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Li K, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li Q, Guo L, Xie J. The kinetic and molecular docking analysis of interactions between three V-type nerve agents and four human cholinesterases. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 372:110369. [PMID: 36708975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
G and V-type nerve agents represent the most toxic chemical warfare agents. Their primary toxicity was the consequence of the covalent inhibition of the pivotal acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which induces overstimulation of cholinergic receptors and overaccumulation of cholines, eventually leading to death by respiratory arrest. The inhibitory and reactivation kinetics of cholinesterase (ChE) are essential for the toxicology and countermeasures of nerve agents. Medical defensive research on V-type nerve agents (V agents) has been mainly reported on VX and VR. Here we demonstrated the first systematical kinetic analysis between the type of ChE [native or recombinant human AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)] and three V agents, including VX, VR, and Vs, another isomer of VX, and highlighted the effects of native and recombinant ChE differences. The spontaneous reactivation and aging kinetics data of Vs-inhibited BChEs were firstly reported here. The results showed that AChE was more easily inhibited by three V agent compared to BChE, regardless of whether it is native or recombinant. The increased inhibitory potency order on AChE was VX, Vs, then VR, and on BChE was VX, then Vs and VR. The difference between native and recombinant ChE could influence the inhibition, aging, and spontaneous reactivation kinetics of three V agents, whether AChE or BChE, which was systematically revealed for the first time. For inhibition kinetics, the ki of three V agents for recombinant AChE was significantly higher than native AChE, and the stronger the inhibitory potency of V agents, the more pronounced difference in ki. In terms of aging and spontaneous reactivation kinetics, recombinant ChE was found to be more prone to spontaneous reactivation, but more resistant to aging compared to native ChE, particularly for AChE. The performed covalent molecular docking results partially explained the effects of differences between native and recombinant ChE on enzyme kinetics from the perspective of binding energy and conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
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Jacquet P, Rémy B, Bross RPT, van Grol M, Gaucher F, Chabrière E, de Koning MC, Daudé D. Enzymatic Decontamination of G-Type, V-Type and Novichok Nerve Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8152. [PMID: 34360916 PMCID: PMC8347808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) are highly toxic compounds inhibiting cholinergic enzymes in the central and autonomic nervous systems and neuromuscular junctions, causing severe intoxications in humans. Medical countermeasures and efficient decontamination solutions are needed to counteract the toxicity of a wide spectrum of harmful OPNAs including G, V and Novichok agents. Here, we describe the use of engineered OPNA-degrading enzymes for the degradation of various toxic agents including insecticides, a series of OPNA surrogates, as well as real chemical warfare agents (cyclosarin, sarin, soman, tabun, VX, A230, A232, A234). We demonstrate that only two enzymes can degrade most of these molecules at high concentrations (25 mM) in less than 5 min. Using surface assays adapted from NATO AEP-65 guidelines, we further show that enzyme-based solutions can decontaminate 97.6% and 99.4% of 10 g∙m-2 of soman- and VX-contaminated surfaces, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate that these enzymes can degrade ethyl-paraoxon down to sub-inhibitory concentrations of acetylcholinesterase, confirming their efficacy from high to micromolar doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Jacquet
- Gene&GreenTK, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.J.); (B.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Benjamin Rémy
- Gene&GreenTK, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.J.); (B.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Rowdy P. T. Bross
- TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (R.P.T.B.); (M.v.G.)
| | - Marco van Grol
- TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (R.P.T.B.); (M.v.G.)
| | - Floriane Gaucher
- Gene&GreenTK, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.J.); (B.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Eric Chabrière
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Unité Microbe Evolution Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Martijn C. de Koning
- TNO Department CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; (R.P.T.B.); (M.v.G.)
| | - David Daudé
- Gene&GreenTK, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (P.J.); (B.R.); (F.G.)
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3
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Enantioselective in-vitro elimination kinetics of nerve agents in blood monitored by derivatization and LC-MS/MS analysis. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3751-3757. [PMID: 32720193 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We present a simple method for chiral separation and analysis of organophosphorus nerve agents and apply it to monitor the enantioselective blood elimination kinetics of sarin in-vitro. The method is implemented in standard reverse phase LC-MS operating conditions, relieving the user of the dedicated operating conditions frequently demanded in chiral LC-MS analysis. The method consists of formation of diastereomers by a rapid derivatization with (R)-2-(1 aminoethyl) phenol, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Derivatization enantioselectivity was studied by comparing the reaction of optically pure sarin and racemic sarin, proving no substantial enantiomeric preference in the reaction and demonstrating the enantiomeric discrimination abilities of the technique. Enantioselective sarin elimination pathways were probed in-vitro by following the fast elimination kinetics of the two sarin enantiomers as well as its hydrolysis metabolite (isopropyl methyl-phosphonic acid, IMPA) in whole blood and plasma compared to water. Sarin enantiomers showed the known marked differences in elimination kinetics with rapid elimination of the (+) enantiomer and slower elimination of the (-) enantiomer in whole blood and plasma as well as dose-dependent kinetics (faster elimination at lower concentrations). We found that small amounts of acetonitrile in plasma prevent the rapid elimination of the (+) enantiomer, resulting in similar, slower elimination kinetics for both enantiomers.
