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Zhou Y, Du J, Liu Y, Xia J. Novel quality control strategies for the determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 239:115908. [PMID: 38064770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry analysis has been applied in many important diagnostic fields of laboratory medicine. However, there is little literature to guide quality management systems for LC-MS/MS methods. In this study, LC-MS/MS 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was used as an example to establish internal quality control strategies to ensure the accuracy of clinical vitamin D results. A total of 141 batches of samples were analyzed. Sample internal standard peak area variability, ion pair ratio, and physical examination population data were monitored as quality control strategies for 25(OH)D results. The analytical performance was evaluated by calculated Sigma metrics. Applying our quality control strategies, several abnormal data were monitored in the routine analysis. The daily peak area CV of 25(OH)D fluctuated within a certain range. By selecting P99 CV as the control target, two abnormal batches were found. The ratio of 25(OH)VD3 ion pairs was relatively stable. Among them, batch20230120 had a high CV value, which may be due to the bias caused by the limited number. According to the physical examination data, batch20220913 and batch20220919 exceeded the alarm limit. Sigma level of 25(OH)VD3 in the laboratory was 6.52, which achieved "excellent" performance. In conclusion, we established comprehensive quality control strategies for the determination of 25(OH)D by LC-MS/MS, which has high analytical performance and can provide more accurate reports for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310063, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Du
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yamei Liu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Velichkova S, Foubert K, Theunis M, Pieters L. HILIC UPLC/ QTof MS Method Development for the Quantification of AGEs Inhibitors - Trouble Shooting Protocol. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:584-598. [PMID: 37415375 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230706120451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The paper reports an attempt to develop and validate a HILIC UPLC/ QTof MS method for quantifying N-ε-carboxymethyl-L-lysine (CML) in vitro, testing N-ε- carboxy[D2]methyl-L-lysine (d2-CML), and N-ε-carboxy[4,4,5,5-D4]methyl-L-lysine (d4-CML) as internal standards. METHODS During the method development, several challenging questions occurred that hindered the successful completion of the method. The study emphasizes the impact of issues, generally overlooked in the development of similar analytical protocols. For instance, the use of glassware and plasticware was critical for the accurate quantification of CML. Moreover, the origin of atypical variation in the response of the deuterated internal standards, though widely used in other experimental procedures, was investigated. RESULT A narrative description of the systematic approach used to address the various drawbacks during the analytical method development and validation is presented. CONCLUSION Reporting those findings can be considered beneficial while bringing an insightful notion about critical factors and potential interferences. Therefore, some conclusion and ideas can be drawn from these trouble-shooting questions, which might help other researchers to develop more reliable bioanalytical methods, or to raise their awareness of stumbling blocks along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaniya Velichkova
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mart Theunis
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Lin W, Ji J, Su KJ, Qiu C, Tian Q, Zhao LJ, Luo Z, Shen H, Wu C, Deng H. omicsMIC: a Comprehensive Benchmarking Platform for Robust Comparison of Imputation Methods in Mass Spectrometry-based Omics Data. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.557189. [PMID: 37745599 PMCID: PMC10515867 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a powerful and widely used tool for generating proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics profiles, which is pivotal for elucidating biological processes and identifying biomarkers. However, missing values in spectrometry-based omics data may pose a critical challenge for the comprehensive identification of biomarkers and elucidation of the biological processes underlying human complex disorders. To alleviate this issue, various imputation methods for mass spectrometry-based omics data have been developed. However, a comprehensive and systematic comparison of these imputation methods is still lacking, and researchers are frequently confronted with a multitude of options without a clear rationale for method selection. To address this pressing need, we developed omicsMIC (mass spectrometry-based omics with Missing values Imputation methods Comparison platform), an interactive platform that provides researchers with a versatile framework to simulate and evaluate the performance of 28 diverse imputation methods. omicsMIC offers a nuanced perspective, acknowledging the inherent heterogeneity in biological data and the unique attributes of each dataset. Our platform empowers researchers to make data-driven decisions in imputation method selection based on real-time visualizations of the outcomes associated with different imputation strategies. The comprehensive benchmarking and versatility of omicsMIC make it a valuable tool for the scientific community engaged in mass spectrometry-based omics research. OmicsMIC is freely available at https://github.com/WQLin8/omicsMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Lin
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jiadong Ji
- Institute for Financial Studies, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Kuan-Jui Su
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chuan Qiu
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Qing Tian
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lan-Juan Zhao
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Zhe Luo
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hongwen Deng
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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4
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Visconti G, Boccard J, Feinberg M, Rudaz S. From fundamentals in calibration to modern methodologies: A tutorial for small molecules quantification in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry bioanalysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1240:340711. [PMID: 36641149 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, liquid chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry (LC‒MS) has become the gold standard to perform qualitative and quantitative analyses of small molecules. When quantitative analysis is developed, an analyst usually refers to international guidelines for analytical method validation. In this context, the design of calibration curves plays a key role in providing accurate results. During recent years and along with instrumental advances, strategies to build calibration curves have dramatically evolved, introducing innovative approaches to improve quantitative precision and throughput. For example, when a labeled standard is available to be spiked directly into the study sample, the concentration of the unlabeled analog can be easily determined using the isotopic pattern deconvolution or the internal calibration approach, eliminating the need for multipoint calibration curves. This tutorial aims to synthetize the advances in LC‒MS quantitative analysis for small molecules in complex matrices, going from fundamental aspects in calibration to modern methodologies and applications. Different work schemes for calibration depending on the sample characteristics (analyte and matrix nature) are distinguished and discussed. Finally, this tutorial outlines the importance of having international guidelines for analytical method validation that agree with the advances in calibration strategies and analytical instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Visconti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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5
