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Fernandes AS, Obeid G, Laureno TJN, Correra TC. Protonated and Sodiated Cyclophosphamide Fragmentation Pathways Evaluation by Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37285455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP or CTX) is a widely used antineoplastic agent, and the evaluation of its efficacy and its impacts on the environment are dependent on tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) techniques. Because there is no dedicated experimental study to characterize the actual molecular nature of the CP fragments upon collision-induced dissociation, this work evaluated the chemical structure of the fragments of protonated and sodiated CP and CP protonation sites by infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy supported by density functional theory calculations. This study allowed us to propose a new fragment structure and confirm the nature of multiple fragments, including those relevant for transitions used for CP quantitative and qualitative analyses. Our results also show that there is no spectroscopic evidence that can rule out the existence of aziridinium fragments, making it clear that further studies on the nature of iminium/aziridinium fragments in the gas phase are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- André S Fernandes
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Obeid
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago J N Laureno
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago C Correra
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Qi P, Li P, Qiao L, Xue H, Ma Y, Wei S, Yang X, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, He S, Quan H, Zhang W. Simultaneous quantification of pirarubicin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine in human plasma of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by LC-MS/MS method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1224:123754. [PMID: 37229818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pirarubicin (THP), doxorubicin (DOX), cyclophosphamide (CTX), and vincristine (VCR) are widely used in the treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Herein, a precise and sensitive method was developed for the determination of THP, DOX, CTX and VCR in human plasma by high-performance liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Liquid-liquid extraction was applied to extract THP, DOX, CTX, VCR, and the internal standard (IS, Pioglitazone) in plasma. Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 (3.0 mm × 100 mm) was utilized and chromatographic separation was obtained in eight minutes. Mobile phases were composed of methanol and buffer (10 mM ammonium formate containing 0.1% formic acid). The method was linear within the concentration range of 1-500 ng/mL for THP, 2-1000 ng/mL for DOX, 2.5-1250 ng/mL for CTX, and 3-1500 ng/mL for VCR. The intra- and inter-day precisions of QC samples were found to be below 9.31 and 13.66%, and accuracy ranged from -0.2 to 9.07%, respectively. THP, DOX, CTX, VCR and the internal standard were stable in several conditions. Finally, this method was successfully utilized to simultaneously determine THP, DOX, CTX and VCR in human plasma of 15 patients with non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma after intravenous administration. Finally, the method was successfully employed in the clinical determination of THP, DOX, CTX, and VCR in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma after administration of RCHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China; Ningxia Medical University School of Pharmacy, Ningxia, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Cancer Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China.
| | - Lijiao Qiao
- Cancer Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Huaqian Xue
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China; Ningxia Medical University School of Pharmacy, Ningxia, China
| | - Yanni Ma
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Shijie Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China; Ningxia Medical University School of Pharmacy, Ningxia, China
| | - Shaolong He
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Hongfeng Quan
- Ningxia Medical University School of Pharmacy, Ningxia, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China.
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3
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Huang L, Winger BA, Cheah V, Gingrich D, Marzan F, Lu Y, Cooper JC, Aweeka F, Long-Boyle J. Quantification of N, N' N"-triethylenethiophosphoramide, N, N"-triethylenephosphoramide, cyclophosphamide, and 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide in microvolume human plasma to support neonatal and pediatric drug studies. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY OPEN 2022; 2:100054. [PMID: 35875822 PMCID: PMC9302610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcoa.2022.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
N, N' N"-triethylenethiophosphoramide (thiotepa) and cyclophosphamide (CP) are alkylating agents used for a variety of malignant and non-malignant disorders. Both drugs are metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes to form active metabolites. To support pharmacokinetic studies of thiotepa and CP in children, we sought to develop assays to determine parent drug and metabolite concentration in small volume plasma samples. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for assay development. CP metabolite 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (4OHCP) was converted to the more stable semicarbazone derivative (4OHCP-SCZ) for quantitation. Samples (10 μL) were extracted by solid-phase extraction and injected onto the LC-MS/MS system equipped with a pentafluorophenyl reverse phase column (2.1 × 50 mm, 2.7 μm). Electrospray ionization in positive mode was used for detection. Multiple reaction monitoring of the precursor-to-product ion transitions m/z 190→147 for thiotepa, 174→131 for tepa, 261→233 for CP, and 334→221 for 4OHCP-SCZ was selected for quantification. The ion transitions m/z 202→155 for thiotepa-d12, 186→139 for tepa-d12, 267→237 for CP-d4, and 340→114 for 4OHCP-d4-SCZ were selected for the internal standard (IS) corresponding to each analyte. The less abundant IS ions from 37Cl were used for CP-d4 and 4OHCP-d4-SCZ to overcome the cross-talk interference from the analytes. Under optimized conditions, retention times were 0.67 min for tepa and its IS, 2.50 min for thiotepa and its IS, 2.52 min for 4OHCP-SCZ and its IS, and 2.86 min for CP and its IS. Total run time was 5 min per sample. The calibration ranges were 2.5-2,000ng/mL for thiotepa and tepa, 20-10,000ng/mL for CP and 20-5,000 ng/mL for 4OHCP; Dilution integrity for samples above the calibration range was validated with 10-fold dilution for thiotepa/tepa and 20-fold dilution for CP/4OHCP. Recoveries ranged from 86.3-93.4% for thiotepa, 86.3-89.0% for tepa, 90.2-107% for CP, and 99.3-115% for 4OHCP-SCZ. The IS normalized matrix effect was within (100±7) % for all 4 analytes. Plasma samples at room temperature were stable for at least 60 hours for thiotepa, 6 days for tepa, and 24 hours for CP and 4OHCP-SCZ. Plasma samples for thiotepa/tepa were stable after 4 freeze-thaw cycles, and for CP/4OHCP-SCZ were stable after 3 freeze-thaw cycles. The assays were validated and applied to clinical studies requiring small sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liusheng Huang