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Novel cysteine- and albumin-adduct biomarkers to prove human poisoning with the pesticide oxydemeton-S-methyl. Toxicol Lett 2018; 294:122-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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A toolbox for microbore liquid chromatography tandem-high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of albumin-adducts as novel biomarkers of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Toxicol Lett 2018; 292:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Liang X, Huang B, Wang Y, Li C, Liu X, Huang M, Li H. Photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbate promoted by glucose and tris-(hydroxylmethyl)-amino methane on cadmium sulfide/titanium dioxide electrodes for efficient visible light-enhanced fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Determination of trace amounts of G-type nerve agents in aqueous samples utilizing “in vial” instantaneous derivatization and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1512:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Bierwisch A, Koller M, Worek F, Kubik S. Pathways for the Reactions Between Neurotoxic Organophosphorus Compounds and Oximes or Hydroxamic Acids. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bierwisch
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr; Neuherbergstraße 11 80937 München Germany
| | - Marianne Koller
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr; Neuherbergstraße 11 80937 München Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr; Neuherbergstraße 11 80937 München Germany
| | - Stefan Kubik
- Fachbereich Chemie Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Kaiserslautern; Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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Sun F, Ding J, Yu H, Gao R, Wang H, Pei C. Identification of new binding sites of human transferrin incubated with organophosphorus agents via Q Exactive LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1022:256-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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10
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Jang YJ, Kim K, Tsay OG, Atwood DA, Churchill DG. Update 1 of: Destruction and Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. Chem Rev 2015; 115:PR1-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong Jang
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibong Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga G. Tsay
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David A. Atwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - David G. Churchill
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305−701, Republic of Korea
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V-type nerve agents phosphonylate ubiquitin at biologically relevant lysine residues and induce intramolecular cyclization by an isopeptide bond. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5171-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Wan Q, Zhang Q, Hamilton-Brehm S, Weiss K, Mustyakimov M, Coates L, Langan P, Graham D, Kovalevsky A. X-ray crystallographic studies of family 11 xylanase Michaelis and product complexes: implications for the catalytic mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 70:11-23. [PMID: 24419374 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713023626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Xylanases catalyze the hydrolysis of plant hemicellulose xylan into oligosaccharides by cleaving the main-chain glycosidic linkages connecting xylose subunits. To study ligand binding and to understand how the pH constrains the activity of the enzyme, variants of the Trichoderma reesei xylanase were designed to either abolish its activity (E177Q) or to change its pH optimum (N44H). An E177Q-xylohexaose complex structure was obtained at 1.15 Å resolution which represents a pseudo-Michaelis complex and confirmed the conformational movement of the thumb region owing to ligand binding. Co-crystallization of N44H with xylohexaose resulted in a hydrolyzed xylotriose bound in the active site. Co-crystallization of the wild-type enzyme with xylopentaose trapped an aglycone xylotriose and a transglycosylated glycone product. Replacing amino acids near Glu177 decreased the xylanase activity but increased the relative activity at alkaline pH. The substrate distortion in the E177Q-xylohexaose structure expands the possible conformational itinerary of this xylose ring during the enzyme-catalyzed xylan-hydrolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wan
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Scott Hamilton-Brehm
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Kevin Weiss
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Marat Mustyakimov
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Leighton Coates
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Paul Langan
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - David Graham
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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Elimination pathways of cyclosarin (GF) mediated by β-cyclodextrin in vitro: pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic aspects. Toxicol Lett 2013; 222:164-70. [PMID: 23906718 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CD) are promising small molecular scavengers showing favourable degradation of extremely toxic organophosphorus compounds (OP) such as tabun (GA), soman (GD) or cyclosarin (GF). For β-CD derivatives as potential OP antidotes with low intrinsic toxicity it is of great interest to completely understand the modes of interaction of both compounds in terms of OP detoxification. The mechanisms of CD action are not completely understood which prompted us to investigate the interactions of GF and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as model compounds. Using positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS), the formation of covalent conjugates of β-CD with O-cyclohexylmethylphosphonate (CHMP) residue was detected for the first time and was examined in vitro. With a newly developed LC-MS method the formation of O-cyclohexylmethylphosphonic acid (CHMPA) (i.e. GF hydrolysis) and covalent CHMP-β-CD conjugates was analyzed. Compared to water, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) reduced the formation of covalent conjugates but amplified formation of CHMPA. Depending on experimental conditions the degradation of GF by β-CD may be preferably catalytic or stoichiometric. For illustrating different possible reaction pathways a scheme was established that could support the idea of β-CD acting as an artificial enzyme. These results provide an important insight into the β-CD mediated detoxification pathways of GF.
