Department of Criminology and Forensic Science , Dr. Harisingh Gour University , Sagar (M.P.) , India
| | - D. Bose
- a Department of Criminology and Forensic Science , Dr. Harisingh Gour University , Sagar (M.P.) , India
| | - S. K. Shukla
- b Central Forensic Science Laboratory (C.F.S.L.) , Chandigarh , India
| | - A. Durgbanshi
- c Department of Applied Chemistry , Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - J. Esteve-Romero
- d Departament de Química Física i Analítica , Universitat Jaume I , Castelló , Spain
| | - S. Carda-Broch
- d Departament de Química Física i Analítica , Universitat Jaume I , Castelló , Spain
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Analytical sample preparation strategies for the determination of antimalarial drugs in human whole blood, plasma and urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 962:109-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantitation of three active components derived from a novel prodrug against schistosome infection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:186-93. [PMID: 23747748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease that has been recognized as a severe health burden for some regions of the world. While praziquantel is the drug of choice, there is an unmet medical need for novel therapies with greater efficacy and resistant profile. DW-3-15 is a novel and promising prodrug possessing both adult and juvenile schistosomes killing capability. Its proposed hydrolytic products, artesunate (ARS), dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and 10-hydroxypraziquantel (10-OHPZQ), are all active in preventing schistosomal infection in relevant disease models. To support pharmacokinetic and PK-PD studies of DW-3-15, a simple, specific and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the three active components in rat plasma. Using a short C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 5 μm) with linear gradient, a baseline resolution of the three analytes and corresponding internal standards was achieved with a total run time of 6 min. Mass detection was carried out by electrospray ionization in positive MRM mode with ion transitions of m/z 402.2→m/z 267.3 for ARS, m/z 302.2→m/z 163.1 for DHA, and m/z 329.2→m/z 219.4 for 10-OHPZQ. The method was linear over concentration ranges of 1.0-500 ng/mL for ARS, 5.0-2500 ng/mL for DHA, and 1.0-500 ng/mL for 10-OHPZQ. The accuracy was within ±10.0% for ARS, ±6.4% for DHA, and ±13.0% for 10-OHPZQ. The within-run and between-run precision of all three analytes at four concentrations tested were less than 15%, except at the LLOQ for DHA which was between 15 and 20%. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic evaluation of DW-3-15 in rats following intravenous administration.
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Wahajuddin, Raju KSR, Taneja I. Bioanalysis of antimalarials using liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:37-46. [PMID: 21083186 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemether-lumefantrine is the most widely recommended artemisinin-based combination treatment for falciparum malaria. Quantification of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in biological matrices has traditionally been difficult, with sensitivity being an issue. RESULTS A high-throughput bioanalytical method for the analysis of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma using solid-phase extraction in the 96-well plate format and liquid chromatography coupled to positive ion mode tandem mass spectroscopy has been developed and validated according to US FDA guidelines. The method uses 50 µl plasma and covers the calibration range 1.43-500 ng/ml with a limit of detection at 0.36 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS The developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay is more sensitive than all previous methods despite using a lower plasma volume (50 µl) and is highly suitable for clinical studies where plasma volumes are limited, such as pediatric trials.