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Efficient interactions with bioanalytical contract research organizations: inside scoop. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1081-1084. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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6
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Welz A, Koba M, Kośliński P, Siódmiak J. Comparison of LC-MS and LC-DAD Methods of Detecting Abused Piperazine Designer Drugs. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11071758. [PMID: 35407366 PMCID: PMC8999770 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recreational use of piperazine designer drugs is a serious threat to human health. These compounds act on the body in a similar fashion to illegal drugs. They induce psychostimulatory effects as well as visual and auditory hallucinations to varying degrees. In many cases of poisoning and deaths, the presence of two or even several psychoactive substances have been demonstrated. Piperazine derivatives are often found in such mixtures and pose a great analytical problem during their identification. Additionally, some piperazine derivatives can be detected in biological material as a result of metabolic changes to related drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly identify these compounds and ensure repeatability of determinations. This article presents a comparison of the methods used to detect abused piperazine designer drugs using liquid chromatography in combination with a diode-array detector (LC-DAD) or mass spectrometer (LC-MS). Each of methods can be used independently for determinations, obtaining reliable results in a short time of analysis. These methods can also complement each other, providing qualitative and quantitative confirmation of results. The proposed methods provide analytical confirmation of poisoning and may be helpful in toxicological diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Welz
- Department of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcin Koba
- Department of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kośliński
- Department of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Joanna Siódmiak
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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7
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Mžik M, Váňová N, Kriegelstein M, Hroch M. Differential adsorption of an analyte and its D 4, D 5 and 13C 6 labeled analogues combined with instrument-specific carry-over issues: The Achilles' heel of ibrutinib TDM. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 206:114366. [PMID: 34555634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
At present, therapeutic drug monitoring is the standard in pharmacotherapy using medications with a narrow therapeutic index or showing serious adverse effects, such as in the case of ibrutinib. A technique commonly used for this purpose is liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with isotope dilution in sample processing. Although this method provides a high degree of reliability, its use can be complicated with some specific factors and does not guarantee trouble-free analysis. This paper is focused on investigating issues related to the differential adsorption of ibrutinib and its D4, D5 and 13C6 isotopically labeled analogues combined with instrument-specific carry-over. The results of the research point out the significantly different adsorption behavior of ibrutinib in fluidics of LC-MS compared with that of its D4, D5 and 13C6 stable isotope labeled analogues, showing preferential adsorption of non-labeled compound. The investigation also pointed to a strong affinity of ibrutinib to polymeric surfaces under specific conditions, which has to be taken into consideration during sample preparation and analysis. Our work opens a new field for the discussion of scarcely reported problem related to the use of stable isotope labeled internal standards in LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mžik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Nela Váňová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kriegelstein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Hroch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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8
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Ulvik A, McCann A, Midttun Ø, Meyer K, Godfrey KM, Ueland PM. Quantifying Precision Loss in Targeted Metabolomics Based on Mass Spectrometry and Nonmatching Internal Standards. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7616-7624. [PMID: 34014078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In mass spectrometry, reliable quantification requires correction for variations in ionization efficiency between samples. The preferred method is the addition of a stable isotope-labeled internal standard (SIL-IS). In targeted metabolomics, a dedicated SIL-IS for each metabolite of interest may not always be realized due to high cost or limited availability. We recently completed the analysis of more than 70 biomarkers, each with a matching SIL-IS, across four mass spectrometry-based platforms (one GC-MS/MS and three LC-MS/MS). Using data from calibrator and quality control samples added to 60 96-well trays (analytical runs), we calculated analytical precision (CV) retrospectively. The use of integrated peak areas for all metabolites and internal standards allowed us to calculate precision for all matching analyte (A)/SIL-IS (IS) pairs as well as for all nonmatching A/IS pairs within each platform (total n = 1442). The median between-run precision for matching A/IS across the four platforms was 2.7-5.9%. The median CV for nonmatching A/IS (corresponding to pairing analytes with a non-SIL-IS) was 2.9-10.7 percentage points higher. Across all platforms, CVs for nonmatching A/IS increased with increasing difference in retention time (Spearman's rho of 0.17-0.93). The CV difference for nonmatching vs matching A/IS was often, but not always, smaller when analytes and internal standards were close structural analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arve Ulvik
- Bevital, Laboratoriebygget, 9 etg., Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Adrian McCann
- Bevital, Laboratoriebygget, 9 etg., Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øivind Midttun
- Bevital, Laboratoriebygget, 9 etg., Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Klaus Meyer
- Bevital, Laboratoriebygget, 9 etg., Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Per M Ueland
- Bevital, Laboratoriebygget, 9 etg., Jonas Lies veg 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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9
