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Franzin M, Ruoso R, Del Savio R, Addobbati R. Development and Validation of an HPLC-UV Method for the Quantification of Acyclovir and Ganciclovir in the Plasma of Pediatric Immunocompromised Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2685. [PMID: 38473930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Acyclovir and ganciclovir comprise the prophylaxis and treatment of herpesvirus and cytomegalovirus infections occurring in immunocompromised patients. Their therapeutic drug monitoring is fundamental because of interindividual variability leading to side effects and drug resistance and is performed through several techniques, such as liquid chromatography coupled with UV spectrophotometry (HPLC-UV) or mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Therefore, we developed and validated a low-cost, non-time-consuming, and low-sample-consuming HPLC-UV method. Briefly, 100 µL of sample was used for sample preparation, mainly consisting of precipitation through organic solvent. In total, 20 µL was injected into the instrument. Chromatographic separation was obtained eluting mobile phases A (10 mM ammonium formiate 0.01% formic acid) and B (acetonitrile) on a Poroshell 120 SB-C8 2.1 × 150 mm, 2.7 µm for 12 min isocratically (97:3; A:B) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The linearity range (0.5-40 mg/L) of the method allowed us to quantify both the Cmin and Cmax of acyclovir and ganciclovir. Plasma concentrations measured on a small cohort of patients undergoing acyclovir (31) and ganciclovir (9) treatment by the proposed method and the LC-MS/MS methods, already in use, were significantly correlated. The proposed HPLC-UV method may be implemented in diagnostics as an alternative method in case of the unavailability of the LC-MS/MS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Franzin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rachele Ruoso
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rossella Del Savio
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Addobbati
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
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2
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Ganesh V, Sahini K, Basuri PP, Nalini C. Review of analytical and bioanalytical techniques for the determination of first-line anticytomegalovirus drugs. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Ärlemalm A, Helldén A, Karlsson L, Carlsson B. Rapid determination of acyclovir, its main metabolite 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine, ganciclovir and penciclovir in human serum by LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5315. [PMID: 34981553 PMCID: PMC9285573 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A novel MS‐based analytical method for simultaneous analysis of the antiviral drugs acyclovir, its metabolite 9‐carboxymethoxymethylguanine, ganciclovir, and penciclovir in human serum is described. These antiviral drugs are active against herpes virus infections. Acyclovir and penciclovir are regarded as safe and effective medicines with mild side effects such as headache and gastrointestinal discomfort, and ganciclovir is regarded as more toxic and is known to cause, for example, bone marrow suppression. Acyclovir’s main metabolite 9‐carboxymethoxymethylguanine is a presumptive neurotoxin and should be monitored in patients with impaired renal function or in cases with neurotoxic symptoms. A sample was prepared using protein precipitation with 1% formic acid in methanol containing isotopically labeled internal standard. Chromatographic separation on a biphenyl column and mass spectrometric detection were performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode on a Xevo TQ‐S micro with ESI in positive ion mode, within 3 min. Inter‐day assay accuracies for the quality controls varied between 95 and 104% and intra‐day assay between 93 and 105%. Inter‐day and intra‐day assay imprecision for the quality controls ranged between 1.4 and 4.2% and 1.7 and 6.5% respectively. The lower limit of quantification for all four substances was 0.156 μmol/L. It is an accurate and reproducible method for therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ärlemalm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Helldén
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Louise Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Björn Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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4
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Urinovska R, Kacirova I, Sagan J. Determination of acyclovir and its metabolite 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanide in human serum by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3080-3088. [PMID: 34165890 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method was developed for acyclovir and its metabolite 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine in human serum. After precipitation of serum samples with 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile/methanol (40:60, v/v), components were separated on a Luna Omega C18 column (1.6 μm; 2.1 × 150 mm) at 40°C. Mobile phase A (2 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 0.1% formic acid in 5% acetonitrile, v/v/v) and mobile phase B (2 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 0.1% formic acid in 95% acetonitrile, v/v/v) were used for gradient elution. A linear calibration curve was obtained over the range of 0.05-50 mg/L, and the correlation coefficients were better than 0.999. The limit of quantitation was 0.05 mg/L for both analytes. The intra- and interday accuracy and precision at three concentration levels ranged between 1.6 and 13.3%, and recoveries were achieved with a range between 92.2 and 114.2%. This method was developed and validated for the therapeutic monitoring of acyclovir in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Urinovska
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Kacirova
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sagan
- Clinic of Infectious Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Clinic of Infectious Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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D Corum D, Corum O, Atik O, E Faki H, Altan F, Uney K. Effect of benzylpenicillin on intravenous pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:319-324. [PMID: 32212341 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of benzylpenicillin on the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Six clinically healthy red-eared slider turtles weighing 400 and 580 g were used for the study. Acyclovir (40 mg/kg) and benzylpenicillin (30 mg/kg) were administered intravenously to turtles. In the study, the cross-pharmacokinetic design (2 × 2) with a 30-day washout period was performed in two periods. Plasma concentrations of acyclovir were assayed using the high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. Following the administration of acyclovir alone, elimination half-life (t1/2 β ), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), total clearance (ClT ), and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss ) were 20.12 hr, 1,372 hr * µg/mL, 0.03 L hr-1 kg-1 , and 0.84 L/kg, respectively. Benzylpenicillin administration increased t1/2 β , AUC, and Vdss while decreased ClT of acyclovir. These results showed that benzylpenicillin changed the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir following simultaneous administration in turtles. However, further research is needed to determine molecular mechanism of interaction in turtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu D Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Orkun Atik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Afyon Kocatepe, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hatice E Faki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Feray Altan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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6