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Duthaler U, Keiser J, Huwyler J. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography and ion spray tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of artesunate, artemether and their major metabolites dihydroartemisinin and dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide in sheep plasma. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:172-181. [PMID: 21259399 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently, promising fasciocidal activities of artesunate and artemether were described in rats and sheep. Therefore, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to quantify artesunate, artemether and their metabolites dihydroartemisinin and dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide in sheep plasma. Protein precipitation with methanol was used for sample workup. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed using an Atlantis C18 analytical column with a mobile phase gradient system of ammonium formate and acetonitrile. The analytes were detected by MS/MS using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) with electrospray ionisation in the positive mode (transition m/z 267.4 → 163.0). The analytical range for dihydroartemisinin, dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide and artesunate was 10-1000 ng/ml and for artemether 90-3000 ng/ml with a lower limit of quantification of 10 and 90 ng/ml, respectively. Inter- and intra-day accuracy and precision deviations were < 10%. Consistent relative recoveries (60-80%) were observed over the investigated calibration range for all analytes. All analytes were stable in the autosampler for at least 30 h (6 °C) and after three freeze and thaw cycles. The validation results demonstrated that the LC-MS/MS method is precise, accurate and selective and can be used for the determination of the artemisinins in sheep plasma. The method was applied successfully to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of artesunate and its metabolites in plasma of intramuscularly treated sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Duthaler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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Chernetsova ES, Koryakova AG. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for studying new pharmaceutical entities. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810140029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Teja-Isavadharm P, Siriyanonda D, Siripokasupkul R, Apinan R, Chanarat N, Lim A, Wannaying S, Saunders D, Fukuda MM, Miller RS, Weina PJ, Meléndez V. A simplified liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for artesunate and dihydroartemisinin, its metabolite, in human plasma. Molecules 2010; 15:8747-68. [PMID: 21124272 PMCID: PMC6259473 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15128747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Artesunate (AS) is a potent antimalarial that is used worldwide for the treatment of malaria. A simple method with a total run time of 12 min was developed and validated for the quantification of AS and dihydroartemisinin (DHA), its active metabolite, in human (heparinized) plasma based on one-step protein precipitation in acetonitrile using artemisinin (ARN) as an internal standard, followed by liquid chromatography with a single quadrupole mass spectrometry system connected to a C18 column. Peak area ratio responses were fitted to the 2nd-order curve type, polynomial equation with weighting (1/concentration) over a quantification range between 3.20/5.33-3,000/5,000 nM (1.23/1.52-1153/1422 ng/mL) of AS/DHA showing linearity with very good correlation (r2>0.999). Single ion recordings of 5 µL injections of plasma extracts allowed for limits of detection of 1.02 nM (0.39 ng/mL) for AS and 0.44 nM (0.13 ng/mL) for DHA. The inter-assay and intra-assay accuracy and precision of the method was very good with an inaccuracy of ±12.4% and coefficients of variation of ≤10.7% at all tested concentrations. The recovery of the analytes from plasma was ≥95%. Other commonly used antimalarials including mefloquine, quinine, and chloroquine, did not interfere with the analysis. Post-preparative tests over 24 h in an autosampler (10 °C) showed that the DHA response was only 2.1% of AS from auto-hydrolysis, and β-DHA was the major, stable epimer that was used for quantification of DHA. In contrast, α-DHA increased steadily up to 600%. Artesunate and DHA in plasma were stable through three freeze/thaw cycles for up to 6 h at room temperature and up to one year at -80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paktiya Teja-Isavadharm
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: ; Tel.: +1-662-6962795; Fax: +1-662-6444784
| | - Duangsuda Siriyanonda
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Raveewan Siripokasupkul
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Roongnapa Apinan
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nitima Chanarat
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Apassorn Lim
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Srisombat Wannaying
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - David Saunders
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Mark M. Fukuda
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Robert S. Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (R.S.M.); (P.J.W.)
| | - Peter J. Weina
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (R.S.M.); (P.J.W.)
| | - Victor Meléndez
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Müller DM, Rentsch KM. Therapeutic drug monitoring by LC–MS–MS with special focus on anti-infective drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2573-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Investigation of porous graphitic carbon at high-temperature liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection for the analysis of the drug combination artesunate—Azithromycin for the treatment of severe malaria. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
HPLC detector technology has advanced dramatically over the past 20 years, with a range of highly sensitive and specific detectors becoming available. What is still missing from the bioanalyst’s armoury, however, is a highly sensitive detector that gives an equimolar response independent of the compound. This would allow for quantification of compounds without the requirement for a synthetic standard or a radiolabeled analogue. In particular, such a detector applied to metabolism studies would establish the relative significance of the various metabolic routes. The recently issued US FDA guidelines on metabolites in safety testing (MIST) focus on the relative quantitation of human metabolites being obtained as soon as feasible in the drug-development process. In this article, current detector technology is reviewed with respect to its potential for quantitation without authentic standards or a radiolabel and put in the context of the MIST guidelines. The potential for future developments are explored.