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Khamis MM, Adamko DJ, El-Aneed A. STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES IN METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE ABSOLUTE QUANTIFICATION OF ENDOGENOUS BIOMARKER METABOLITES USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:31-52. [PMID: 31617245 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a dynamically evolving field, with a major application in identifying biomarkers for drug development and personalized medicine. Numerous metabolomic studies have identified endogenous metabolites that, in principle, are eligible for translation to clinical practice. However, few metabolomic-derived biomarker candidates have been qualified by regulatory bodies for clinical applications. Such interruption in the biomarker qualification process can be largely attributed to various reasons including inappropriate study design and inadequate data to support the clinical utility of the biomarkers. In addition, the lack of robust assays for the routine quantification of candidate biomarkers has been suggested as a potential bottleneck in the biomarker qualification process. In fact, the nature of the endogenous metabolites precludes the application of the current validation guidelines for bioanalytical methods. As a result, there have been individual efforts in modifying existing guidelines and/or developing alternative approaches to facilitate method validation. In this review, three main challenges for method development and validation for endogenous metabolites are discussed, namely matrix effects evaluation, alternative analyte-free matrices, and the choice of internal standards (ISs). Some studies have modified the equations described by the European Medicines Agency for the evaluation of matrix effects. However, alternative strategies were also described; for instance, calibration curves can be generated in solvents and in biological samples and the slopes can be compared through ratios, relative standard deviation, or a modified Stufour suggested approaches while quantifying mainly endogenous metabolitesdent t-test. ISs, on the contrary, are diverse; in which seven different possible types, used in metabolomics-based studies, were identified in the literature. Each type has its advantages and limitations; however, isotope-labeled ISs and ISs created through isotope derivatization show superior performance. Finally, alternative matrices have been described and tested during method development and validation for the quantification of endogenous entities. These alternatives are discussed in detail, highlighting their advantages and shortcomings. The goal of this review is to compare, apprise, and debate current knowledge and practices in order to aid researchers and clinical scientists in developing robust assays needed during the qualification process of candidate metabolite biomarkers. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Khamis
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Darryl J Adamko
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
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10
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Dixon's Q-test and Student's t-test to assess analog internal standard response in nonregulated LC-MS/MS bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1535-1543. [PMID: 33064023 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In bioanalytical assays, analyte response is normalized to an internal standard response. When the internal standard works well, it compensates for processing and detection variability. However, in case the internal standard introduces additional variability, due to addition errors or other issues, scientists need to identify this. Results: A new method, using a Q-test for outliers and a t-test to compare internal standard response from different sample types, is applied to 15 cases. The results show that the Q-test/t-test, which uses confidence level rather than arbitrary cut-points, is more discerning of deviations compared with widely used methods. Conclusion: This work may improve the quality of and rationale for the internal standard response monitoring method.
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11
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Jiang F, Liu Q, Li Q, Zhang S, Qu X, Zhu J, Zhong G, Huang M. Signal Drift in Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Internal Standard Calibration Strategy for Quantitative Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7690-7698. [PMID: 32392405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present project studied the signal drift in liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and proposed a strategy for compensating such drift. In the study, four 4-component groups were repeatedly run on different LC-MS/MS systems for over 12 h to investigate the dependence of signal drift on time and hardware systems. The 4-component groups each consisted of (1) an analyte, (2) a stable isotope labeled analyte, (3) a compound with similar structure to the analyte, and (4) a compound with dissimilar structure. All of the species showed significant signal drift, generally more than 25% over 12 h. The analyte and its stable isotope labeled analog always have the same drifting pattern including the trends and direction from one LC-MS/MS system to another. Signal drift was also found to be concentration dependent. Our experiments further proved that a conventional stable isotope labeled internal standard in LC-MS/MS quantification would not compensate the variations caused by concentration-dependent signal drift. An ideal internal standard for LC-MS/MS has both identical structure and similar concentration to the analyte. For that, we proposed a new internal standard strategy, pseudo internal standard (Pseudo IS), for LC-MS/MS quantification. Pseudo IS could effectively compensate signal drift in spite of its significant time, system, and concentration dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiaoxi Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Simin Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiangyang Qu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Janshon Zhu
- Guangdong RangerBio Technologies Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Guoping Zhong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Min Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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12
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Evaluation, identification and impact assessment of abnormal internal standard response variability in regulated LC-MS bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:545-559. [PMID: 32352315 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Internal standard (IS) plays an important role in LC-MS bioanalysis by compensating for the variability of the analyte of interest in bioanalytical workflow. Due to the complexity of biological sample compositions and bioanalytical processes, a certain level of IS response variability across a run or a study is anticipated. However, an extensive variability may raise doubts to the accuracy of the measured results and also suggest nonoptimal analytical method. In this current paper, recent publications and guidelines regarding IS response in LC-MS bioanalysis were thoroughly reviewed with focus on the evaluation, identification and impact assessment of 'abnormal' IS response variability. A systematic decision tree was proposed to facilitate investigation into abnormal IS response variability after each run.
