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Nuntawong P, Horikawa T, Tanaka H, Morimoto S, Sakamoto S. Activated Carbon-Based Immunochromatographic Strip Test for the Rapid Qualitative Analysis of Swertiamarin and Sweroside. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1460-1467. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Swertia japonica (S. japonica) is a medicinal plant that belongs to the Gentianaceae family. Several reports confirm the biological effects of the S. japonica extract. This plant is used mainly as a digestive stimulant, appetite stimulant, and gastrointestinal disease remedy in Japan. Secoiridoid glycosides are a group of compounds related to the beneficial effects of this plant.
Objective
We developed an immunochromatographic strip test for major secoiridoid glycosides, such as swertiamarin (SM) and sweroside (SS) detection.
Methods
We fabricated an immunoprobe using activated carbon as a reporter molecule and a monoclonal antibody against SM and SS (MAb D2) as a detection molecule. The test and control zones of the strip test contained SM-cBSA and Goat pAb anti-mouse IgM HRP conjugate, respectively. The immunoprobe reacted competitively with free SM and/or SS and immobilized SM-cBSA. The results were read and interpreted by the black spot intensity in the test zone.
Results
We succeeded in developing a strip test system with a detection limit (LOD) of 12.5 µg/mL. The selectivity and reliability evaluation revealed that the strip test is suitable for detecting SM and SS in S. japonica. The result was ready to be read in 30 min.
Conclusions
This method can be a useful tool for the screening of biologically active S. japonica samples for further preparation of traditional medicine.
Highlights
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first immunochromatographic strip test developed for the detection of SM and SS in S. japonica samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poomraphie Nuntawong
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Taiki Horikawa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seiichi Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Nuntawong P, Horikawa T, Ochi A, Wada S, Tsuneura Y, Tanaka H, Sakamoto S, Morimoto S. A monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify swertiamarin and related compounds in Swertia japonica Makino. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:512-520. [PMID: 33021012 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Swertia japonica Makino (S. japonica) has a long history of use as a folk medicine, and it is one of the three essential Japanese folk medicines. S.japonica has been reported to have various biological activities. The biologically active secoiridoid glycoside swertiamarin (SM) has been isolated from S. japonica. The efficacy of this plant is attributed to SM and related secoiridoid glycosides. To control the quality of S. japonica for medicinal use, a method for the determination of SM and other secoiridoid glycosides in the plant is needed. OBJECTIVE To produce an anti-SM monoclonal antibody (MAb) and develop an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) for S. japonica standardisation and quality control. METHODOLOGY SM was conjugated to cationised bovine serum albumin (cBSA), and the SM-cBSA conjugate was used to immunise BALB/c mice. Splenocytes from the immunised mice were then fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells to produce hybridoma cells that expressed anti-SM MAb. RESULTS The developed icELISA was sufficiently sensitive and had a quantitative range of 0.78 to 12.5 μg/mL. Coefficients of variation below 10% indicated good repeatability. Recoveries in a spike and recovery assay ranged from 91.84% to 115.50%, which confirmed that the icELISA was accurate. The SM content measured using the icELISA was in agreement with the results of a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) assay. CONCLUSION The icELISA is suitable for the high-throughput analysis of SM and other secoiridoid glycosides in S. japonica. The method is fast, economical, and reliable for S. japonica quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poomraphie Nuntawong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taiki Horikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ochi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Wada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yumi Tsuneura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Shi M, Xiong K, Zhang T, Han H. Pharmacokinetics and metabolic profiles of swertiamarin in rats by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 179:112997. [PMID: 31767226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Swertiamarin, a typical compound of secoiridiod glycosides with various pharmacological effects which is the major iridoid glicoside of Swertia. In this study, we have established a fast and sensitive LC-MS/MS method. The aim was to conduct pharmacokinetic studies of swertiamarin in vivo of rats. Gentiopicroside was used as internal standard and a C18 column was employed for the separation of analytes. The selected reaction monitoring transitions were m/z 375→177, 357.1→195 for swertiamarin and the internal standard, respectively, in a positive ion mode. The results showed that swertiamarin had a good linearity in the range of 2-8000 ng/mL (r > 0.997) and its limit of detection (LLOD) was 0.5 ng/mL. The developed method subsequently successfully used in the pharmacokinetic study of swertiamarin in rats after oral administration (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg). We obtained a series of pharmacokinetic parameters, and the half-time of swertiamarin was 1 h, while the oral bioavailability was between 5.6-7.6%. Six metabolites of swertiamarin were identified based on accurate mass measurements of protonated molecules and their MS/MS spectrum by ultra-high-performance chromatography/tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, metabolites were classified into three groups and the metabolic pathway of swertiamarin was proposed. The finding may help for the understanding of effectiveness and safety of swertiamarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Shi
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kai Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Han Han
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China.
