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Guo Z, Wang J, Chen T, Zhang H, Hou X, Li J. Effects of γ-polyglutamic acid supplementation on alfalfa growth and rhizosphere soil microorganisms in sandy soil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6440. [PMID: 38499631 PMCID: PMC10948886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at exploring the effects of γ-polyglutamic acid on the growth of desert alfalfa and the soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere. The study examined the effects of varying concentrations of γ-polyglutamic acid (0%-CK, 2%-G1, 4%-G2, 6%-G3) on sandy soil, the research investigated its impact on the growth characteristics of alfalfa, nutrient content in the rhizosphere soil, and the composition of bacterial communities. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and available phosphorus content among the G1, G2, and G3 treatments. Compared to CK, the soil nutrient content in the G2 treatment increased by 14.81-186.67%, showing the highest enhancement. In terms of alfalfa growth, the G2 treatment demonstrated the best performance, significantly increasing plant height, chlorophyll content, above-ground biomass, and underground biomass by 54.91-154.84%. Compared to the CK treatment, the number of OTUs (operational taxonomic units) in the G1, G2, and G3 treatments increased by 14.54%, 8.27%, and 6.84%, respectively. The application of γ-polyglutamic acid altered the composition and structure of the bacterial community, with Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteriota, and Gemmatimonadota accounting for 84.14-87.89% of the total bacterial community. The G2 treatment significantly enhanced the diversity and evenness of soil bacteria in the rhizosphere. Redundancy analysis revealed that organic matter, total nitrogen, total potassium, moisture content, and pH were the primary factors influencing the structure of bacterial phyla. At the genus level, moisture content emerged as the most influential factor on the bacterial community. Notably, moisture content exhibited a strong positive correlation with Acidobacteriota, which in turn was positively associated with indicators of alfalfa growth. In summary, the application of γ-polyglutamic acid at a 4% ratio has the potential for improving sandy soil quality, promoting plant growth, and regulating the rhizosphere microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710021, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710075, China
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710021, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710075, China
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Tianqing Chen
- Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710021, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710075, China
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Haiou Zhang
- Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710021, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710075, China
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xiandong Hou
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710021, China.
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710075, China.
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an, 710021, China.
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Hoffmann K, Halmschlag B, Briel S, Sieben M, Putri S, Fukusaki E, Blank LM, Büchs J. Online measurement of the viscosity in shake flasks enables monitoring of γ-PGA production in depolymerase knockout mutants of Bacillus subtilis with the phosphate-starvation inducible promoter P pst. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3293. [PMID: 36081345 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biopolymer with a wide range of applications, mainly produced using Bacillus strains. The formation and concomitant secretion of γ-PGA increases the culture broth viscosity, while enzymatic depolymerisation and degradation of γ-PGA decreases the culture broth viscosity. In this study, the recently published ViMOS (Viscosity Monitoring Online System) is applied for optical online measurements of broth viscosity in eight parallel shake flasks. It is shown that the ViMOS is suitable to monitor γ-PGA production and degradation online in shake flasks. This online monitoring enables the detailed analysis of the Ppst promoter and γ-PGA depolymerase knockout mutants in genetically modified Bacillus subtilis 168. The Ppst promoter becomes active under phosphate starvation. The different single depolymerase knockout mutants are ∆ggt, ∆pgdS, ∆cwlO and a triple knockout mutant. An increase in γ-PGA yield in gγ-PGA /gglucose of 190% could be achieved with the triple knockout mutant compared to the Ppst reference strain. The single cwlO knockout also increased γ-PGA production, while the other single knockouts of ggt and pgdS showed no impact. Partial depolymerisation of γ-PGA occurred despite the triple knockout. The online measured data are confirmed with offline measurements. The online viscosity system directly reflects γ-PGA synthesis, γ-PGA depolymerisation, and changes in the molecular weight. Thus, the ViMOS has great potential to rapidly gain detailed and reliable information about new strains and cultivation conditions. The broadened knowledge will facilitate the further optimization of γ-PGA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Hoffmann
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Birthe Halmschlag
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Briel
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michaela Sieben
