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Engel KM, Prabutzki P, Leopold J, Nimptsch A, Lemmnitzer K, Vos DRN, Hopf C, Schiller J. A new update of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in lipid research. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101145. [PMID: 34995672 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is an indispensable tool in modern lipid research since it is fast, sensitive, tolerates sample impurities and provides spectra without major analyte fragmentation. We will discuss some methodological aspects, the related ion-forming processes and the MALDI MS characteristics of the different lipid classes (with the focus on glycerophospholipids) and the progress, which was achieved during the last ten years. Particular attention will be given to quantitative aspects of MALDI MS since this is widely considered as the most serious drawback of the method. Although the detailed role of the matrix is not yet completely understood, it will be explicitly shown that the careful choice of the matrix is crucial (besides the careful evaluation of the positive and negative ion mass spectra) in order to be able to detect all lipid classes of interest. Two developments will be highlighted: spatially resolved Imaging MS is nowadays well established and the distribution of lipids in tissues merits increasing interest because lipids are readily detectable and represent ubiquitous compounds. It will also be shown that a combination of MALDI MS with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) enables a fast spatially resolved screening of an entire TLC plate which makes the method competitive with LC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Engel
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Patricia Prabutzki
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Jenny Leopold
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Ariane Nimptsch
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - Katharina Lemmnitzer
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany
| | - D R Naomi Vos
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, D-68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Germany.
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2
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González M, Gorziza RP, de Cássia Mariotti K, Pereira Limberger R. Methodologies Applied to Fingerprint Analysis. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1040-1048. [PMID: 32176818 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review deals with the last 10 years of research in analytical methodologies for the analysis of fingerprints, regarding their chemical and biological constituents. A total of 123 manuscripts, which fit the search criteria defined using the descriptor "latent fingermarks analysis," were selected. Its main instrumental areas (mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, and innovative methods) were analyzed and summarized in a specific table, highlighting its main analytical parameters. The results show that most studies in this field use mass spectrometry to identify the constituents of fingerprints, both to determine the chemical profile and for aging. There is also a marked use of mass spectrometry coupled with chromatographic methods, and it provides accurate results for a fatty acid profile. Additional significant results are achieved by spectroscopic methods, mainly Raman and infrared. It is noteworthy that spectroscopic methods using microscopy assist in the accuracy of the analyzed region of the fingerprint, contributing to more robust results. There was also a significant increase in studies using methods focused on finding new developers or identifying components present in fingerprints by rapid tests. This systematic review of analytical techniques applied to the detection of fingerprints explores different approaches to contribute to future studies in forensic identification, verifying new demands in the forensic sciences and assisting in the selection of studies for the progress of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina González
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2752 Ipiranga Ave, Lab 605A - Santana, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberta Petry Gorziza
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2752 Ipiranga Ave, Lab 605A - Santana, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Kristiane de Cássia Mariotti
- Identification Group, Brazilian Federal Police, Porto Alegre, 90610-093, RS, Brazil.,National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology - INCT FORENSE, 2752 Ipiranga Ave, Lab 605A - Santana, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2752 Ipiranga Ave, Lab 605A - Santana, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brazil.,National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology - INCT FORENSE, 2752 Ipiranga Ave, Lab 605A - Santana, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brazil
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3