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A systematic review of the protective role of swertiamarin in cardiac and metabolic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1051-1060. [PMID: 27780133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swertiamarin, is a secoiridoid glycoside found in genera of Enicostemma Species (Enicostemma littorale and Enicostemma axillare) belonging to the family of gentianaceae, which has been reported to cure many diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, arthritis, malaria and abdominal ulcers. However, to the best of our knowledge, till date systematic studies to understand the molecular basis of cardiac and metabolic disease preventing properties of swertiamarin has not been reported. AIM OF THE REVIEW The present review aims to compile an up-to-date information on the progress made in the protective role of swertiamarin in cardiac and metabolic diseases with the objective of providing a guide for future research on this bioactive molecule. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on the swertiamarin was collected from major scientific databases (Pubmed, Springer, google scholar, and Web of Science) for publication between1974-2016. In this review, the protective role of swertiamarin on cardiac and metabolic diseases was discussed. RESULTS Swertiamarin reported to exhibit a wide range of biological activities such as anti-atherosclerotic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These activities were mainly due to its effect on various signaling pathways associated with cardiac remodeling events such as inhibition of NF-kB expression, LDL oxidation, apoptosis, inflammatory and lipid peroxidation markers and stimulation of antioxidant enzymes. CONCLUSION Sweriamarin exhibit a wide range of biological activities. This review presents evidence supporting the point of view that swertiamarin should be considered a potential therapeutic agent against cardiac and metabolic diseases, giving rise to novel applications in their prevention and treatment.
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Swertiamarin ameliorates oleic acid induced lipid accumulation and oxidative stress by attenuating gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis in hepatic steatosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:785-791. [PMID: 27490779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swertiamarin, a bitter secoiridoid glycoside, is an antidiabetic drug with lipid lowering activity meliorates insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes condition. Therefore, the study was designed to explore the antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity of swertiamarin in ameliorating NAFLD caused due to hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and insulin resistance. Steatosis was induced in HepG2 cells by supplementing 1mM oleic acid (OA) for 24h which was marked by significant accumulation of lipid droplets. This was determined by Oil Red O (ORO) staining and triglyceride accumulation. Swertiamarin (25μg/ml) decreased triglyceride content by 2 folds and effectively reduced LDH release (50%) activity by protecting membrane integrity thus, preventing apoptosis evidenced by reduced cleavage of Caspase 3 and PARP1. We observed that swertiamarin significantly increased the expressions of major insulin signaling proteins like Insulin receptor (IR), PI(3)K, pAkt with concomitant reduction in p307 IRS-1. AMPK was activated by swertiamarin action, thus restoring insulin sensitivity in hepatocytes. In addition, qPCR results confirmed OA up-regulated Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP)-1c and fatty acid synthase (FAS), resulting in increased fatty acid synthesis. Swertiamarin effectively modulated PPAR-α, a major potential regulator of carbohydrate metabolism which, in turn, decreased the levels of the gluconeogenic enzyme PEPCK, further restricting hepatic glucose production and fatty acid synthesis. Cumulatively, swertiamarin targets potential metabolic regulators AMPK and PPAR-α, through which it regulates hepatic glycemic burden, fat accumulation, insulin resistance and ROS in hepatic steatosis which emphasizes clinical significance of swertiamarin in regulating metabolism and as a suitable candidate for treating NAFLD.