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13
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Tan A, Gui X, Wong M, Deng H, Gu G, Fanaras C, Fanaras JC. Simultaneous quantification of candesartan and irbesartan in rabbit eye tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4808. [PMID: 32100318 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of vision loss in adults. Novel eye-drop formulations of candesartan and irbesartan are being developed for its cure or treatment. To support a preclinical trial in rabbits, it was critical to develop and validate a new LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of candesartan and irbesartan in rabbit eye tissues (cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous body and retina/choroid). Eye tissue samples were first homogenized in H2 O-diluted rabbit plasma. The candesartan and irbesartan in the supernatants together with their respective internal standards (candesartan-d4 and irbesartan-d4 ) were extracted by solid-phase extraction. The extracted samples were injected onto a C18 column for gradient separation. The MS detection was in the positive electrospray ionization mode using the multiple reaction monitoring transitions of m/z 441 → 263, 445 → 267, 429 → 207, and 433 → 211 for candesartan, candesartan-d4 , irbesartan and irbesartan-d4 , respectively. For the validated concentration ranges (2-2000 and 5-5000 ng/g for candesartan and irbesartan, respectively), the within-run and between-run accuracies (% bias) were within the range of -8.0-10.0. The percentage CV ranged from 0.6 to 7.3. There was no significant matrix interference nor matrix effect from different eye tissues and different rabbits. The validated method was successfully used in the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) study of rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Tan
- Nucro-Technics, Scarborough, ON, Canada
| | - Xuan Gui
- Nucro-Technics, Scarborough, ON, Canada
| | | | - Hui Deng
- Nucro-Technics, Scarborough, ON, Canada
| | - Guifen Gu
- Nucro-Technics, Scarborough, ON, Canada
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14
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Very complex internal standard response variation in LC–MS/MS bioanalysis: root cause analysis and impact assessment. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1693-1700. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal standards (ISs) are essential for the development and use of reliable quantitative bioanalytical LC–MS/MS methods, because they correct for fluctuations in the analytical response that are caused by variations in experimental conditions. Sample-to-sample differences in the IS response are thus to be expected, but a large variability often is an indication of nonoptimal sample handling or analysis settings. This paper discusses a number of cases of very complex variation of IS responses that could be attributed to analytical problems such as injection errors and sample inhomogeneity, and matrix-related issues such as degradation and increased ionization efficiency. A decision tree is proposed to help find the underlying root cause for extreme IS variability.
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Internal standards in regulated bioanalysis: putting in place a decision-making process during method development. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1701-1713. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is common practice to utilize an internal standard (IS) to minimize variance in bioanalytical assays employing liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. For assays to be deployed in regulated drug development studies, ensuring the IS will compensate for differences in recovery, liquid handling and ionization efficiency should be determined early in the method development process. In this perspective article, we outline key considerations when selecting an IS and propose experiments to perform within the method development phase to demonstrate suitability of the IS within the assay prior to validation. Finally, a series of case studies will be presented, which illustrate analytical challenges related to internal standardization that we have observed in our laboratory.
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Bruin M, Rosing H, Lucas L, Wang J, Huitema A, Schinkel A, Beijnen J. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method with a broad linear dynamic range for the quantification of tivozanib in human and mouse plasma, mouse tissue homogenates, and culture medium. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1125:121723. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Tachibana K. Letter to the Editor Concerning the Use of Internal Standards: Are We Now Relying on It Too Much? J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:766-767. [PMID: 31251326 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazama Tachibana
- Territory Pathology, Department of Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Rocklands Drive, Tiwi, Northern Territory 0810, Australia
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Imre S, Tero-Vescan A, Dogaru MT, Kelemen L, Muntean DL, Curticapean A, Szegedi N, Vari CE. With or Without Internal Standard in HPLC Bioanalysis. A Case Study. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:243-248. [PMID: 30615090 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mandatory strategy of using internal standard in HPLC is still controversial. Despite that the introduction of internal standard methodology in the early stage of development of HPLC technology was used to improve method accuracy and precision, there are still practical situations in which a simple external standard quantification is adequate. The aim of the study is to compare the determination of meloxicam (MXC) in human plasma by HPLC with or without using an internal standard according to some key points related to the reason of introducing the internal standardization such as the reducing of sample preparation errors or variability for low injection volumes. The HPLC analysis was performed on reversed phase with UV detection after protein precipitation. Piroxicam (PXC) was used as an internal standard. The two methods are compared in terms of accuracy and precision over the same concentration range. The stability of the analyte has been proved. According to the results, the quantitative determination of MXC in human plasma after simple protein precipitation by using PXC as an internal standard does not bring any significant improvement of accuracy and precision of the experimental measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Imre
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Tîrgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Tîrgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - Maria Titica Dogaru
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Tîrgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - László Kelemen
- Gedeon Richter Romania, Cuza voda street 99-105, Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - Daniela-Lucia Muntean
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Tîrgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - Augustin Curticapean
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Tîrgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - Noémi Szegedi
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Tîrgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania.,Ecofarmacia, Ialomiţei street 24, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Camil-Eugen Vari
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Tîrgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu street 38, Tîrgu Mures, Romania
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How much separation for LC–MS/MS quantitative bioanalysis of drugs and metabolites? J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1084:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Gundersen CB, Zhu L, Lindahl S, Wang S, Wilson SR, Lundanes E. LC–MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Monoethanol- and Dimethylnitramine in Aqueous Soil Extracts. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Luque-Córdoba D, Luque de Castro MD. Metabolomics: A potential way to know the role of vitamin D on multiple sclerosis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 136:22-31. [PMID: 28063332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The literature about the influence of vitamin D on multiple sclerosis (MS) is very controversial, possibly as a result of the way through which the research on the subject has been conducted. The studies developed so far have been focused exclusively on gene expression: the effect of a given vitamin D metabolite on target receptors. The influence of the vitamin D status (either natural or after supplementation) on MS has been studied by measurement of the 25 monohydroxylated metabolite (also known as circulating form), despite the 1,25 dihydroxylated metabolite is considered the active form. In the light of the multiple metabolic pathways in which both forms of vitamin D (D2 and D3) are involved, monitoring of the metabolites is crucial to know the activity of the target enzymes as a function of both the state of the MS patient and the clinical treatment applied. The study of metabolomics aspects is here proposed to clarify the present controversy. In "omics" terms, our proposal is to take profit from up-stream information-thus is, from metabolomics to genomics-with a potential subsequent step to systems biology, if required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luque-Córdoba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; University of Córdoba Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14005 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María D Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; University of Córdoba Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14005 Córdoba, Spain.