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Mulabagal V, Annaji M, Kurapati S, Dash RP, Srinivas NR, Tiwari AK, Babu RJ. Stability-indicating HPLC method for acyclovir and lidocaine in topical formulations. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4751. [PMID: 31756271 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and accurate stability-indicating HPLC assay was developed for the determination of acyclovir and lidocaine in topical formulations. Chromatographic separation of acyclovir and lidocaine was achieved using a reversed-phase C18 column and a gradient mobile phase (20 mm ammonium acetate pH 3.5 in water and acetonitrile). The degradation products of acyclovir and lidocaine in the samples were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry. The HPLC method successfully resolved the analytes from the impurities and degradation products in the topical formulation. Furthermore, the method detected the analytes from the human skin leachables following the extraction of the analytes in the skin homogenate samples. The method showed linearity over wide ranges of 5-500 and 10-200 μg/ml for acyclovir and lidocaine in the topical product, respectively, with a correlation coefficient (r2 ) >0.9995. The relative standard deviations for precision, repeatability, and robustness of the method validation assays were <2%. The skin extraction efficiency for acyclovir and lidocaine was 92.8 ± 0.7% and 91.3 ± 3.2%, respectively, with no interference from the skin leachables. Thus, simultaneous quantification of acyclovir and lidocaine in the topical formulations was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanisree Mulabagal
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Manjusha Annaji
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sharmila Kurapati
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ranjeet Prasad Dash
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Department of Innovation and Technology, Jubilant Life Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - R Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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7
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Ma J, Huang X, Wei S. Rapid determination of antiviral medication ribavirin in different feedstuffs using a novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3372-3381. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Kui Ma
- School of Food & Pharmaceutical EngineeringZhaoqing University Zhaoqing P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Chen Huang
- School of Food & Pharmaceutical EngineeringZhaoqing University Zhaoqing P. R. China
| | - Shou‐Lian Wei
- College of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringZhaoqing University Zhaoqing P. R. China
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8
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Abstract
Ganciclovir is synthetic nucleoside analog of guanine closely related to acyclovir but has greater activity against cytomegalovirus. This comprehensive profile on ganciclovir starts with a description of the drug: nomenclature, formulae, chemical structure, elemental composition, and appearance. The uses and application of the drug are explained. The methods that were used for the preparation of ganciclovir are described and their respective schemes are outlined. The methods which were used for the physical characterization of the dug are: ionization constant, solubility, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, crystal structure, melting point, and differential scanning calorimetry. The chapter contains the spectra of the drug: ultraviolet spectrum, vibrational spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and the mass spectrum. The compendial methods of analysis of ganciclovir include the United States Pharmacopeia methods. Other methods of analysis that were reported in the literature include: high-performance liquid chromatography alone or with mass spectrometry, electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, voltammetry, chemiluminescence, and radioimmunoassay. Biological investigation on the drug includes: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, bioavailability, and biological analysis. Reviews on the methods used for preparation or for analysis of the drug are provided. The stability of the drug in various media and storage conditions is reported. More than 240 references are listed at the end of the chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Badr
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq D S Ajarim
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Schimek D, Raml R, Francesconi KA, Bodenlenz M, Sinner F. Quantification of acyclovir in dermal interstitial fluid and human serum by ultra-high-performance liquid-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry for topical bioequivalence evaluation. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4194. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Schimek
- Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH; HEALTH Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences; Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry; NAWI Graz, University of Graz; Austria
| | - Reingard Raml
- Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH; HEALTH Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences; Graz Austria
| | | | - Manfred Bodenlenz
- Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH; HEALTH Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences; Graz Austria
| | - Frank Sinner
- Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH; HEALTH Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences; Graz Austria
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine; Medical University of Graz; Austria