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Chen Y, Yan Q, Zhong M, Zhao Q, Liu J, Di D, Liu J. Study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the isocorydine derivative (AICD) in rats by HPLC-DAD method. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:238-45. [PMID: 26579452 PMCID: PMC4629263 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and effective high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection method coupled with a liquid-liquid extraction pretreatment has been developed for determining the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of a novel structurally modified derivative (8-acetamino-isocorydine) of isocorydine. According to the in vivo experiments data calculations by DAS 2.0 software, a two-compartment metabolic model was suitable for describing the pharmacokinetic of 8-acetamino-isocorydine in rats. 8-Acetamino-isocorydine was absorbed well after oral administration, and the absolute bioavailability was 76.5%. The half-life of 8-acetamino-isocorydine after intravenous and oral administration was 2.2 h and 2.0 h, respectively. In vivo, 8-acetamino-isocorydine was highly distributed in the lungs, kidney and liver; however, relatively little entered the brain, suggesting that 8-acetamino-isocorydine could not easily pass through the blood brain barrier. Our work describes the first characterization of the pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution of 8-acetamino-isocorydine. The acquired data will provide useful information for the in vivo pharmacology of 8-acetamino-isocorydine, and can be applied to new drug research.
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Key Words
- 8-Acetamino-isocorydine
- AICD, 8-acetamino-isocorydine
- AUC, area under concentration-time curve
- Alkaloids
- F, absolute bioavailability
- HPLC-DAD, high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection
- HPLC-UV, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection
- High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection
- ICD, isocorydine
- IS, internal standard
- LC-ESI-MS/MS, high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
- LLE, liquid-liquid extraction
- LLOQ, lower limit of quantification
- LOD, limit of detection
- Pharmacokinetics
- QC, quality control
- RE, relative error
- RP, reverse phase
- RSD, relative standard deviation
- SD, standard deviation.
- Tissue distribution
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Mehta P, Shah R, Lohidasan S, Mahadik KR. Pharmacokinetic profile of phytoconstituent(s) isolated from medicinal plants-A comprehensive review. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 5:207-27. [PMID: 26587392 PMCID: PMC4624361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicine, the backbone of traditional medicine, has played an important role in human health and welfare for a long period. Traditional therapeutic approaches of regional significance are found in Africa, South and Central America, China, India, Tibet, Indonesia, and the Pacific Islands. The considerable scientific significance and commercial potential of traditional medicines have resulted in increased international attention and global market demands for herbal medicines, especially Chinese herbal medicines. Herbal medicines currently are the primary form of health care for the poor in the developing countries, and also are widely used as a supplement or substitute for conventional drugs in developed countries. These traditional medicines have a pivotal role in the treatment of various ailments and more than 50% of drugs used in Western pharmacopoeia are isolated from herbs or derived from modifications of chemicals found in plants. Herbal medicines usually contain a complex mixture of various bioactive molecules, which make its standardization complicated, and there is little information about all compounds responsible for pharmacological activity. Several research papers have been published that claim pharmacological activity of herbal medicines but few are discussing the role of the exact phytoconstituent. Understanding the pharmacokinetic profile of such phytoconstituents is essential. Although there are research papers that deal with pharmacokinetic properties of phytoconstituents, there are a number of phytoconstituents yet to be explored for their kinetic properties. This article reviews the pharmacokinetic profile of 50 different therapeutically effective traditional medicinal plants from the year 2003 onward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Mehta
- Department of Quality Assurance, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishi Shah
- School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Sathiyanarayanan Lohidasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Maharashtra, India
| | - K R Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Maharashtra, India
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Vaidya HB, Goyal RK, Cheema SK. Acetylated and propionated derivatives of swertiamarin have anti-adipogenic effects. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2014; 5:232-8. [PMID: 25422562 PMCID: PMC4231551 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.142429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate whether the acetylated and propionated derivatives (LMP-09-1 and -2) of swertiamarin have anti-adipogenic effects. Materials and Methods: 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) containing 10% calf serum; fully confluent cells were differentiated with insulin, dexamethasone, and 3-isobutylmethylxanthine in the presence and absence of LMP-09-1 and -2 (100 μg/mL) for 10 days. Control cells received same amount of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). On day ten, cells were analyzed for triglycerides accumulation and the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis. In another set of experiment, effects of LMP-09-1 and 2 were studied for isoproterenol induced lipolysis using fully mature adipocytes. Results: LMP-09-1 and -2 caused a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in intracellular triglycerides accumulation. Both LMP-09-1 and -2 significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1, and increased isoproterenol induced lipolysis in adipocytes. LMP-09-1 induced lipolysis even in the absence of isoproterenol, and also showed a significant up-regulation of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1α and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) gene expression. Conclusions: These findings show that swertiamarin derivatives, LMP-09-1 and -2 have a potent anti-adipogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh B Vaidya