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22
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Hazards in chromatographic bioanalysis method development and applications. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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23
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2015 White Paper on recent issues in bioanalysis: focus on new technologies and biomarkers (Part 1 – small molecules by LCMS). Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2913-25. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2015 9th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (9th WRIB) took place in Miami, Florida with participation of over 600 professionals from pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide. It is once again a 5-day week long event – a full immersion bioanalytical week – specifically designed to facilitate sharing, reviewing, discussing and agreeing on approaches to address the most current issues of interest in bioanalysis. The topics covered included both small and large molecules, and involved LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS, LBA approaches including the focus on biomarkers and immunogenicity. This 2015 White Paper encompasses recommendations that emerged from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to advance scientific excellence, improve quality and deliver better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2015 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts. Part 1 covers the recommendations for small molecule bioanalysis using LCMS. Part 2 (hybrid LBA/LCMS and regulatory agencies’ inputs) and Part 3 (large molecule bioanalysis using LBA, biomarkers and immunogenicity) will also be published in volume 7 of Bioanalysis, issues 23 and 24, respectively.
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24
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Wijma RA, van der Nagel BCH, Dierckx B, Dieleman GC, Touw DJ, van Gelder T, Koch BCP. Identification and quantification of the antipsychotics risperidone, aripiprazole, pipamperone and their major metabolites in plasma using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:794-801. [PMID: 26447610 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The antipsychotics risperidone, aripiprazole and pipamperone are frequently prescribed for the treatment in children with autism. The aim of this study was to validate an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quantification of these antipsychotics in plasma. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay was developed for the determination of the drugs and metabolites. Gradient elution was performed on a reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate, formic acid in methanol or in Milli-Q ultrapure water at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The method was validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The analytes were found to be stable enough after reconstitution and injection of only 5 μL improved the accuracy and precision in combination with the internal standard. Calibration curves of all five analytes were linear. All analytes were stable for at least 72 h in the autosampler and the high quality control of 9-OH-risperidone was stable for 48 h. The method allows quantification of all analytes. The advantage of this method is the combination of a minimal injection volume, a short run-time, an easy sample preparation method and the ability to quantify all analytes in one run. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixt A Wijma
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Postal Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart C H van der Nagel
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Postal Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Dierckx
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Postal box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gwen C Dieleman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Postal box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan J Touw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University Medical Center Groningen, Postal Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Teun van Gelder
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy and Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Postal Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit C P Koch
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Postal Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Raposo F, Borja R, Cacho JA, Mumme J, Mohedano ÁF, Battimelli A, Bolzonella D, Schuit AD, Noguerol-Arias J, Frigon JC, Peñuela GA, Muehlenberg J, Sambusiti C. Harmonization of the quantitative determination of volatile fatty acids profile in aqueous matrix samples by direct injection using gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques: Multi-laboratory validation study. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1413:94-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Kruve A, Rebane R, Kipper K, Oldekop ML, Evard H, Herodes K, Ravio P, Leito I. Tutorial review on validation of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods: Part I. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 870:29-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Mena-Bravo A, Ferreiro-Vera C, Priego-Capote F, Maestro M, Mouriño A, Quesada-Gómez J, Luque de Castro M. Quantitative analytical method to evaluate the metabolism of vitamin D. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 442:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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28
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Significance of 'post bioanalysis phase' in bioanalysis: is GMP creeping into GLP? Bioanalysis 2015; 7:15-20. [PMID: 25558932 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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29
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Mano Y, Takenaka O, Kusano K. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of perampanel, a novel α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 107:56-62. [PMID: 25569285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Perampanel (Fycompa(®)) is a novel α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist registered for the adjunctive treatment of patients (≥12 years) with refractory partial onset seizures. In order to support clinical trials, as well as therapeutic drug monitoring, a sensitive bioanalytical method for the determination of perampanel concentrations in human plasma was established and validated using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Perampanel and an internal standard were extracted from human plasma (100 μL) by liquid extraction using methyl t-butyl ether, then evaporated and reconstituted. The chromatographic separation was conducted on a C8 column with isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The established method showed linearity in the range 0.25-200 ng/mL with correlation coefficients of >0.99 that could be extended 10-fold as validated by dilution integrity analyses. No significant endogenous peaks were detected in the elution of analytes in blank human plasma and no significant matrix effect was observed. The intra- and inter-batch reproducibility analyses demonstrated accuracy and precision within the acceptance criteria. To check the impact of anti-epileptic drugs on the perampanel assay, accuracy, precision, and specificity were assessed in the presence of 14 anti-epileptic drugs. No anti-epileptic drugs at clinically relevant levels showed a significant impact on the perampanel assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Mano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutical Assessment Core Function Unit, Eisai Co., Ltd., 1-3, 5-chome, Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan.