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RP-LC Method for the Determination of Seven Antiviral Drugs and Bioanalytical Application for Simultaneous Determination of Lamivudine and Penciclovir in Human Plasma. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Nováková L, Pavlík J, Chrenková L, Martinec O, Červený L. Current antiviral drugs and their analysis in biological materials-Part I: Antivirals against respiratory and herpes viruses. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:400-416. [PMID: 28755849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article is the first in the series providing an overview of currently used antiviral drugs and presenting contemporary approaches to their analysis. Large number of available antivirals and their structural variability makes this task very challenging. Trying to cover this topic comprehensively while maintaining reasonable size of the article, the review is presented in two parts. For the purpose of the overall review, antivirals were divided into four groups: (i) antivirals against herpes viruses, (ii) antivirals against respiratory viruses, (iii) antivirals against hepatitis viruses, and (iv) antivirals against HIV. Part one is devoted to the groups (i) and (ii) and also concerns the key features of the bioanalytical method. The mechanisms of action of antivirals against respiratory and herpes viruses and their use in clinical practice are briefly outlined, and the analytical methods for selected representatives of each class are described in more detail. The methods developed for the determination of drugs from these classes mostly include conventional procedures. In contrast, current trends such as UHPLC are used rarely and proper method validation based on requirements of bioanalytical guidelines can be often considered insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Pavlík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Chrenková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Martinec
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Červený
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Simultaneous determination of 14 antiviral drugs and relevant metabolites in chicken muscle by UPLC–MS/MS after QuEChERS preparation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1023-1024:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Giuliani P, Zuccarini M, Buccella S, Rossini M, D'Alimonte I, Ciccarelli R, Marzo M, Marzo A, Di Iorio P, Caciagli F. Development of a new HPLC method using fluorescence detection without derivatization for determining purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1009-1010:114-21. [PMID: 26720700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) activity is involved in cell survival and function, since PNP is a key enzyme in the purine metabolic pathway where it catalyzes the phosphorolysis of the nucleosides to the corresponding nucleobases. Its dysfunction has been found in relevant pathological conditions (such as inflammation and cancer), so the detection of PNP activity in plasma could represent an attractive marker for early diagnosis or assessment of disease progression. Thus the aim of this study was to develop a simple, fast and sensitive HPLC method for the determination of PNP activity in plasma. The separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Kinetex PFP column using 0.1% formic acid in water and methanol as mobile phases in gradient elution mode at a flow rate of 1ml/min and purine compounds were detected using UV absorption and fluorescence. The analysis was fast since the run was achieved within 13min. This method improved the separation of the different purines, allowing the UV-based quantification of the natural PNP substrates (inosine and guanosine) or products (hypoxanthine and guanine) and its subsequent metabolic products (xanthine and uric acid) with a good precision and accuracy. The most interesting innovation is the simultaneous use of a fluorescence detector (excitation/emission wavelength of 260/375nm) that allowed the quantification of guanosine and guanine without derivatization. Compared with UV, the fluorescence detection improved the sensitivity for guanine detection by about 10-fold and abolished almost completely the baseline noise due to the presence of plasma in the enzymatic reaction mixture. Thus, the validated method allowed an excellent evaluation of PNP activity in plasma which could be useful as an indicator of several pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Giuliani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Silvana Buccella
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Margherita Rossini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Iolanda D'Alimonte
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Matteo Marzo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Antonio Marzo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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Can S, Yilmaz S, Saglikoglu G, Sadikoglu M, Menek N. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Acyclovir on Poly(p-Aminobenzene Sulfonic Acid) Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Zendelovska D, Simeska S, Atanasovska E, Georgievska K, Kikerkov I, Labachevski N, Jakovski K, Balkanov T. Determination of Acyclovir in Human Plasma Samples by HPLC Method with UV Detection: Application to Single-Dose Pharmacokinetic Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2015; 3:32-6. [PMID: 27275193 PMCID: PMC4877785 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2015.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters: Cmax, tmax, t1/2, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ with the two-way analysis of variance, single observation (ANOVA) for two preparations containing acyclovir. OBJECTIVE: In order to evaluate pharmacokinetic study of acyclovir, method for quantitative determination of acyclovir in human plasma should be simple, rapid and reproducible. Therefore, the method is developed, validated and applied for analysis of acyclovir in plasma samples obtained from healthy volunteers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV-detection for the determination of acyclovir in human plasma is presented. This method involves protein precipitation with 20 % (V/V) perchloric acid. The chromatographic separation was accomplished on a reversed phase C8 column with a mobile phase composed of 0.1 % (V/V) triethylamine in water (pH 2.5). No internal standard is required. UV detection was set at 255 nm. The method was successfully applied for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic profiles of acyclovir tablets in 24 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: The validation results shows that proposed method is rugged, precise (RSDs for intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 1.02 to 8.37 %) and accurate (relative errors are less than 6.66 %). The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 0.1-2.0 µg/ml and the limit of quantification was 0.1 µg/ml. The Cmax, tmax and AUCs for the two products were not statistically different (p>0.05), suggesting that the plasma profiles generated by Zovirax were comparable to those produced by acyclovir manufactured by Jaka 80 company. CONCLUSION: Good precision, accuracy, simplicity, sensitivity and shorter time of analysis of the method makes it particularly useful for processing of multiple samples in a limited period of time for pharmacokinetic study of acyclovir.