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, Canada
| | - Ramesh K Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Life Science, Ahmedabad University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Liu YQ, He GH, Li HL, He JC, Feng EF, Bai L, Wang CY, Xu GL. Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of roemerine in rats by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 969:249-55. [PMID: 25195027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a new LC-MS/MS method for the determination of roemerine in rat plasma and tissue samples was developed and successfully used to study the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of roemerine after oral and intravenous (i.v.) administration in rats. The plasma and tissue samples were processed by liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane. Isocorydine was used as the internal standard (IS) for sample processing and analysis. The MS/MS detection was carried out by monitoring the transitions of m/z 280→249 and m/z 342→279 for roemerine and the IS, respectively. The calibration curve displayed excellent linearity over the concentration range of 10-2000ng/mL (n=8, r(2)≥0.995), and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was determined to be 10ng/mL. This method was rapid, accurate, highly sensitive, and fully validated. The pharmacokinetic study showed that roemerine was rapidly absorbed and eliminated with a tmax of 0.22±0.08h, t1/2 of 1.59±0.46h, CL of 4.44±0.42L/h/kg, and Vd of 10.16±2.95μg/L following oral administration. Additionally, roemerine showed an excellent oral bioavailability of 84% and a wide tissue distribution with brain penetration. Highest concentrations of roemerine were found in the liver and lung, followed by kidney, spleen, heart, and brain, in that order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Qiong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming 650032, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Wenshan city People' Hospital, Wenshan 663000, PR China
| | - Gong-Hao He
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Hong-Liang Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jiang-Chang He
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - En-Fu Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Lan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Cheng-Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Gui-Li Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming 650032, PR China.
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Feng B, Zhu H, Guan J, Zhao L, Gu J, Yin L, Fawcett JP, Liu W. A rapid and sensitive UFLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1369-76. [PMID: 24780079 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
R adix G entianae is a traditional Chinese medicine derived from medicinal plants of the family Gentianaceae. Its pharmacological effects have been primarily attributed to the presence of a number of secoiridoid glycosides, in particular gentiopicroside and swertiamarin. In this study, a rapid and sensitive method based on ultrafast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the simultaneous determination of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin in rat plasma using paeoniflorin as internal standard (IS).
Methods
After liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate-isopropanol (95 : 5, v/v), separation was achieved on a Shim-pack XR-ODS C18 column (75 mm × 3.0 mm, 2.2 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol : 0.1% formic acid (30 : 70, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min. Detection on an API 3200 QTRAP mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source operated in the negative ionization mode was performed by multiple reaction monitoring of the precursor-to-product ion transitions of gentiopicroside, swertiamarin and IS at m/z 401.0 → 179.0, 419.0 → 179.1 and 525.1 → 121.0 respectively. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 20–10 000 and 2–1000 ng/ml for gentiopicroside and swertiamarin with corresponding lower limits of quantification of 20 and 2 ng/ml. The limits of detection were 4 and 0.5 ng/ml for gentiopicroside and swertiamarin, respectively. The intraday and interday precisions were below 11.9% for gentiopicroside and below 9.5% for swertiamarin in terms of relative standard deviation, and the accuracy was within ±8.3% for gentiopicroside and within ±10.2% for swertiamarin in terms of relative error. Extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability were satisfactory in rat plasma. The method was fully validated and applied to a pharmacokinetic study involving oral administration of a RadixGentianae extract to groups of male and female rats.
Key findings
Results showed that in female rats, both compounds were absorbed to a greater extent and eliminated more slowly than in male rats, although the rate of absorption was similar in the two groups.