| | - Osamu Takenaka
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutical Assessment Core Function Unit, Eisai Co., Ltd., 1-3, 5-chome, Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Kazutomi Kusano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutical Assessment Core Function Unit, Eisai Co., Ltd., 1-3, 5-chome, Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
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30
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Some unnecessary or inadequate common practices in regulated LC–MS bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2751-65. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global bioanalytical community increasingly craves scientifically sound practices and guidance where the rationale is given for each requirement. To this end, it is critical to first evaluate all the existing practices and requirements based on scientific findings and critical thinking. Here we are challenging several important common practices in regulated LC–MS bioanalysis, from the requirement of at least six different calibration concentrations, no extrapolation, use of blank and zero standard in each batch, selection of quality controls, to the way matrix effect and dilution integrity are being validated. Both the reasons why these common practices are unnecessary or inadequate and the potential solutions are presented.
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31
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European Bioanalysis Forum: recommendation for dealing with internal standard variability. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2767-74. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate monitoring of internal standard (IS) response across an analytical run and identification of anomalies is now a common expectation. However, the means to conduct this assessment in an appropriate manner is unclear and differs widely between laboratories. A European Bioanalysis Forum (EBF) topic team was formed to survey current practices within European Bioanalysis Forum member companies and to recommend a best practice approach for dealing with IS response variability.
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Fernández-Peralbo MA, Ferreiro Vera C, Priego-Capote F, Luque de Castro MD. Stable isotopic internal standard correction for quantitative analysis of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) in serum by on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring mode. Talanta 2014; 126:170-6. [PMID: 24881549 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the inclusion of a stable isotopic labeled internal standard (SIL-IS) on the quantitative analysis of hydroxyeicosatetranoic acids (HETEs) in human serum is evaluated in this research. A solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) platform, one of the preferred approaches for targeted analysis of biofluids through the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) operational mode, was used to determine HETEs. These compounds were chosen as targeted metabolites because of their involvement in cardiovascular disease, cancer and osteoporosis. 15HETE-d8 was chosen as internal standard to evaluate matrix effects. Thus, the physico-chemical properties of the SIL-IS were the basis to evaluate the analytical features of the method for each metabolite through four calibration models. Two of the models were built with standard solutions at different concentration levels, but one of the calibration sets was spiked with an internal standard (IS). The other two models were built with the serum pool from osteoporotic patients, which was spiked at different concentrations with the target analytes. In this case, one of the serum calibration sets was also spiked with the IS. The study shows that the IS allowed noticeable correction of matrix effects for some HETE isomers at certain concentration levels, while accuracy was decreased at low concentration (15ng/mL) of them. Therefore, characterization of the method has been properly completed at different concentration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fernández-Peralbo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Maimónides (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Ferreiro Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Maimónides (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Maimónides (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M D Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Maimónides (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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33
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Yaroshenko DV, Kartsova LA. Matrix effect and methods for its elimination in bioanalytical methods using chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814040133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Villanueva J, Carrascal M, Abian J. Isotope dilution mass spectrometry for absolute quantification in proteomics: Concepts and strategies. J Proteomics 2014; 96:184-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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Chen MX, Cao ZY, Jiang Y, Zhu ZW. Direct determination of glyphosate and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid, in fruits and vegetables by mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/weak anion-exchange liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1272:90-9. [PMID: 23261284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for the direct, sensitive, and rapid determination of glyphosate and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in fruit and vegetable samples by mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/weak anion-exchange liquid chromatography (HILIC/WAX) coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Homogenized samples were extracted with water, without derivatization or further clean-up, and the extracts were injected directly onto the Asahipak NH2P-50 4E column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm). The best results were obtained when the column was operated under mixed-mode HILIC/WAX elution conditions. An initial 10-min washing step with acetonitrile/water (10:90, v/v) in HILIC mode was used to remove potentially interfering compounds, and then the analytes were eluted in WAX mode with acetonitrile and water containing 0.1 molL(-1) ammonium hydroxide under gradient elution for the ESI analysis in negative ion mode. Limits of quantification of glyphosate and AMPA were 5 μgkg(-1) and 50 μgkg(-1), respectively, with limits of detection as low as 1.2 μgkg(-1) for glyphosate and 15 μgkg(-1) for AMPA. The linearity was satisfactory, with correlation coefficients (r)>0.9966. Recovery studies were carried out on spiked matrices (6 vegetables, 3 fruits) with glyphosate at four concentrations and AMPA at three concentrations. The mean recoveries for glyphosate and AMPA were 75.3-110% and 76.1-110%, respectively, with relative standard deviations in the range of 1.1-13.8%. The intra-day precision (n=7) for glyphosate and AMPA in vegetable and fruit samples spiked at an intermediate level between 5.9% and 7.5%, and the inter-day precision over 11 days (n=11) was between 7.0% and 13%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xue Chen
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
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36
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A systematic approach for developing a robust LC–MS/MS method for bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:91-115. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to meet the drug discovery and development needs of pharmaceutical companies, CROs are constantly challenged by the requirements for rapid LC–MS/MS method development prior to method validation and sample analysis. In order to meet this challenge, a comprehensive method development program, nicknamed ‘Amoeba™’, which uses a series of written protocols for standardized and efficient method development was developed. In this paper, the genesis of the Amoeba method development program is elucidated in detail and a number of case studies are presented to showcase the execution of the Amoeba method development program. Using this program, the majority of the most critical information regarding the assay can be captured. While the Amoeba program has been proven to be effective, we recognize that the development of a robust bioanalytical method for use in pharmaceutical industry also requires the careful consideration of many critical parameters and the ability to identify and resolve potential issues. The refinement of the assay relies on further evaluation of several critical factors including, but not limited to, internal standard response, matrix effects (phospholipid or nonphospholipid related) and carryover.
