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Kipura T, Hotze M, Hofer A, Egger AS, Timpen LE, Opitz CA, Townsend PA, Gethings LA, Thedieck K, Kwiatkowski M. Automated Liquid Handling Extraction and Rapid Quantification of Underivatized Amino Acids and Tryptophan Metabolites from Human Serum and Plasma Using Dual-Column U(H)PLC-MRM-MS and Its Application to Prostate Cancer Study. Metabolites 2024; 14:370. [PMID: 39057693 PMCID: PMC11279291 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) and their metabolites are important building blocks, energy sources, and signaling molecules associated with various pathological phenotypes. The quantification of AA and tryptophan (TRP) metabolites in human serum and plasma is therefore of great diagnostic interest. Therefore, robust, reproducible sample extraction and processing workflows as well as rapid, sensitive absolute quantification are required to identify candidate biomarkers and to improve screening methods. We developed a validated semi-automated robotic liquid extraction and processing workflow and a rapid method for absolute quantification of 20 free, underivatized AAs and six TRP metabolites using dual-column U(H)PLC-MRM-MS. The extraction and sample preparation workflow in a 96-well plate was optimized for robust, reproducible high sample throughput allowing for transfer of samples to the U(H)PLC autosampler directly without additional cleanup steps. The U(H)PLC-MRM-MS method, using a mixed-mode reversed-phase anion exchange column with formic acid and a high-strength silica reversed-phase column with difluoro-acetic acid as mobile phase additive, provided absolute quantification with nanomolar lower limits of quantification within 7.9 min. The semi-automated extraction workflow and dual-column U(H)PLC-MRM-MS method was applied to a human prostate cancer study and was shown to discriminate between treatment regimens and to identify metabolites responsible for discriminating between healthy controls and patients on active surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kipura
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Madlen Hotze
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexa Hofer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Sophia Egger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lea E. Timpen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christiane A. Opitz
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Metabolic Crosstalk in Cancer and the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ Core Center Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul A. Townsend
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Center, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Lee A. Gethings
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department Metabolism, Senescence and Autophagy, Research Center One Health Ruhr, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Marcel Kwiatkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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A Closer Examination of 6-Aminoquinolyl-N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl Carbamate Amino Acid Derivatization in HPLC with Multiple Detection Modes. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Eudy BJ, McDermott CE, Fernandez G, Mathews CE, Lai J, da Silva RP. Disruption of hepatic one-carbon metabolism impairs mitochondrial function and enhances macrophage activity in methionine-choline-deficient mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 81:108381. [PMID: 32422424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
One-carbon metabolism is a collection of metabolic cycles that supports methylation and provides one-carbon bound folates for the de novo synthesis of purine and thymidine nucleotides. The methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to form choline has been extensively studied in the context of fatty liver disease. However, the role of one-carbon metabolism in supporting nucleotide synthesis during liver damage has not been addressed. The objective of this study is to determine how the disruption of one-carbon metabolism influences nucleotide metabolism in the liver after dietary methionine and choline restriction. Mice (n=8) were fed a methionine-choline-deficient or control diet for 3 weeks. We treated mice with the compound alloxazine (0.5 mg/kg), a known adenosine receptor antagonist, every second day during the final week of feeding to probe the function of adenosine signaling during liver damage. We found that concentrations of several hepatic nucleotides were significantly lower in methionine- and choline-deficient mice vs. controls (adenine: 13.9±0.7 vs. 10.1±0.6, guanine: 1.8±0.1 vs. 1.4±0.1, thymidine: 0.0122±0.0027 vs. 0.0059±0.0027 nmol/mg dry tissue). Treatment of alloxazine caused a specific decrease in thymidine nucleotides, decrease in mitochondrial content in the liver and exacerbation of steatohepatitis as shown by the increased hepatic lipid content and altered macrophage morphology. This study demonstrates a role for one-carbon metabolism in supporting de novo nucleotide synthesis and mitochondrial function during liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Eudy
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
| | - Caitlin E McDermott
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
| | - Gabriel Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
| | - Jinping Lai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaiser Permanente, Sacramento, CA.