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sastia Putri
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Parati M, Khalil I, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Adamus G, Mendrek B, Hill R, Radecka I. Building a circular economy around poly(D/L-γ-glutamic acid)- a smart microbial biopolymer. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Restaino OF, Hejazi S, Zannini D, Giosafatto CVL, Di Pierro P, Cassese E, D’ambrosio S, Santagata G, Schiraldi C, Porta R. Exploiting Potential Biotechnological Applications of Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Low Molecular Weight Fractions Obtained by Membrane-Based Ultra-Filtration. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061190. [PMID: 35335520 PMCID: PMC8949788 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the potentialities of applications of low molecular weight poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) chains have been so far only partially explored, the separation of diverse molecular families of them, as well as their characterization for potential bioactivity and ability to form films, were investigated. Two different approaches based on organic solvent precipitation or on ultra- and nano-filtration membrane-based purification of inexpensive commercial material were employed to obtain size-specific γ-PGA fractions, further characterized by size exclusion chromatography equipped with a triple detector array and by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography to assess their average molecular weight and their concentration. The γ-PGA low molecular weight fractions, purified by ultra-filtration, have been shown both to counteract the desiccation and the oxidative stress of keratinocyte monolayers. In addition, they were exploited to prepare novel hydrocolloid films by both solvent casting and thermal compression, in the presence of different concentrations of glycerol used as plasticizer. These biomaterials were characterized for their hydrophilicity, thermal and mechanical properties. The hot compression led to the attainment of less resistant but more extensible films. However, in all cases, an increase in elongation at break as a function of the glycerol content was observed. Besides, the thermal analyses of hot compressed materials demonstrated that thermal stability was increased with higher γ-PGA distribution po-lymer fractions. The obtained biomaterials might be potentially useful for applications in cosmetics and as vehicle of active molecules in the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (E.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Sondos Hejazi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (S.H.); (C.V.L.G.)
| | - Domenico Zannini
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Council of Research, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (D.Z.); (G.S.)
| | | | - Prospero Di Pierro
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Cassese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (E.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Sergio D’ambrosio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (E.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Gabriella Santagata
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Council of Research, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (D.Z.); (G.S.)
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (E.C.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-081-566-7654 (C.S.); +39-081-252-9470 (R.P.)
| | - Raffaele Porta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (S.H.); (C.V.L.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-081-566-7654 (C.S.); +39-081-252-9470 (R.P.)
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5
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Wang L, Chen S, Yu B. Poly-γ-glutamic acid: Recent achievements, diverse applications and future perspectives. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Yu C, Zang Y, Wang L, Wang M, Liu D, Ding Y, Yue W, Nie G. A rapid and rapid method to quantify poly (γ-glutamic acid) content via copper ion complexation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:411-417. [PMID: 33745973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Presently, there have been some limitations in most of methods to determine poly (γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) content because of many impurities in test specimens. It is necessary to establish a rapid and accurate method to quantify γ-PGA content. In this work, γ-PGA and some impurities commonly seen in fermented broth like glucose, glutamic acid and proteins were used to complex with copper ions. The results show that only γ-PGA can make copper ion precipitated, which content linearly correlates with the precipitate amount. From the study on the validity of the method, it is found that the accuracy and precision are 95.82% and 99.29%, much higher than the ones of method UV and weighing. Therefore, the method via the complexation of copper ion will be popularized to determine γ-PGA content in crude biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenrui Yu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China
| | - Yipeng Zang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China
| | - Yalan Ding
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China
| | - Wenjin Yue
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China.
| | - Guangjun Nie
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China; Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China.