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Vincent Cheah
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - David Gingrich
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Florence Marzan
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Ying Lu
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Francesca Aweeka
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Janel Long-Boyle
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, USA
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Revisited Cyclophosphamide in the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8345737. [PMID: 35707391 PMCID: PMC9192236 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8345737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most common serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The pathogenesis of LN is complex, and the majority causes of LN are the renal deposition of circulating or/and in situ-formed immune complexes. These immune complexes trigger glomerular and tubulointerstitial inflammation, which finally leads to proteinuria and loss of renal function. Despite the emergence of new biological agents, cyclophosphamide (CY), an alkylating agent, is still the first-line drug widely used to treat patients with severe LN. In this review, we outline the application history, molecular structure, and pharmacokinetics of CY in the treatment of LN. We also detail its latest known immunopharmacological mechanisms, with a focus on supplemental regulation and inhibition of CD4 and CD8 positive T cells, differences in the use of various guidelines, and the combination with other drugs. The side effects of CY are also mentioned in this review.
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5
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P S S, Trivedi RK, Srinivas NR, Mullangi R. A review of bioanalytical methods for chronic lymphocytic leukemia drugs and metabolites in biological matrices. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4742. [PMID: 31749152 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Quantitation of drugs used for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in various biological matrices during both pre-clinical and clinical developments is very important, often in routine therapeutic drug monitoring. The first developed methods for quantitation were traditionally done on LC in combination with either UV or fluorescence detection. However, the emergence of LC with mass spectrometry in tandem in early 1990s has revolutionized the quantitation as it has provided better sensitivity and selectivity within a shorter run time; therefore it has become the choice of method for the analysis of various drugs. In this article, an overview of various bioanalytical methods (HPLC or LC-MS/MS) for the quantification of drugs for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, along with applicability of these methods, is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh P S
- Jubilant Biosys, 2nd Stage, Bangalore, India
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6
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Ciocan-Cartita CA, Jurj A, Buse M, Gulei D, Braicu C, Raduly L, Cojocneanu R, Pruteanu LL, Iuga CA, Coza O, Berindan-Neagoe I. The Relevance of Mass Spectrometry Analysis for Personalized Medicine through Its Successful Application in Cancer "Omics". Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102576. [PMID: 31130665 PMCID: PMC6567119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential analytical technology on which the emerging omics domains; such as genomics; transcriptomics; proteomics and metabolomics; are based. This quantifiable technique allows for the identification of thousands of proteins from cell culture; bodily fluids or tissue using either global or targeted strategies; or detection of biologically active metabolites in ultra amounts. The routine performance of MS technology in the oncological field provides a better understanding of human diseases in terms of pathophysiology; prevention; diagnosis and treatment; as well as development of new biomarkers; drugs targets and therapies. In this review; we argue that the recent; successful advances in MS technologies towards cancer omics studies provides a strong rationale for its implementation in biomedicine as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alexandra Ciocan-Cartita
- MEDFUTURE -Research Center for Advanced Medicine," Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ancuța Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine," Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
| | - Mihail Buse
- MEDFUTURE -Research Center for Advanced Medicine," Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Diana Gulei
- MEDFUTURE -Research Center for Advanced Medicine," Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine," Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
| | - Lajos Raduly
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine," Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
| | - Roxana Cojocneanu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine," Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
| | - Lavinia Lorena Pruteanu
- MEDFUTURE -Research Center for Advanced Medicine," Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cristina Adela Iuga
- MEDFUTURE -Research Center for Advanced Medicine," Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca.
| | - Ovidiu Coza
- Department of Oncology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Radiotherapy with High Energies and Brachytherapy, Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- MEDFUTURE -Research Center for Advanced Medicine," Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine," Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, Ion Chiricuțǎ Oncology Institute, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca.