| | - Robin P da Silva
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
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Lim V, Gorji SG, Daygon VD, Fitzgerald M. Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomic Profiling of Australian Indigenous Fruits. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10030114. [PMID: 32204361 PMCID: PMC7143387 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selected Australian native fruits such as Davidson's plum, finger lime and native pepperberry have been reported to demonstrate potent antioxidant activity. However, comprehensive metabolite profiling of these fruits is limited, therefore the compounds responsible are unknown, and further, the compounds of nutritional value in these native fruits are yet to be described. In this study, untargeted and targeted metabolomics were conducted using the three fruits, together with assays to determine their antioxidant activities. The results demonstrate that targeted free and hydrolysed protein amino acids exhibited high amounts of essential amino acids. Similarly, important minerals like potassium were detected in the fruit samples. In antioxidant activity, Davidson's plum reported the highest activity in ferric reducing power (FRAP), finger lime in antioxidant capacity (ABTS), and native pepperberry in free radical scavenging (DPPH) and phosphomolybdenum assay. The compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity were tentatively identified using untargeted GC×GC-TOFMS and UHPLC-QqQ-TOF-MS/MS metabolomics. A clear discrimination into three clusters of fruits was observed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The correlation study identified a number of compounds that provide the antioxidant activities. GC×GC-TOFMS detected potent aroma compounds of limonene, furfural, and 1-R-α-pinene. Based on the untargeted and targeted metabolomics, and antioxidant assays, the nutritional potential of these Australian bush fruits is considerable and supports these indigenous fruits in the nutraceutical industry as well as functional ingredients for the food industry, with such outcomes benefiting Indigenous Australian communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuanghao Lim
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.G.G.); (V.D.D.)
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (V.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Sara Ghorbani Gorji
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.G.G.); (V.D.D.)
| | - Venea Dara Daygon
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.G.G.); (V.D.D.)
| | - Melissa Fitzgerald
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.G.G.); (V.D.D.)
- Correspondence: (V.L.); (M.F.)
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Klencsár B, Li S, Balcaen L, Vanhaecke F. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma – Mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) for quantitative metabolite profiling of non-metal drugs. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sun L, Jiao H, Gao B, Yuanzi Q, Zhang H, Wang Y, Ou N, Yan Z, Zhou H. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of l-valine, l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-phenylalanine, and l-tyrosine in human serum. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3876-3883. [PMID: 26377247 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
l-Valine, l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-phenylalanine, and l-tyrosine are important proposed biomarkers for the early detection and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. A simple and selective hydrophilic interaction chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous determination of these amino acids in human serum, using stable isotope-labeled amino acids as internal standards. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Syncronis HILIC column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) with the column temperature of 35°C and a mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/120 mM ammonium acetate (89:11, v/v), and the run time was 11.0 min. The mass spectrometric analysis was performed using a QTRAP 5500 mass spectrometer coupled with an electrospray ionization source in positive ion mode. As these five amino acids are endogenous compounds in serum, we used the corresponding stable isotope-labeled amino acids to evaluate the matrix effect and recovery in serum. The matrix effect was 98.7-107.3%, and the recovery was 92.7-102.3%. Calibration curves spiked unlabeled amino acids in water were linear over the range of 0.200-100 μg/mL. The accuracy, inter-, and intraday precision were below 10.2%. Analytes were stable during the study. This assay method has been validated and applied to the early diagnosis research of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luning Sun
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiwen Jiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyun Yuanzi
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwen Zhang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Ou
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyu Yan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Nakamura H, Karakawa S, Watanabe A, Kawamata Y, Kuwahara T, Shimbo K, Sakai R. Measurement of (15)N enrichment of glutamine and urea cycle amino acids derivatized with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate using liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2015; 476:67-77. [PMID: 25681567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
6-Aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) is an amino acid-specific derivatizing reagent that has been used for sensitive amino acid quantification by liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ability of this method to measure the isotopic enrichment of amino acids and to determine the positional (15)N enrichment of urea cycle amino acids (i.e., arginine, ornithine, and citrulline) and glutamine. The distribution of the M and M+1 isotopomers of each natural AQC-amino acid was nearly identical to the theoretical distribution. The standard deviation of the (M+1)/M ratio for each amino acid in repeated measurements was approximately 0.1%, and the ratios were stable regardless of the injected amounts. Linearity in the measurements of (15)N enrichment was confirmed by measuring a series of (15)N-labeled arginine standards. The positional (15)N enrichment of urea cycle amino acids and glutamine was estimated from the isotopic distribution of unique fragment ions generated at different collision energies. This method was able to identify their positional (15)N enrichment in the plasma of rats fed (15)N-labeled glutamine. These results suggest the utility of LC-MS/MS detection of AQC-amino acids for the measurement of isotopic enrichment in (15)N-labeled amino acids and indicate that this method is useful for the study of nitrogen metabolism in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Nakamura
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Sachise Karakawa
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kawamata
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kuwahara
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shimbo
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Ryosei Sakai
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi 210-8681, Japan.