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Xiong Q, Liu D, Zhang H, Dong X, Zhang G, Liu Y, Zhang R. Quorum sensing signal autoinducer-2 promotes root colonization of Bacillus velezensis SQR9 by affecting biofilm formation and motility. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7177-7185. [PMID: 32621125 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10713-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Root colonization of beneficial rhizobacteria is critical for their beneficial effects. Quorum sensing (QS) has been reported to affect the colonization of many plant pathogens. However, how QS signals regulate root colonization of beneficial rhizobacteria is unclear. In this study, the QS signal AI-2 synthetase-encoding gene luxS was completely deleted from the genome of the plant beneficial rhizobacterium Bacillus velezensis SQR9, and bioluminescence experiments showed that AI-2 production was blocked. Deletion of luxS reduced biofilm formation, motility, and root colonization of B. velezensis SQR9, while addition of exogenous AI-2 to the mutant restored this phenomenon. These results indicated that AI-2 positively affects the root colonization of B. velezensis SQR9. This study provided new insights for enhancing the colonization of beneficial rhizobacteria. KEY POINTS: • LuxS participated in the synthesis of the quorum sensing signal AI-2 in B. velezensis. • AI-2 enhanced motility, biofilm formation, and root colonization of B. velezensis. • AI-2 stimulated the production of γ-polyglutamic acid by B. velezensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Guishan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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8
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Song Y, Zhang Y, He M, Liu H, Hu C, Yang L, Yu P. Enhancing the production of poly-γ-glutamate in Bacillus subtilis ZJS18 by the heat- and osmotic shock and its mechanism. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 50:1023-1030. [PMID: 32552438 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1780610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA) is a natural macromolecule peptide, and is widely used in the food, medicine, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, heat- and osmotic shock were used to improve the production of γ-PGA in Bacillus subtilis ZJS18, and its molecular mechanism was explored. The results indicated that the heat- and osmotic shock significantly promoted the production of γ-PGA owing to the stress response of B. subtilis cells to adverse environment. The highest concentrations of γ-PGA reached 14.53 and 15.98 g/l under heat- and osmotic shock, respectively. The activities of five enzymes related to the metabolism of the endogenous glutamate were determined and analyzed. It was found that the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase were significantly altered during heat- and osmotic shock, while the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase only showed a little alteration. This study provides a basis for the industrial production and use of γ-PGA, and for understanding its biosynthetic mechanism in B. subtilis ZJS18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Song
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Min He
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Liu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Hu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuzhen Yang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Wang D, Hwang JS, Kim DH, Lee S, Kim DH, Joe MH. A newly isolated Bacillus siamensis SB1001 for mass production of poly-γ-glutamic acid. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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da Silva Filho RG, Campos AC, Souza IDS, Saramago CSDM, de Lima e Silva AA. Production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid (γ-PGA) by Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus Epidermidis. Open Microbiol J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802014010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective:Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a constituent of theBacillus anthraciscapsule and a potential virulence factor ofS. epidermidis. In this study, a methodology for the isolation, purification and quantification of γ-PGA in the isolates was adapted. In addition, the fate of the produced γ-PGA and its antiphagocytic activity were investigated.Methods:ThecapBgene was investigated by the PCR method in 50 isolates ofS. epidermidis. A modified methodology was used for the extraction, purification, and quantification of γ-PGA using Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) solution. The fate of γ-PGA was determined in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) medium, as well as the effect of ethanol, NaCl and KCl on the induction of the polymer production. The ability of neutrophils to phagocyte both FITC-labeled latex particles in the presence of free γ-PGA andS. epidermidiswith and without anchored γ-PGA was evaluated by cytometry.Results:The production of γ-PGA was detected in 40 isolates; all of them werecapBgene carriers. Free γ-PGA was detected and in the strain, the amount of released γ-PGA in the supernatant was 67% greater than the cell anchored γ-PGA. Phagocytosis tests performed with one γ-PGA producer isolate showed a significant reduction in neutrophil internalization.Conclusion:The adapted methodology was able to detect γ-PGA in the isolates studied. In addition to being found attached to the cell wall, it was demonstrated in this study that γ-PGA can also be found in the culture supernatant. Free γ-PGA did not determine a reduction in the internalization of latex by neutrophils, but cells with anchored γ-PGA showed significant protection against phagocytosis.
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Engineering antimicrobial coating of archaeal poly-γ-glutamate-based materials using non-covalent crosslinkages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4645. [PMID: 29545524 PMCID: PMC5854621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We are now entering a new age of intelligent material development using fine, sustainable polymers from extremophiles. Herein we present an innovative (but simple) means of transforming archaeal poly-γ-glutamate (PGA) into extremely durable polyionic complexes with potent antimicrobial performance. This new supra-polymer material (called PGA/DEQ) was subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray diffraction spectroscopies to characterize in structural chemistry. Calorimetric measurements revealed its peculiar thermal properties; to the best of our knowledge, it is one of the most heat-resistant biopolymer-based polyionic complexes developed to date. PGA/DEQ is particularly useful in applications where surface functionalization is important, e.g., antimicrobial coatings. The spontaneously assembled PGA/DEQ coatings (without any additional treatments) were remarkably resistant to certain organic solvents (including chloroform), even at high salt concentrations (theoretically greater than those found in sea water), and various pH values. However, the pH-response tests also implied that the PGA/DEQ coatings could be removed only when concentrated citrate di-salts were used, whereas most crosslinked polymer composites (e.g., thermoset matrices) are difficult to recycle and treat downstream. We also discuss PGA/DEQ-immobilized surfaces that exhibit enigmatic microbicidal mechanisms.