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7
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Hall OM, Peer CJ, Fitzhugh CD, Figg WD. A sensitive and rapid ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric assay for the simultaneous quantitation of cyclophosphamide and the 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide metabolite in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1086:56-62. [PMID: 29656084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of cyclophosphamide (CP) and its metabolite, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (4OHCP), in a single assay has the ability to improve sampling techniques benefitting both the patients who are receiving the drug and the clinicians drawing samples. Due to instability in plasma (t1/2 = 4 min), immediate stabilization of 4OHCP with phenylhydrazine is necessary upon sample draw. After stabilization, 4OHCP and the stable CP prodrug concentrations can be analytically measured to elucidate the pharmacokinetics, including half-life and exposure parameters (Cmax and AUC). For this purpose, a sensitive analytical method was developed to measure both the prodrug and active metabolite. A liquid-liquid extraction recovered the analytes prior to analysis with an ultra HPLC-MS/MS. A Thermo Scientific™ Hypersil™ BDS C18, 2.1 × 100 mm, 3.0 μm column was used for compound separation. Mass transitions for CP (m/z 261.0 ➔ 140.0), the internal standard d4-CP (m/z 265.0 ➔ 140.0), 4OHCP (m/z 367.3 ➔ 147.1), and the internal standard AZD7451 (m/z 383.4 ➔ 341.1) were monitored over a calibration range of 34.24-34,240 ng/mL and 3.424-3424 ng/mL for CP and 4OHCP, respectively. Each calibration range proved accurate (<15% deviation) and precise (<15% RSD) for the desired compound. Using this method, CP and 4OHCP plasma levels can be measured in clinical samples from patients receiving this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Morgan Hall
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cody J Peer
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Courtney D Fitzhugh
- Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - William D Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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Guichard N, Guillarme D, Bonnabry P, Fleury-Souverain S. Antineoplastic drugs and their analysis: a state of the art review. Analyst 2017; 142:2273-2321. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the analytical methods available for the quantification of antineoplastic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guichard
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bonnabry
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Navid F, Baker SD, McCarville MB, Stewart CF, Billups CA, Wu J, Davidoff AM, Spunt SL, Furman WL, McGregor LM, Hu S, Panetta JC, Turner D, Fofana D, Reddick WE, Leung W, Santana VM. Phase I and clinical pharmacology study of bevacizumab, sorafenib, and low-dose cyclophosphamide in children and young adults with refractory/recurrent solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 19:236-46. [PMID: 23143218 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of sorafenib, bevacizumab, and low-dose oral cyclophosphamide in children and young adults with recurrent/refractory solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sorafenib dose was escalated from 90 to 110 mg/m(2) twice daily with fixed doses of bevacizumab at 5 mg/kg every 3 weeks and cyclophosphamide at 50 mg/m(2) daily. Once sorafenib's MTD was established, bevacizumab dose was escalated. Each course was of 21 days. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies were conducted during the first course. RESULTS Nineteen patients (11 males; median age, 9.2 years) received a median of four courses (range, 1-23). DLTs during course 1 included grade 3 rash (two), increased lipase (one), anorexia (one), and thrombus (one). With an additional 71 courses of therapy, the most common toxicities ≥ grade 3 included neutropenia (nine), lymphopenia (nine), and rashes (four). Five of 17 evaluable patients had partial tumor responses, and five had disease stabilization (>2 courses). Median day 1 cyclophosphamide apparent oral clearance was 3.13 L/h/m(2). Median day 1 sorafenib apparent oral clearance was 44 and 39 mL/min/m(2) at the 2 dose levels evaluated, and steady-state concentrations ranged from 1.64 to 4.8 mg/L. Inhibition of serum VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was inversely correlated with sorafenib steady-state concentrations (P = 0.019). CONCLUSION The recommended phase II doses are sorafenib, 90 mg/m(2) twice daily; bevacizumab, 15 mg/kg q3 weeks; and cyclophosphamide, 50 mg/m(2) once daily. This regimen is feasible with promising evidence of antitumor activity that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Navid
- Departments of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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10
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Abstract
New analytical platforms have been developed in response to the need for attaining increased peak capacity for multicomponent complex analysis with higher sensitivity and characterization of the analytes, and high-throughput capabilities. This review outlines the fundamental principles of target and comprehensive 2D LC method development and encompasses applications of LC–LC and LC × LC coupled to MS in bioanalysis using a variety of online analytical procedures. It also provides a rationale for the usage of the most employed mass analyzers and ionization sources on these platforms.