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Abstract
Mass spectrometry methods have the potential to measure different hormones during the same analysis and have improved specificity and a wide analytical range compared with many immunoassay methods. Increasingly in clinical laboratories liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays are replacing immunoassays for the routine measurement of testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and other steroid hormones. Reference LC-MS/MS methods for steroid, thyroid, and peptide hormones are being used for assessment of the performance and calibration of commercial immunoassays. In this chapter, the general principles of tandem mass spectrometry and examples of hormone assays are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen P Field
- Department of Specialist Laboratory Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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38
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Incurred sample reanalysis comparison of dried blood spots and plasma samples on the measurement of lopinavir in clinical samples. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:237-40. [PMID: 22303827 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undoubtedly, incurred sample reanalysis (ISR) will become an integral part of regulated bioanalysis of dried blood spot (DBS) samples. In this article, we report results from an ISR study on DBS specimen and their corresponding plasma samples. Incurred samples were reanalyzed on their concentration of the antiretroviral drug lopinavir (LPV). RESULTS Bland-Altman comparison plots showed a high degree of agreement between the measurements; 94.7% of observed LPV concentrations were within bias ±2 SD. Moreover, 73.7% of obtained LPV concentrations from DBS ISR were in good compliance with general acceptance criteria (4-6-20 rule) on ISR testing, while plasma ISR failed on these acceptance criteria due to the low compliance of 10.5%. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that plasma ISR testing failed on acceptance criteria while corresponding incurred DBS specimens passed. Furthermore, the current article demonstrates that the stability of the antiretroviral drug LPV was significantly different in both biological matrices.
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39
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Extraction methods for the removal of phospholipids and other endogenous material from a biological fluid. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:2747-55. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A comparison of three different sample preparation techniques for the analysis of plasma samples has been investigated to highlight the effect that these approaches have on the removal of endogenous material. The three techniques under investigation are: SPE, support assisted liquid–liquid extraction and nonspecific solvent-based protein precipitation. Results: Comparisons are made on the practicalities of each approach and to allow a semiquantitative assessment between the effectiveness of these different techniques the relative amounts of phospholipids present within the sample are analyzed. Total ion chromatograms are also obtained to further study the effects of different extraction techniques in the removal of endogenous components from a biological matrix. Both of these approaches provide a very coarse measure of the cleanliness of the extracts and demonstrate that support assisted liquid–liquid extraction and an optimized SPE approach remove a greater amount of endogenous material. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of sample preparation in removing endogenous material, which may have a detrimental effect on the performance of a bioanalytical assay.
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40
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Abstract
Quantification of endogenous hormonal steroids and their precursors is essential for diagnosing a wide range of endocrine disorders. Historically, these analyses have been carried out using immunoassay, but such methods are problematic, especially for low-concentration analytes, due to assay interference by other endogenous steroids. MS offers improved specificity over immunoassay and can be highly sensitive. GC–MS, with use of stable isotopically labeled internal standards, is considered the ‘gold standard’ method for serum steroid analysis. GC–MS is the method of choice for profiling steroid metabolites in urine, but these techniques are not appropriate for routine use in clinical laboratories owing to a need for extensive sample preparation, as well as analytical expertise. LC–MS/MS compares well to GC–MS in terms of accuracy, precision and sensitivity, but allows simplified sample preparation. While most publications have featured only one or a limited number of steroids, we consider that steroid paneling (which we propose as the preferred term for multitargeted steroid analysis) has great potential to enable clinicians to make a definitive diagnosis. It is adaptable for use in a number of matrices, including serum, saliva and dried blood spots. However, LC–MS/MS-based steroid analysis is not straightforward, and understanding the chemical and analytical processes involved is essential for implementation of a robust clinical service. This article discusses specific challenges in the measurement of endogenous steroids using LC–MS/MS, and provides examples of the benefits it offers.
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Tan A, Lévesque IA, Lévesque IM, Viel F, Boudreau N, Lévesque A. Analyte and internal standard cross signal contributions and their impact on quantitation in LC-MS based bioanalysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1954-60. [PMID: 21680265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cross signal contributions between an analyte and its internal standard (IS) are very common due to impurities in reference standards and/or isotopic interferences. Despite the general awareness of this issue, how exactly they affect quantitation in LC-MS based bioanalysis has not been systematically evaluated. In this research, such evaluations were performed first by simulations and then by experiments using a typical bioanalytical method for tiagabine over the concentration range of 1-1000 ng/mL in human EDTA K(3) plasma. The results demonstrate that when an analyte contributes to IS signal, linearity and accuracy can be affected with low IS concentration. Thus, minimum IS concentrations have been obtained for different combinations of concentration range, percentage of cross contribution, and weighting factor. Moreover, while impurity in analyte reference standard is a factor in cross signal contribution, significant systematic errors could exist in the results of unknown samples even though the results of calibration standards and quality controls are acceptable. How these systematic errors would affect stability evaluation, method transfer, and cross validation has also been discussed and measures to reduce their impact are proposed. On the other hand, the signal contribution from an IS to the analyte causes shifting of a calibration curve, i.e. increase of intercept, and theoretically, the accuracy is not affected. The simulation results are well supported by experimental results. For example, good inter-run (between-run) accuracy (bias: -2.70 to 5.35%) and precision (CV: 2.07-10.50%) were obtained when runs were extracted with an IS solution containing 1-fold of the lower limit of quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Tan
- PharmaNet Canada, Québec, QC, Canada.