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Rigo-Bonnin R, Padullés A, Corral-Comesaña S, Cerezo G, Grinyó JM, Colom H, Alía-Ramos P, Lloberas N. Measurement of ganciclovir concentration in human plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 427:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Comparative study of some robust statistical methods: weighted, parametric, and nonparametric linear regression of HPLC convoluted peak responses using internal standard method in drug bioavailability studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4835-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ramesh PJ, Basavaiah K, Vinay KB, Xavier CM. Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Ganciclovir in Bulk Drug and in Formulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/894965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, accurate, and precise gradient reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the determination of ganciclovir (GNC) in pharmaceuticals. Chromatographic separation was carried out on inertsil ODS C18 (4.6 mm mm, 5.0 μm) LC column using ammonium acetate buffer, sodium salt of hexane sulfonic acid as ion-pairing reagent in 1000 mL water, and acetonitrile (90 : 10) (v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL and with UV detection at 245 nm at column temperature (30°C). The runtime under these chromatographic conditions was 10 min. The method was linear over the range of 0.02–75 μg . The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values were 4.1 and 20 ng , respectively. The method was successfully extended to study the effect on GNC upon treatment with 2 N NaOH, 2N HCl, and 5% H2O2 for 2 hrs at 80°C and upon exposure to UV (1200 K lux hrs) for 72 hrs and thermal (105°C) for 5 hrs. The proposed method was further applied to the determination of GNC in pharmaceuticals, with good percent recovery. The accuracy and the precision of the method were validated on intraday and interday basis in accordance with ICH guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - K. Basavaiah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - K. B. Vinay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Cijo M. Xavier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
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Ramesh PJ, Basavaiah K, Xavier CM, Prashanth KN, Raghu MS, Vinay KB. Titrimetric and Spectrophotometric Assay of Ganciclovir in Pharmaceuticals Using Cerium(IV) Sulphate as the Oxidimetric Agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/818405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Titrimetric and spectrophotometric assay of ganciclovir (GNC) is described using cerium(IV) sulphate as the oxidimetric reagent. The methods are based on the oxidation of GNC with a measured excess of cerium(IV) sulphate in acid medium followed by determination of the unreacted oxidant by two different reaction schemes. In titrimetry, the unreacted oxidant was determined by back titration with ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) in sulphuric acid medium, and spectrophotometry involves the reaction of residual cerium(IV) with p-DMAB to form brownish-coloured p-dimethylamino quinoneimine whose absorbance was measured at 460 nm. In both methods, the amount of cerium(IV) sulphate reacted corresponds to GNC concentration. Titrimetry is applicable over 3–10 mg range where as, in spcetrophotometry, the calibration graph is linear over the range of 2–10 μg mL−1 and the calculated molar absorptivity value is L mol−1 cm−1. The validity of the proposed methods was tested by analyzing pure and dosage forms containing GNC. Statistical treatment of the results reflects that the proposed procedures are precise, accurate, and easily applicable for the determination of GNC pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavagada J. Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Kanakapura Basavaiah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Cijo M. Xavier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Kudige N. Prashanth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Madihalli S. Raghu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Kanakapura B. Vinay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India
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Padullés A, Colom H, Armendariz Y, Cerezo G, Caldes A, Pou L, Torras J, Grinyó JM, Lloberas N. Determination of ganciclovir in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-UV detection. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:309-14. [PMID: 22245106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Implement a sensitive UHPLC method for the assay of ganciclovir in human plasma. DESIGN AND METHODS We developed and validated a chromatographic method coupled to ultraviolet detection for quantification of ganciclovir, with a short run time using a small volume of human plasma. Comparison of system performance was made with respect to analysis time, efficiency and sensitivity. RESULTS Correlation coefficients (r) of the calibration curves ranged from 0.999744 to 0.999784. Within-day and between-day imprecision and inaccuracy, specificity and recovery were also evaluated for validation. The method was precise and accurate and the retention time was 0.7 min. The calibration curves were linear between 0.5 and 30 μg/mL. There was a good correlation between HPLC and UHPLC techniques. CONCLUSIONS We developed a method that is currently applied in a clinical study assessing GCV plasma concentration variability after ganciclovir and valganciclovir administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Padullés
