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Ahmad SM, Gonçalves OC, Oliveira MN, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF. Application of Microextraction-Based Techniques for Screening-Controlled Drugs in Forensic Context-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2168. [PMID: 33918766 PMCID: PMC8070059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of controlled drugs in forensic matrices, i.e., urine, blood, plasma, saliva, and hair, is one of the current hot topics in the clinical and toxicological context. The use of microextraction-based approaches has gained considerable notoriety, mainly due to the great simplicity, cost-benefit, and environmental sustainability. For this reason, the application of these innovative techniques has become more relevant than ever in programs for monitoring priority substances such as the main illicit drugs, e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, dissociative drugs, and related compounds. The present contribution aims to make a comprehensive review on the state-of-the art advantages and future trends on the application of microextraction-based techniques for screening-controlled drugs in the forensic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir M. Ahmad
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Oriana C. Gonçalves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Mariana N. Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Nuno R. Neng
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M. F. Nogueira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (O.C.G.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Ameri Akhtiar Abadi M, Masrournia M, Abedi MR. Simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of three beta (β)-blockers in biological samples with an efficient magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction procedure employing in situ sorbent modification. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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3
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Ismailzadeh A, Masrournia M, Es'haghi Z, Bozorgmehr MR. Microextraction and gas chromatography–flame ionization determination of five antiepileptic drugs in biological samples using amino acid-based deep eutectic ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Ismailzadeh A, Masrournia M, Es’haghi Z, Bozorgmehr MR. An environmentally friendly sample pre-treatment method based on magnetic ionic liquids for trace determination of nitrotoluene compounds in soil and water samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using response surface methodology. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Couto RA, Costa SS, Mounssef B, Pacheco JG, Fernandes E, Carvalho F, Rodrigues CM, Delerue-Matos C, Braga AA, Moreira Gonçalves L, Quinaz MB. Electrochemical sensing of ecstasy with electropolymerized molecularly imprinted poly(o-phenylenediamine) polymer on the surface of disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B: CHEMICAL 2019; 290:378-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2019.03.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Recent advances in microextraction procedures for determination of amphetamines in biological samples. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:437-460. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine and its related derivatives have stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Illegal use of these drugs is an increasing global problem resulting in significant public health and legal problems. Deaths have been reported after intake of these drugs due to overdose. It is important to determine the type and concentration of illicit drugs in biological samples. These compounds are found in complex matrices at low concentration levels. The microextraction techniques are dominant sample preparation procedure and they are widely accepted as the most labor-intensive part of the bioanalytical process. For this purpose, a survey of recent published advances in microextraction procedures for quantification of amphetamines in biological samples found in the different databases from 2008 to date will be conducted.
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Abstract
The sample preparation is the most critical step involved in the bioanalytical process. When dealing with green analytical chemistry, sample preparation can be even more challenging. To fit the green analytical chemistry principles, efforts should be made toward the elimination or reduction of the use of toxic reagents and solvents, minimization of energy consumption and increased operator safety. The simplest sample preparations are more appropriate for liquid biological matrices with little interfering compounds such as urine, plasma and oral fluid. The same does not usually occur with complex matrices that require more laborious procedures. The present review discusses green analytical approaches for the analyses of drugs of abuse in complex biological matrices, such as whole blood, breast milk, meconium and hair.