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Kanodarwala FK, Moret S, Spindler X, Lennard C, Roux C. Nanoparticles used for fingermark detection—A comprehensive review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wfs2.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fehmida K. Kanodarwala
- University of Technology Sydney Centre for Forensic Science Broadway New South Wales Australia
| | - Sébastien Moret
- University of Technology Sydney Centre for Forensic Science Broadway New South Wales Australia
| | - Xanthe Spindler
- University of Technology Sydney Centre for Forensic Science Broadway New South Wales Australia
| | - Chris Lennard
- School of Science & Health Western Sydney University Richmond New South Wales Australia
| | - Claude Roux
- University of Technology Sydney Centre for Forensic Science Broadway New South Wales Australia
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Azman AR, Mahat NA, Wahab RA, Ahmad WA, Huri MAM, Hamzah HH. Relevant visualization technologies for latent fingerprints on wet objects and its challenges: a review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Application of mesocellular siliceous foams (MCF) for surface-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) Analysis of fingermarks. Sci Justice 2018; 58:264-270. [PMID: 29895458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology applied in forensic sciences have contributed to consider new approaches including chemical evaluation of latent fingermarks. Significant improvement to the detection of small organic molecules has been reached with matrix-free methods associated to laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. The present study investigated the application of mesocellular siliceous foam (MCF) as an ionizing agent for laser desorption/ionization (LDI-MS) analysis of fingermarks as a proof of concept research. Fingermarks from three different donors were deposited directly onto a MALDI target plate and α-CHCA matrix solution, MCF ethanolic suspension or MCF/magnetic powder mixture were used for treatment. Microscopy characterization of MCF support showed particles with irregular morphology and variable sizes, and a unordered porous surface with pores diameter ranging from about 10 to 20 nm. Results showed less intense peaks in the spectra produced by the MCF support (control). Analysis of fingermarks showed ions related to endogenous and exogenous molecular components, including possible lipids from human sebum and quaternary ammonium cations commonly present in cosmetics. Promising and reproducible results were obtained for the fingermarks dusted with the MCF/magnetic powder mixture. Considering the forensic applications of nanomaterials for the analysis of small molecules in biological samples by matrix-free LDI techniques, the advantages of silica based materials should be further investigated.
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Amin MO, Madkour M, Al-Hetlani E. Metal oxide nanoparticles for latent fingerprint visualization and analysis of small drug molecules using surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4815-4827. [PMID: 29770838 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We explored the applicability of different metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs; ZnO, TiO2, Fe2O3, and CeO2) for the optical imaging and mass spectrometric determination of small drug molecules in latent fingerprints (LFPs). Optical imaging was achieved using a dry method-simply dusting the LFPs with a minute amount of NP powder-and still images were captured using a digital microscope and a smartphone camera. Mass spectrometric determination was performed using the NPs as substrates for surface-assisted laser desorption ionization/mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS), which enabled the detection of small drug molecules with high signal intensities. The reproducibility of the results was studied by calculating the % error, SD, and RSD in the results obtained with the various metal oxide NPs. Collectively, the findings showed that using NPs can boost the intensity of the detected signal while minimizing background noise which is an issue predominantly associated with conventional organic matrices of MALDI-MS. Among the four metal oxide NPs, utilization of the Fe2O3 NPs led to the best SALDI performance and the highest detection sensitivity for the analytes of interest. The study was then extended by investigating the influence of time elapsed since the generation of the LFP on the detection of drug molecules in the LFP. The results demonstrated that this method allows the analysis of drug molecules after as long as one week at low and intermediate temperatures (0 and 25 °C). Therefore, the SALDI analysis of small molecules using inorganic NPs, which can be implemented in forensic laboratories for screening and detection purposes, as a powerful alternative to the use of organic matrices. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed O Amin
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Metwally Madkour
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Entesar Al-Hetlani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait.