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42
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Incurred sample reanalysis (ISR): a decisive tool in bioanalytical research. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:1007-24. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The AAPS Workshop 2008 on Current Topics in GLP Bioanalysis: Assay Reproducibility for Incurred Samples was the defining moment in establishing incurred sample reanalysis (ISR) as a mandatory exercise in demonstrating assay reproducibility using incurred (study) samples. The importance of ISR can be envisaged from its role in clinical as well as non-clinical studies. Incurred samples can differ significantly in their composition when compared with the calibration standards and quality control samples that are used to validate the developed method. The present article attempts to summarize five troubleshooting cases encountered in the analyses of incurred samples for bioanalytical methods developed in our laboratory for mesalamine, hydrochlorothiazide, clopidogrel, sildenafil and rabeprazole. The issues identified were related to: sample inhomogeneity, sample processing error, impact of buffer pH during sample preparation, instability of metabolite and change in laboratory environment. The steps taken to trace and correct these incidents are discussed with adequate data. These examples will further broaden the scope and emphasize the significance of ISR. We believe this investigation will help to develop more reliable and efficient bioanalytical methods.
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43
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Beyond successful ISR: case-by-case investigations for unmatched reassay results when ISR passed. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:1031-8. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Incurred sample reanalysis (ISR) is now commonly practiced in regulated bioanalytical laboratories. With an average ISR success rate of 95% or higher and an increasing number of ISR tests being conducted, more and more situations deserve scientific evaluation or investigation for the unmatched reassay results revealed in ISR tests even though they meet the acceptance criteria. First, should an investigation be initiated when an ISR test is acceptable? How large a discrepancy or what situation would warrant an investigation? What would be the impact on a study? How would investigations regarding unmatched reassay results be conducted? What are the main root causes identified? Can normal random errors cause a large discrepancy in unfavorable combinations? How could the timeline and cost be affected? All these questions are addressed in this paper with five real case examples.
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44
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Incurred sample reanalysis: dilemma in its applicability - should it be practiced for all bioanalytical assays involving single (parent or metabolite) or multiple analytes (parent/metabolite or parent with co-administered drugs)? Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:737-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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El-Khoury JM, Reineks EZ, Wang S. Progress of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in measurement of vitamin D metabolites and analogues. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:100-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Phinney KW, Rimmer CA, Thomas JB, Sander LC, Sharpless KE, Wise SA. Isotope dilution liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry methods for fat- and water-soluble vitamins in nutritional formulations. Anal Chem 2010; 83:92-8. [PMID: 21117618 DOI: 10.1021/ac101950r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitamins are essential to human health, and dietary supplements containing vitamins are widely used by individuals hoping to ensure they have adequate intake of these important nutrients. Measurement of vitamins in nutritional formulations is necessary to monitor regulatory compliance and in studies examining the nutrient intake of specific populations. Liquid chromatographic methods, primarily with UV absorbance detection, are well established for both fat- and water-soluble measurements, but they do have limitations for certain analytes and may suffer from a lack of specificity in complex matrices. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) provides both sensitivity and specificity for the determination of vitamins in these matrices, and simultaneous analysis of multiple vitamins in a single analysis is often possible. In this work, LC-MS methods were developed for both fat- and water-soluble vitamins and applied to the measurement of these analytes in two NIST Standard Reference Materials. When possible, stable isotope labeled internal standards were employed for quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Phinney
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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48
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Liu G, Ji QC, Arnold ME. Identifying, Evaluating, and Controlling Bioanalytical Risks Resulting from Nonuniform Matrix Ion Suppression/Enhancement and Nonlinear Liquid Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry Assay Response. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9671-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1013018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guowen Liu
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Qin C. Ji
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mark E. Arnold
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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49
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Critical topics in ensuring data quality in bioanalytical LC–MS method development. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:1051-72. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of LC–MS for bioanalysis of pharmaceuticals is entering its third decade and may be considered to be a mature technology. In many respects this is true, considering the advances made in such areas as instrument performance, electronics, software and automation of use. However, there remain instrumental and noninstrumental areas that require significant attention to ensure data quality. Increasing regulatory focus on analytical method performance and unaddressed method issues require the bioanalyst to understand those areas that most greatly impact data quality. This review will focus on instrumental and noninstrumental areas that can influence data quality, including reference standard and internal standard quality and physicochemical properties, matrix effects, stability in matrix, sample preparation, LC and MS.
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50
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Rebane R, Leito I, Yurchenko S, Herodes K. A review of analytical techniques for determination of Sudan I–IV dyes in food matrixes. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2747-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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