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Naddaf E, Ebrahimi M, Es'haghi Z, Bamoharram FF. Application of carbon nanotubes modified with a Keggin polyoxometalate as a new sorbent for the hollow-fiber micro-solid-phase extraction of trace naproxen in hair samples with fluorescence spectrophotometry using factorial experimental design. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2348-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezzat Naddaf
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Islamic Azad University; Mashhad Branch Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Islamic Azad University; Mashhad Branch Iran
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[PMIM]Br@TiO2 nanocomposite reinforced hollow fiber solid/liquid phase microextraction: An effective extraction technique for measurement of benzodiazepines in hair, urine and wastewater samples combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 980:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Vogliardi S, Tucci M, Stocchero G, Ferrara SD, Favretto D. Sample preparation methods for determination of drugs of abuse in hair samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 857:1-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hasheminasab KS, Fakhari AR. Application of nonionic surfactant as a new method for the enhancement of electromembrane extraction performance for determination of basic drugs in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1378:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Determination of Parabens in Cosmetics by Liquid-Phase Microextractions and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Diode Array Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.883535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Pantaleão LDN, Paranhos BAPB, Yonamine M. Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction of amphetamine-type stimulants in human hair samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1254:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The last two decades have provided analysts with more sensitive technology, enabling scientists from all analytical fields to see what they were not able to see just a few years ago. This increased sensitivity has allowed drug detection at very low concentrations and testing in unconventional samples (e.g., hair, oral fluid and sweat), where despite having low analyte concentrations has also led to a reduction in sample size. Along with this reduction, and as a result of the use of excessive amounts of potentially toxic organic solvents (with the subsequent environmental pollution and costs associated with their proper disposal), there has been a growing tendency to use miniaturized sampling techniques. Those sampling procedures allow reducing organic solvent consumption to a minimum and at the same time provide a rapid, simple and cost-effective approach. In addition, it is possible to get at least some degree of automation when using these techniques, which will enhance sample throughput. Those miniaturized sample preparation techniques may be roughly categorized in solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction, depending on the nature of the analyte. This paper reviews recently published literature on the use of microextraction sampling procedures, with a special focus on the field of forensic toxicology.
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Es’haghi Z, Babazadeh F. Directly suspended droplet microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography: A rapid and sensitive method for acetaldehyde assay in peritoneal dialysis fluids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 891-892:52-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Liu D, Min S. Rapid analysis of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in tea samples by directly suspended droplet microextraction using a gas chromatography-electron capture detector. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1235:166-73. [PMID: 22440664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient directly suspended droplet microextraction (DSDME) has been developed to extract and pre-concentrate organochlorine and pyrethrin pesticides from tea samples prior to analysis by a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The optimal experimental conditions of DSDME were: 100 μL isooctane exposed for 15 min to 5 mL of the tea aqueous sample stirred at 1100 rpm. For most of the target analytes, the optimal pretreatment of DSDME processes led to no significant interference of tea matrices. The approach was applied to the determination of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in tea samples, with a linearity range of 0.0005-2 μg/mL. The relative recoveries of all the pesticides ranged between 80.0% and 120.8% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) in the range of 0.8-19.9% (n=5). The limits of detections (LODs) ranged between 0.04 and 1 μg/L for all the target pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Jain A, Verma KK. Recent advances in applications of single-drop microextraction: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:37-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ionic liquid mediated sol–gel sorbents for hollow fiber solid-phase microextraction of pesticide residues in water and hair samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8313-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Es’haghi Z, Ebrahimi M, Hosseini MS. Optimization of a novel method for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in hair and waste water samples by carbon nanotubes reinforced sol–gel based hollow fiber solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography using factorial experimental design. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3400-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Bioanalysis usually requires a preparation procedure for sample cleanup or preconcentration. Conventional sample preparation techniques are often time consuming and labor intensive. Among recent progress in sample preparation, single drop microextraction (SDME) is one of the most efficient techniques providing both sample cleanup and preconcentration capabilities. In SDME, analytes are extracted from a sample solution into an acceptor drop and the drop is introduced to subsequent analysis. Since the volume of the acceptor drop is 1–10 µl or less, the consumption of solvents can be minimized and the preconcentration effect is enhanced. In this review, the basic principles of two-phase and three-phase SDME are described briefly and then recently developed modes of SDME, coupling with analytical instruments, and methods to enhance the drop stability are discussed. Recent applications of SDME to biological samples, including urine, blood and saliva, for the analysis of drugs, metal ions and biomarkers are reviewed.
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Gao W, Chen G, Chen T, Zhang X, Chen Y, Hu Z. Directly suspended droplet microextraction combined with single drop back-extraction as a new approach for sample preparation compatible with capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2011; 83:1673-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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