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7
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Meng L, Ren Y, Zhou Z, Li C, Wang C, Fu S. Monodisperse silica nanoparticle suspension for developing latent blood fingermarks. Forensic Sci Res 2018; 5:38-46. [PMID: 32490309 PMCID: PMC7241538 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1446721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional fingermark developing methods are unsuitable for developing and extracting latent blood fingermarks on dark surfaces at crime scene because of their ineffectiveness or tedious operation procedures. In the present work, an effective and simple method was developed to serve this purpose using a suspension of monodisperse silica nanoparticles (MSNs). A suspension of 0.1 g/mL of MSNs was prepared by dispersing MSNs ultrasonically into an ethanol solution containing 1.0% Tween 80 and then uniformly sprayed onto the latent blood fingermarks on black plastic bags. Approximately 20 s later, ethanol was sprayed to clean the superfluous developing liquid. After the ethanol had evaporated, the latent fingermarks became visible as a result of the photonic crystal effect produced by the MSNs that had adsorbed to the fingermark ridges. The developed fingermarks were then photographed using a digital camera under a white or monospectral light source, revealing fine ridges and clear fingermark details. This novel, simple and effective method uses the photonic crystal effect of MSNs to develop latent blood fingermarks without the need for surface functionalization and conjugation to dye or fluorescently label molecules. The method can detect latent blood fingermarks that have been retained on a black plastic bag surface for at least 30 d. Given the simplicity and effectiveness of the developed method, MSNs may be a useful alternative material for use in developing latent fingermarks. Further research on the topic is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Meng
- Department of Forensic Science, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou, China.,Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Yifei Ren
- College of Forensic Science, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhilong Zhou
- Department of Forensic Science, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Congxiang Li
- Department of Forensic Science, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Narcotics Brigade, Xigang District Branch, Dalian Municipal Public Security Bureau, Dalian, China
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
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Hosu IS, Sobaszek M, Ficek M, Bogdanowicz R, Drobecq H, Boussekey L, Barras A, Melnyk O, Boukherroub R, Coffinier Y. Carbon nanowalls: a new versatile graphene based interface for the laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry detection of small compounds in real samples. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:9701-9715. [PMID: 28675223 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanowalls, vertically aligned graphene nanosheets, attract attention owing to their tunable band gap, high conductivity, high mechanical robustness, high optical absorbance and other remarkable properties. In this paper, we report for the first time the use of hydrophobic boron-doped carbon nanowalls (CNWs) for laser desorption/ionization of small compounds and their subsequent detection by mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). The proposed method offers sensitive detection of various small molecules in the absence of an organic matrix. The CNWs were grown by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW-PECVD), using a boron-carbon gas flow ratio of 1200 in H2/CH4 plasma, on silicon <100> wafer. The hydrophobicity of the surface offers a straightforward MS sample deposition, consisting of drop casting solutions of analytes and drying in air. Limits of detection in the picomolar and femtomolar ranges (25 fmol μL-1 for neurotensin) were achieved for different types of compounds (fatty acids, lipids, metabolites, saccharides and peptides) having clinical or food industry applications. This rapid and sensitive procedure can also be used for quantitative measurements without internal standards with RSDs <19%, as in the case of glucose in aqueous solutions (LOD = 0.32 ± 0.02 pmol), blood serum or soft drinks. Moreover, melamine (63 ± 8.19 ng μL-1), a toxic compound, together with creatinine and paracetamol, was detected in urine samples, while lecithin was detected in food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Hosu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, IEMN, UMR CNRS 8520, Avenue Poincaré, BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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9
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Bradshaw R. MALDI Mass Spectrometry Profiling and Imaging Applied to the Analysis of Latent Fingermarks. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1618:149-163. [PMID: 28523506 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7051-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Latent fingermarks are derived from a transfer of material from the fingertips to a surface upon contact. Traditionally, fingermarks are employed for biometric identification of individuals based on matching of the pattern of the ridges. However, in recent years, there has been a stark increase in the use of advanced analytical techniques in order to obtain additional information, specifically the chemical composition of the residue. Understanding the complexity of the endogenous and exogenous content of fingermarks could be extremely useful in allowing further development of enhancement techniques currently used in forensic scenarios by identifying potential target molecules. This chemical information could also potentially provide invaluable information on the lifestyle of an individual, including their activities prior to depositing a mark.An analytical tool that has gained notable popularity in this novel area of research is matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). This technique can either be employed for rapid chemical profiling or imaging of fingermarks to detect chemical species contained within the residue, with the latter also allowing for physical reconstruction of the fingermark ridges.This chapter will provide an overview of the protocols employed to allow for both MALDI MS profiling and imaging analysis of latent fingermarks, specifically covering the types of fingermarks employed and techniques used to deposit matrices onto samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bradshaw