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12
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Microbial production of poly-γ-glutamic acid. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:173. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Effects of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) on plant growth and its distribution in a controlled plant-soil system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6090. [PMID: 28729559 PMCID: PMC5519684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To demonstrate the responses of plant (Pakchoi) and soil to poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is essential to better understand the pathways of the promotional effect of γ-PGA on plant growth. In this study, the effects of γ-PGA on soil nutrient availability, plant nutrient uptake ability, plant metabolism and its distribution in a plant-soil system were tested using labeled γ-PGA synthesized from 13C1-15N-L-glutamic acid (L-Glu). γ-PGA significantly improved plant uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and hence increased plant biomass. γ-PGA greatly strengthened the plant nutrient uptake capacity through enhancing both root biomass and activity. γ-PGA affected carbon (C) and N metabolism in plant which was evidenced with increased soluble sugar contents and decreased nitrate and free amino acids contents. About 26.5% of the γ-PGA-N uptake during the first 24 h, after γ-PGA application, was in the form of intact organic molecular. At plant harvest, 29.7% and 59.4% of γ-PGA-15N was recovered in plant and soil, respectively, with a 5.64% of plant N nutrition being derived from γ-PGA-N. The improved plant nutrient uptake capacity and soil nutrient availability by γ-PGA may partly explain the promotional effect of γ-PGA, however, the underlying reason may be closely related to L-Glu.
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14
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Ashiuchi M, Hakumai Y, Shibatani S, Hakuba H, Oka N, Kobayashi H, Yoneda K. Poly-γ-glutamate-based Materials for Multiple Infection Prophylaxis Possessing Versatile Coating Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24588-99. [PMID: 26501266 PMCID: PMC4632766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamate (PGA) possesses a nylon-like backbone and polyacrylate-like carboxyl groups, and shows an extraordinary solubility in water. In this study, the effective synthesis and structural analysis of some water-insoluble PGA ion-complexes (PGAICs) using cationic surfactants, hexadecylpyridinium (HDP), dodecylpyridinium, benzalkonium and benzetonium, were examined. We demonstrated their spontaneous coating performance to the surfaces of different materials (i.e., plastics, metals, and ceramics) as potent anti-staphylococcal and anti-Candida agents. The tests against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that, regardless of a variety of materials, PGAICs maintained surface antimicrobial activity, even after the water-soaking treatment, whereas those against Candida albicans indicated that, among PGAICs, PGA/HDP complex is most useful as an anti-fungal agent because of its coating stability. Moreover, the log reduction values against Influenza A and B viruses of PGA/HDP-coated surfaces were estimated to be 5.4 and 3.2, respectively, suggesting that it can be dramatically suppressed the infection of influenza. This is to our knowledge the first observation of PGA-based antiviral coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ashiuchi
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Hakumai
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | | | | | - Nogiho Oka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | | | - Keizo Yoneda
- Research Center, Toyobo Co., Otsu, Shiga 520-0292, Japan.