Conclusions
There were remarkable differences in pharmacokinetic properties of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin between male and female rats. The results will provide helpful information for the development of suitable dosage forms and clinical references on rational administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Feng
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life Science, Jilin University, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical College, China
| | - Heyun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical College, China
| | - Jiao Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical College, China
| | - Longshan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life Science, Jilin University, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life Science, Jilin University, China
- Department of Stomatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - J Paul Fawcett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wenshu Liu
- Department of Stomatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Xu GL, Li HL, He JC, Feng EF, Shi PP, Liu YQ, Liu CX. Comparative pharmacokinetics of swertiamarin in rats after oral administration of swertiamarin alone, Qing Ye Dan tablets and co-administration of swertiamarin and oleanolic acid. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:49-54. [PMID: 23791808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qing Ye Dan is a well-known herbal drug that is widely used to treat viral hepatitis in the Yi and Hani minority regions in the Yunnan province of China. MATERIALS AND METHODS An LC-MS/MS method was developed to determine the levels of swertiamarin in rat plasma. Swertiamarin and naringin (internal standard, IS) were extracted from rat plasma using solid-phase extraction (SPE) to purify the samples. The pharmacokinetics of the following different administration methods of swertiamarin in rats were studied: oral administration of swertiamarin alone, a Qing Ye Dan tablet (QYDT) and co-administration of swertiamarin and oleanolic acid, with each method delivering approximately 20mg/kg of swertiamarin. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic profiles were constructed by using the software DAS (version 2.1.1), and the pharmacokinetic parameters were compared using an unpaired Student's t-test. RESULTS The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC0-∞, Vz/F and CLz/F were significantly different (P<0.05) among the three types of swertiamarin administration. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that oleanolic acid and the other ingredients present in QYDT could affect the pharmacokinetic behaviour of swertiamarin in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-li Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology of Tianjin University, 92 Wei-Jin Road, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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Swertiamarin: An Active Lead from Enicostemma littorale Regulates Hepatic and Adipose Tissue Gene Expression by Targeting PPAR- γ and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Experimental NIDDM Rat Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:358673. [PMID: 23840254 PMCID: PMC3690633 DOI: 10.1155/2013/358673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enicostemma littorale (EL) Blume is one of the herbs widely used for treating and alleviating the effects of both type I and type II diabetes. However, lack of understanding of mechanism precludes the use of the herb and its molecules. In this study, we attempt to unravel the molecular mechanism of action of swertiamarin, a compound isolated form EL, by comparing its molecular effects with those of aqueous EL extract in alleviating the insulin resistance in type II diabetes. We further investigated hypolipidemic and insulin sensitizing effect of swertiamarin in experimentally induced noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in rats. Swertiamarin (50 mg/kg) and aqueous extract (15 grams dried plant equivalent extract/kg) were administered to rats orally for 40 days and tight regulation of serum glucose, insulin, and lipid profile was found in both groups. Their mode of action was by restoring G6Pase and HMG-CoA reductase activities to normal levels and restoring normal transcriptional levels of PEPCK, GK, Glut 2, PPAR-γ, leptin, adiponectin, LPL, SREBP-1c, and Glut 4 genes. This suggests that both treatments increased insulin sensitivity and regulated carbohydrate and fat metabolism. This is the first report on the role of SM in regulating the PPARγ-mediated regulation of candidate genes involved in metabolism in peripheral tissues in vivo.
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Xiao Y, Li J, Fu C. A sensitive method for the determination of levamisole in serum by electrochemiluminescence. LUMINESCENCE 2013; 29:183-7. [PMID: 23649929 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for the determination of levamisole by electrochemiluminescence. The method was based on electrochemiluminescence signal enhancement produced by Ru(bpy)(3)(2+), which reacted with the tertiary amine group of levamisole on a platinum electrode in 12 mmol/L borate buffer (pH 9). A linear relationship between the luminous intensity and concentration of levamisole in the range 0-1 × 10(-7) mol/L was obtained and the detection limit was 1.76 × 10(-11) mol/L. The method is sensitive, selective, simple and convenient. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of levamisole in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
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