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard St., Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
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Weston-Ford KA, Moseley ML, Hall LJ, Marsh NP, Morgan RM, Barron LP. The retrieval of fingerprint friction ridge detail from elephant ivory using reduced-scale magnetic and non-magnetic powdering materials. Sci Justice 2016; 56:1-8. [PMID: 26746820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation of reduced-size particle powdering methods for the recovery of usable fingermark ridge detail from elephant ivory is presented herein for the first time as a practical and cost-effective tool in forensic analysis. Of two reduced-size powder material types tested, powders with particle sizes ≤ 40 μm offered better chances of recovering ridge detail from unpolished ivory in comparison to a conventional powder material. The quality of developed ridge detail of these powders was also assessed for comparison and automated search suitability. Powder materials and the enhanced ridge detail on ivory were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and interactions between their constituents and the ivory discussed. The effect of ageing on the quality of ridge detail recovered showed that the best quality was obtained within 1 week. However, some ridge detail could still be developed up to 28 days after deposition. Cyanoacrylate and fluorescently-labelled cyanoacrylate fuming of ridge detail on ivory was explored and was less effective than reduced-scale powdering in general. This research contributes to the understanding and potential application of smaller scale powdering materials for the development of ridge detail on hard, semi-porous biological material typically seized in wildlife-related crimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Weston-Ford
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark L Moseley
- Specialist Forensic Services, Evidence Recovery Unit, Metropolitan Police Service, 109 Lambeth Road, SE1 7LP London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J Hall
- Specialist Forensic Services, Evidence Recovery Unit, Metropolitan Police Service, 109 Lambeth Road, SE1 7LP London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P Marsh
- Specialist Forensic Services, Evidence Recovery Unit, Metropolitan Police Service, 109 Lambeth Road, SE1 7LP London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth M Morgan
- Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9EZ, United Kingdom; UCL Centre for the Forensic Sciences, 35 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Leon P Barron
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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Girod A, Xiao L, Reedy B, Roux C, Weyermann C. Fingermark initial composition and aging using Fourier transform infrared microscopy (μ-FTIR). Forensic Sci Int 2015; 254:185-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Cadd S, Islam M, Manson P, Bleay S. Fingerprint composition and aging: A literature review. Sci Justice 2015; 55:219-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Sundar L, Rowell F. Detection of drugs in lifted cyanoacrylate-developed latent fingermarks using two laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometric methods. Analyst 2014; 139:633-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00969f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Francese S, Bradshaw R, Ferguson LS, Wolstenholme R, Clench MR, Bleay S. Beyond the ridge pattern: multi-informative analysis of latent fingermarks by MALDI mass spectrometry. Analyst 2013; 138:4215-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36896c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Girod A, Ramotowski R, Weyermann C. Composition of fingermark residue: a qualitative and quantitative review. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 223:10-24. [PMID: 22727572 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the composition of fingermark residue as being a complex system with numerous compounds coming from different sources and evolving over time from the initial composition (corresponding to the composition right after deposition) to the aged composition (corresponding to the evolution of the initial composition over time). This complex system will additionally vary due to effects of numerous influence factors grouped in five different classes: the donor characteristics, the deposition conditions, the substrate nature, the environmental conditions and the applied enhancement techniques. The initial and aged compositions as well as the influence factors are thus considered in this article to provide a qualitative and quantitative review of all compounds identified in fingermark residue up to now. The analytical techniques used to obtain these data are also enumerated. This review highlights the fact that despite the numerous analytical processes that have already been proposed and tested to elucidate fingermark composition, advanced knowledge is still missing. Thus, there is a real need to conduct future research on the composition of fingermark residue, focusing particularly on quantitative measurements, aging kinetics and effects of influence factors. The results of future research are particularly important for advances in fingermark enhancement and dating technique developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Girod
- Institut de Police Scientifique, University of Lausanne, Bâtochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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