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15
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Kongklom N, Luo H, Shi Z, Pechyen C, Chisti Y, Sirisansaneeyakul S. Production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by glutamic acid-independent Bacillus licheniformis TISTR 1010 using different feeding strategies. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Yan S, Yao H, Chen Z, Zeng S, Xi X, Wang Y, He N, Li Q. Poly-γ-glutamic acid produced from Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 2876 as a potential substitute for polyacrylamide in the sugarcane industry. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1287-94. [PMID: 26033934 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As an environmentally friendly and industrially useful biopolymer, poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) from Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 2876 was characterized by the high-resolution mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR. A flocculating activity of 11,474.47 U mL(-1) obtained with γ-PGA, and the effects of carbon sources, ions, and chemical properties (D-/L-composition and molecular weight) on the production and flocculating activity of γ-PGA were discussed. Being a bioflocculant in the sugar refinery process, the color and turbidity of the sugarcane juice was IU 1,877.36 and IU 341.41 with 0.8 ppm of γ-PGA, respectively, which was as good as the most widely used chemically synthesized flocculant in the sugarcane industry--polyacrylamide with 1 ppm. The γ-PGA produced from B. licheniformis CGMCC 2876 could be a promising alternate of chemically synthesized flocculants in the sugarcane industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yan
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China.,Dept. of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902,, Unites States
| | - Haosheng Yao
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Shengquan Zeng
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Xi Xi
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Yuanpeng Wang
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Ning He
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005,, P.R. China
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17
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da Silva SB, Cantarelli VV, Ayub MAZ. Production and optimization of poly-γ-glutamic acid by Bacillus subtilis BL53 isolated from the Amazonian environment. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:469-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Ashiuchi M. Microbial production and chemical transformation of poly-γ-glutamate. Microb Biotechnol 2013; 6:664-74. [PMID: 23855427 PMCID: PMC3815933 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamate (PGA), a novel polyamide material with industrial applications, possesses a nylon-like backbone, is structurally similar to polyacrylic acid, is biodegradable and is safe for human consumption. PGA is frequently found in the mucilage of natto, a Japanese traditional fermented food. To date, three different types of PGA, namely a homo polymer of D-glutamate (D-PGA), a homo polymer of L-glutamate (L-PGA), and a random copolymer consisting of D- and L-glutamate (DL-PGA), are known. This review will detail the occurrence and physiology of PGA. The proposed reaction mechanism of PGA synthesis including its localization and the structure of the involved enzyme, PGA synthetase, are described. The occurrence of multiple carboxyl residues in PGA likely plays a role in its relative unsuitability for the development of bio-nylon plastics and thus, establishment of an efficient PGA-reforming strategy is of great importance. Aside from the potential applications of PGA proposed to date, a new technique for chemical transformation of PGA is also discussed. Finally, some techniques for PGA and its derivatives in advanced material technology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ashiuchi
- Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
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19
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Ashiuchi M, Fukushima K, Oya H, Hiraoki T, Shibatani S, Oka N, Nishimura H, Hakuba H, Nakamori M, Kitagawa M. Development of antimicrobial thermoplastic material from archaeal poly-γ-L-glutamate and its nanofabrication. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1619-24. [PMID: 23388052 DOI: 10.1021/am3032025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a stoichiometric ion-complex of archaeal poly-γ-L-glutamate (L-PGA) and hexadecylpyridinium cation (HDP(+)), called PGAIC, which shows remarkable chemical resistance and potential as a novel functional thermoplastic. PGAIC films suppressed the proliferation of prokaryotic (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus) and eukaryotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) microorganisms. Moreover, its antifungal activity was demonstrated against a prevalent species of Candida (Candida albicans) and a filamentous fungus (Aspergillus niger). The minimal inhibitory concentrations were estimated as 0.25 mg mL(-1), and zones of growth inhibition appeared when PGAIC-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films were placed in culture plates, whereas PET had very little effect on fungal growth. Soluble PGAIC thus shows promises as an antimicrobial and as a coating substrate. We also succeeded in synthesizing an L-PGA-based nanofiber using an ethanol solution of PGAIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ashiuchi
- Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
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Ashiuchi M, Yamamoto T, Kamei T. Pivotal Enzyme in Glutamate Metabolism of Poly-g-Glutamate-Producing Microbes. Life (Basel) 2013; 3:181-8. [PMID: 25371338 PMCID: PMC4187202 DOI: 10.3390/life3010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extremely halophilic archaeon Natrialba aegyptiaca secretes the L-homo type of poly-g-glutamate (PGA) as an extremolyte. We examined the enzymes involved in glutamate metabolism and verified the presence of L-glutamate dehydrogenases, L-aspartate aminotransferase, and L-glutamate synthase. However, neither glutamate racemase nor D-amino acid aminotransferase activity was detected, suggesting the absence of sources of D-glutamate. In contrast, D-glutamate-rich PGA producers mostly possess such intracellular sources of D-glutamate. The results of our present study indicate that the D-glutamate-anabolic enzyme "glutamate racemase" is pivotal in the biosynthesis of PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ashiuchi
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Tohru Kamei
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
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21
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Studies on the UV spectrum of poly(γ-glutamic acid) based on development of a simple quantitative method. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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