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11
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Analysis of anticancer drugs: a review. Talanta 2011; 85:2265-89. [PMID: 21962644 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the number of patients receiving chemotherapy has considerably increased. Given the toxicity of cytotoxic agents to humans (not only for patients but also for healthcare professionals), the development of reliable analytical methods to analyse these compounds became necessary. From the discovery of new substances to patient administration, all pharmaceutical fields are concerned with the analysis of cytotoxic drugs. In this review, the use of methods to analyse cytotoxic agents in various matrices, such as pharmaceutical formulations and biological and environmental samples, is discussed. Thus, an overview of reported analytical methods for the determination of the most commonly used anticancer drugs is given.
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12
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Bai F, Tagen M, Colotta C, Miller L, Fouladi M, Stewart CF. Determination of the gamma-secretase inhibitor MK-0752 in human plasma by online extraction and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HTLC-ESI-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2348-52. [PMID: 20702149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid HTLC-ESI-MS/MS method with an advanced online sample preparation was developed for determination of the gamma-secretase inhibitor MK-0752 in human plasma using an internal standard. Plasma samples (100 microL) were diluted and injected directly onto an online extraction column (Cohesive Cyclone MAX 0.5 mm x 50 mm, > 30 microm), the sample matrix was washed out with an aqueous solution, and retained analytes were eluted out and transferred directly to the analytical column (Phenomenex Gemini 3 micron C18 110A, 50 mm x 2.0 mm at 50 degrees C) for separation using a gradient mobile phase. The eluted analytes were then detected on an API-3000 LC-MS/MS System with ESI and a negative multiple reaction monitoring mode. The monitored ion transitions were m/z 441-->175 for MK-0752 and 496-->175 for the internal standard. Online extraction recoveries were 81%. The method was validated and was linear in the range of 0.05-50 microg/mL. Within-day and between-day precisions were<8.6%, and accuracies were 0.7 and 7.1%. This method was applied to the measurement of plasma MK-0752 levels in a Phase I study of pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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13
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LIU P, ZHOU J, AN J, LI P. Application of turbulent flow chromatography in the analysis of biological samples. Se Pu 2010; 28:168-74. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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14
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Kennedy R, Groepper D, Tagen M, Christensen R, Navid F, Gajjar A, Stewart CF. Stability of cyclophosphamide in extemporaneous oral suspensions. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44:295-301. [PMID: 20103616 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1m578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclophosphamide, an alkylating agent, is widely used for the treatment of many adult and pediatric malignancies. The stability of cyclophosphamide in aqueous- and methylcellulose-based oral suspending vehicles is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to measure cyclophosphamide concentrations in simple syrup and Ora-Plus, and assess the 56-day chemical stability and physical appearance of cyclophosphamide in these suspensions at both room temperature (22 degrees C) and 4 degrees C. METHODS The intravenous formulation of cyclophosphamide was diluted to 20 mg/mL in NaCl 0.9%, compounded 1:1 with either suspending vehicle, and stored in the dark in 3-mL amber polypropylene oral syringes at 4 degrees C and 22 degrees C. Aliquots from each syringe were obtained on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 and assayed using the validated stability-indicating HPLC-UV method. A C18 analytical column was used to separate cyclophosphamide from the internal standard, ifosfamide, with a mobile phase of 21% acetonitrile in 79% sodium phosphate buffer. The suspension was examined for odor change, visually examined under normal fluorescent light for color change, and examined under a light microscope for evidence of microbial growth. RESULTS Samples of cyclophosphamide in both simple syrup and Ora-Plus were stable when kept at 4 degrees C for at least 56 days. At room temperature, cyclophosphamide in simple syrup and Ora-Plus had a shelf life of 8 and 3 days, respectively. No changes in color or odor or evidence of microbial growth were observed. CONCLUSIONS Cyclophosphamide can be extemporaneously prepared in simple syrup or Ora-Plus and stored for at least 2 months under refrigeration without significant degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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