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Weltzin MM, Huang Y, Schulte MK. Allosteric modulation of alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by HEPES. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 732:159-68. [PMID: 22732654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of new positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been reported that enhance responses of neuronal alpha7 and alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes to orthosteric ligands. PAMs represent promising new leads for the development of therapeutic agents for disorders involving alterations in nicotinic neurotransmission including Autism, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. During our recent studies of alpha4beta2 PAMs, we identified a novel effect of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). The effects of HEPES were evaluated in a phosphate buffered recording solution using two-electrode voltage clamp techniques and alpha4beta2 and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Acetylcholine induced responses of high-sensitivity alpha4beta2 receptors were potentiated 190% by co-exposure to HEPES. Responses were inhibited at higher concentrations (bell-shaped concentration/response curve). Coincidentally, at concentrations of HEPES typically used in oocyte recording (5-10mM), the potentiating effects of HEPES are matched by its inhibitory effects, thus producing no net effect. Mutagenesis results suggest HEPES potentiates the high-sensitivity stoichiometry of the alpha4beta2 receptors through action at the beta2+/beta2- interface and is dependent on residue beta2D218. HEPES did not potentiate low-sensitivity alpha4beta2 receptors and did not produce any observable effect on acetylcholine induced responses on alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maegan M Weltzin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbank, AK 99775, USA
| | - Yanzhou Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbank, AK 99775, USA
| | - Marvin K Schulte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbank, AK 99775, USA.
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Aleksenko SS. Liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection for the determination of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934812020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Kim K, Tsay OG, Atwood DA, Churchill DG. Destruction and detection of chemical warfare agents. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5345-403. [PMID: 21667946 DOI: 10.1021/cr100193y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kibong Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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17
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Becker C, Worek F, John H. Chromatographic analysis of toxic phosphylated oximes (POX): a brief overview. Drug Test Anal 2011; 2:460-8. [PMID: 20882513 DOI: 10.1002/dta.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Poisoning with organophosphorus compounds (OP), e.g. pesticides and nerve agents, causes inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by phosphylation of the active site serine residue. Consequently, accumulation of stimulating acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft induces cholinergic crisis which ultimately may lead to death. For standard causal therapy, enzyme reactivators are administered representing oxime derivatives of quarternary pyridinium compounds, e.g. pralidoxime (2-PAM), obidoxime and HI 6. The mechanism of action includes removal of the phosphyl moiety by a nucleophilic attack of the oximate molecule substituting the enzyme and forming a phosphylated oxime (POX). POX is produced in stoichiometric amounts of reactivated enzyme and exhibits a significantly enhanced toxicity (inhibition rate constant) when compared to the parent OP. However, stability of POX under physiological conditions appears to be highly limited. Nevertheless, the presence of POX reveals a potential critical issue for both therapeutic efficacy in vivo and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modelling based on cholinesterase activity data. Detailed characterization represents an important need for elaboration of the entire oxime pharmacology.Nevertheless, reports on POX toxicity and analysis are quite rare and may therefore be indicative of the challenge of POX analysis. This review provides a concise overview of chromatographic approaches applied to POX separation. Chromatography represents the key technology for POX purification and quantification in kinetic in vitro studies using buffers and biological fluids. Applications based on reversed-phase chromatography (RPC), ion pair chromatography (IPC) and an affinity approach as well as thin layer chromatography (TLC) are discussed and novel applications and data are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Becker
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany.
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Gäb J, John H, Blum MM. Formation of pyrophosphate-like adducts from nerve agents sarin, soman and cyclosarin in phosphate buffer: Implications for analytical and toxicological investigations. Toxicol Lett 2011; 200:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Koskela H, Hakala U, Vanninen P. Structural Characterization of Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation Products in Decontamination Solutions with Proton Band-Selective 1H−31P NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5331-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100867x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harri Koskela
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ullastiina Hakala
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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