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Mota C, Santos M, Mauro R, Samman N, Matos AS, Torres D, Castanheira I. Protein content and amino acids profile of pseudocereals. Food Chem 2014; 193:55-61. [PMID: 26433287 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) represent the main protein source in several diets, although these pseudocereals are not currently present in the FCDB nutrient profile information. The aim of this work is to characterise the AA profile of these pseudocereals and compare them with rice. Total protein content revealed to vary from 16.3g/100g (quinoa Salta) to 13.1g/100g (buckwheat) and lower values were found in rice samples (6.7g/100g). For pseudocereals the most abundant essential AA was leucine. Quinoa-Salta evidences the highest leucine content (1013mg/100g) and the minor methionine content (199mg/100g). Buckwheat was the cereal with the highest phenylalanine content (862mg/100g). Rice (Oryza sativa) presents the lowest content for all AA. Results showed pseudocereals as the best source of AA. EuroFIR guidelines where strictly followed and proved to be a crucial tool to guarantee data interchangeability and comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mota
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doctor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Santos
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doctor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raul Mauro
- Research Center for Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering University of Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Norma Samman
- Research Center for Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering University of Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Ana Sofia Matos
- UNIDEMI, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Industrial, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Duarte Torres
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (U-38, FCT), Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Castanheira
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doctor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Amino acid consumption in naïve and recombinant CHO cell cultures: producers of a monoclonal antibody. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:809-20. [PMID: 24798809 PMCID: PMC4545443 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Most commercial media for mammalian cell culture are designed to satisfy the amino acid requirements for cell growth, but not necessarily those for recombinant protein production. In this study, we analyze the amino acid consumption pattern in naïve and recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures. The recombinant model we chose was a CHO-S cell line engineered to produce a monoclonal antibody. We report the cell concentration, product concentration, and amino acid concentration profiles in naïve and recombinant cell cultures growing in CD OptiCHO™ medium with or without amino acid supplementation with a commercial supplement (CHO CD EfficientFeed™ B). We quantify and discuss the amino acid demands due to cell growth and recombinant protein production during long term fed batch cultivation protocols. We confirmed that a group of five amino acids, constituting the highest mass fraction of the product, shows the highest depletion rates and could become limiting for product expression. In our experiments, alanine, a non-important mass constituent of the product, is in high demand during recombinant protein production. Evaluation of specific amino acid demands could be of great help in the design of feeding/supplementation strategies for recombinant mammalian cell cultures.
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Song Y, Funatsu T, Tsunoda M. Amino acid analysis using core–shell particle column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:214-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang X, Zhao T, Cheng T, Liu X, Zhang H. Rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) analysis of amino acids using pre-column derivatization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 906:91-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Takahashi K, Tokuoka M, Kohno H, Sawamura N, Myoken Y, Mizuno A. Comprehensive analysis of dipeptides in alcoholic beverages by tag-based separation and determination using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1242:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Potenza M, Sabatino G, Giambi F, Rosi L, Papini AM, Dei L. Analysis of egg-based model wall paintings by use of an innovative combined dot-ELISA and UPLC-based approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:691-701. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cohen SA. Analytical techniques for the detection of α-amino-β-methylaminopropionic acid. Analyst 2012; 137:1991-2005. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16250d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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