- Pharmacy Department, IDIBELL, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Gong QL, Hu XG, Fang GY, Zhang HJ. Experimental and molecular simulation investigation of interaction between acyclovir and bovine serum albumin. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2011.590985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Skrzypek S, Lewkowski J. Electrochemical Studies and Square Wave Voltammetric Determination of S-[(2-Guanidino-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]isothiourea hydrochloride and 2-Guanidino-1,3-thiazole. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chromatographic separation of antiviral/anticancer nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:295-312. [PMID: 20585942 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses the current methods used for quantitative determination of analogues of nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs) in body fluids, cells, and tissues. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) prodrugs given to AIDS/herpes/cancer patients conjugate with phosphates at the site of their action. Separation of phosphorylated NRTIs is generally performed by reversed-phase chromatography. After separation, plasma NRTIs can be detected using a variety of methods, including immunoassay through monitoring of UV absorbance, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry. The most recent development in the field of detection of plasma NtRTIs shows a tendency toward the use double- or triple-focusing mass spectrometry, the most specific and sensitive monitoring technique.
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Skrzypek S, Nosal-Wiercińska A, Ciesielski W. Electrochemical studies of ganciclovir as the adsorbed catalyst on mercury electrode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2009045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although ganciclovir (gan) as a purine analogue is a compound of biological interest (antiviral drug), it has been rarely electrochemically studied. In this paper surface catalytic electrode mechanism based on the hydrogen evolution reaction is analyzed under conditions of square-wave voltammetry and differential capacity curves of double layer measurements. The electrode mechanism is assumed to involve a preceding chemical reaction in which the adsorbed catalyst (ganads) is protonated at the electrode surface, i.e., ganads + H+aq → ganH+ads. The protonated form of the catalyst (ganH+ads) is irreversibly reduced at potential about –1.35 V vs Ag|AgCl, yielding the initial form of the catalyst and atomic hydrogen, i.e., ganH+ads + e → ganads + Haq. Changes of zero charge potential and surface tension point to the adsorption of ganciclovir molecule directed with guanine group to the mercury surface and suggests that ganciclovir molecules are not placed flat on the mercury surface. The effect of adsorption on mercury electrode was studied in detail in respect to analytical usefulness of the obtained results. A new catalytic method for voltammetric determination of ganciclovir was developed. The detection and quantification limits were 1.3 × 10–7 and 4.3 × 10–7 mol l–1 for square-wave voltammetry, and 1.4 × 10–7 and 4.7 × 10–7 mol l–1 for linear-sweep voltammetry.
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Weller DR, Balfour HH, Vezina HE. Simultaneous determination of acyclovir, ganciclovir, and (R)-9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:822-7. [PMID: 19358150 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Acyclovir, ganciclovir and (R)-9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine are active in vitro against the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) but their in vivo anti-EBV activity is not well understood. We developed a novel, sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography assay with ultraviolet detection for measuring acyclovir, ganciclovir and (R)-9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine in human plasma to identify quantitative relationships between in vitro anti-EBV activity and therapeutic response. Characteristics of the assay include a low plasma volume (200 microL), perchloric acid protein precipitation, use of penciclovir as the internal standard, run times less than 8 min and a 50 ng/mL lower limit of quantification. The within- and between-assay variability is 0.7-4.8 and 1.0-7.9%, respectively. Accuracy for all three drugs ranges from 89.5 to 106.4% for four quality controls (50, 100, 1000 and 10,000 ng/mL). This assay supports pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of candidate anti-EBV drugs in children and adults with EBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Weller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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