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Xie LH, Li Q, Zhang J, Weina PJ. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and mass balance of radiolabeled dihydroartemisinin in male rats. Malar J 2009; 8:112. [PMID: 19470172 PMCID: PMC2694832 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a powerful anti-malarial drug, has been used as monotherapy and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for more than decades. So far, however, the tissue distribution and metabolic profile of DHA data are not available from animal and humans. METHODS Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, mass balance, and elimination of [14C] DHA have been studieded in rats following a single intravenous administration. Protein binding was performed with rat and human plasma. Drug concentrations were obtained up to 192 hr from measurements of total radioactivity and drug concentration to determine the contribution by the parent and metabolites to the total dose of drug injected from whole blood, plasma, urine and faecal samples. RESULTS Drug was widely distributed after 1 hr and rapidly declined at 24 hr in all tissues except spleen until 96 hrs. Only 0.81% of the total radioactivity was detected in rat brain tissue. DHA revealed a high binding capacity with both rat and human plasma proteins (76-82%). The concentration of total radioactivity in the plasma fraction was less than 25% of that in blood total. Metabolism of DHA was observed with high excretion via bile into intestines and approximately 89-95% dose of all conjugations were accounted for in blood, urine and faeces. However, the majority of elimination of [14C] DHA was through urinary excretion (52% dose). The mean terminal half-lives of plasma and blood radioactivity (75.57-122.13 h) were significantly prolonged compared with that of unchanged DHA (1.03 h). CONCLUSION In rat brain, the total concentration of [14C] was 2-fold higher than that in plasma, indicating the radioactivity could easily penetrate the brain-blood barrier. Total radioactivity distributed in RBC was about three- to four-fold higher than that in plasma, suggesting that the powerful anti-malarial potency of DHA in the treatment of blood stage malaria may relate to the high RBC binding. Biliary excretion and multiple concentration peaks of DHA have been demonstrated with high urinary excretion due to a most likely drug re-absorption in the intestines (enterohepatic circulation). The long lasting metabolites of DHA (> 192 hr) in the rats may be also related to the enterohepatic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA.
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27
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Lindegardh N, Tarning J, Toi PV, Hien TT, Farrar J, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Ashton M, Day NPJ. Quantification of artemisinin in human plasma using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:768-73. [PMID: 19162422 PMCID: PMC2658735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectroscopy method for the quantification of artemisinin in human heparinised plasma has been developed and validated. The method uses Oasis HLB mu-elution solid phase extraction 96-well plates to facilitate a high throughput of 192 samples a day. Artesunate (internal standard) in a plasma-water solution was added to plasma (50 microL) before solid phase extraction. Artemisinin and its internal standard artesunate were analysed by liquid chromatography and MS/MS detection on a Hypersil Gold C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 5 microm) column using a mobile phase containing acetonitrile-ammonium acetate 10mM pH 3.5 (50:50, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The method has been validated according to published FDA guidelines and showed excellent performance. The within-day, between-day and total precisions expressed as R.S.D., were lower than 8% at all tested quality control levels including the upper and lower limit of quantification. The limit of detection was 0.257 ng/mL for artemisinin and the calibration range was 1.03-762 ng/mL using 50 microL plasma. The method was free from matrix effects as demonstrated both graphically and quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lindegardh
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Hodel E, Zanolari B, Mercier T, Biollaz J, Keiser J, Olliaro P, Genton B, Decosterd L. A single LC–tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of 14 antimalarial drugs and their metabolites in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:867-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of artesunate and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 876:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lindegardh N, Hanpithakpong W, Kamanikom B, Singhasivanon P, Socheat D, Yi P, Dondorp AM, McGready R, Nosten F, White NJ, Day NPJ. Major pitfalls in the measurement of artemisinin derivatives in plasma in clinical studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 876:54-60. [PMID: 18980865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A bioanalytical method for the analysis of artesunate (ARS) and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in human plasma using protein precipitation and liquid chromatography coupled to positive tandem mass spectroscopy was developed. The method was validated according to published US FDA-guidelines and showed excellent performance. However, when it was applied to clinical pharmacokinetic studies in malaria, variable degradation of the artemisinins introduced an unacceptable large source of error, rendering the assay useless. Haemolytic products related to sample collection and malaria infection degraded the compounds. Addition of organic solvents during sample processing and even low volume addition of the internal standard in an organic solvent caused degradation. A solid phase extraction method avoiding organic solvents eliminated problems arising from haemolysis induced degradation. Plasma esterases mediated only approximately 20% of ex vivo hydrolysis of ARS into DHA. There are multiple sources of major preventable error in measuring ARS and DHA in plasma samples from clinical trials. These various pitfalls have undoubtedly contributed to the large inter-subject variation in plasma concentration profiles and derived pharmacokinetic parameters for these important antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lindegardh
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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