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Obma A, Hemwech P, Phoolpho S, Bumrungpuech R, Wirasate S, Kaowphong S, Wilairat P, Chantiwas R. Silica nanolayer coated capillary by hydrothermal sol-gel process for amines separation and detection of tyramine in food products. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7460. [PMID: 35523909 PMCID: PMC9076594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrothermal sol–gel method for reproducible formation of silica nanolayer on the wall of silica capillaries was developed for electrochromatography. The formulation was optimized by observation of uniform gel formation on an optical microscope. The variables of the formulation include types of solvent, water-TEOS ratio, CTAB and urea contents, and mixing method. The procedure produced a coating of silica ca. 100 nm thick layer on the wall of the capillary. Surface morphology of the coating was characterized by SEM, contact angle and chemical composition by FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The coating reduced the electroosmotic mobility producing enhanced separation performance. Eight standard amines (including tyramine and benzhydrylamine, as an internal standard) were separated with peak resolution Rs ≥ 2 for all adjacent peaks and plate number N ≥ 3.0 × 104 m-1. Calibration was linear from 5 to 200 µg L-1, with r2 > 0.9985 and instrumental LOD of 4.9 μg L-1. Five samples of food products were diluted and analyzed for the amines using the coated capillary and only tyramine was detected. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 1.2%RSD. Percent recoveries of spiked tyramine in samples were 95 ± 3 to 106 ± 7% (n = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Apinya Obma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (FIRST Labs), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pattamaporn Hemwech
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (FIRST Labs), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sittisak Phoolpho
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (FIRST Labs), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Bumrungpuech
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (FIRST Labs), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Supa Wirasate
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center for Surface Science and Engineering and Rubber Technology Research Center, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Sulawan Kaowphong
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Prapin Wilairat
- Analytical Sciences and National Doping Test Institute, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rattikan Chantiwas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (FIRST Labs), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Influence of Organic Solvents and β-cyclodextrins on Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Separation of Five Biogenic Amines and Two B Vitamins. EUROPEAN PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/afpuc-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The effects of organic modifiers—alcohols (methanol, isopropanol), acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran—and β-cyclodextrins in capillary zone electrophoresis were investigated using a test mixture containing five biogenic amines important from the human health point of view—serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and tyramine—and two B vitamins—thiamine and pyridoxine. The simultaneous addition of tetrahydrofuran and isopropanol was found to improve the resolution of determined analytes and enable effective separation of analytes with very similar electromigration characteristics migrating as one peak (dopamine and serotonin). The developed and optimised separation method based on capillary zone electrophoresis and ultraviolet detection was capable to achieve detection limits at the concentration level in the range of 0.15 to 1.25 μg/mL−1. The developed method was also characterised by other favourable validation parameters, such as linearity (r
2 > 0.99), accuracy (82.9–117.8% for the intraday measurements, and 87.6–119.2% for the interday measurements), and precision (intraday relative standard deviation in the range of 0.4–15.5%, interday relative standard deviation in the range of 0.9–18.3%). The method was finally applied to investigate the stability of the analytes in model water matrix samples under various storage conditions.
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Mantoanelli JOF, Gonçalves LM, Pereira EA. Dansyl Chloride as a Derivatizing Agent for the Analysis of Biogenic Amines by CZE-UV. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fully automated process for histamine detection based on magnetic separation and fluorescence detection. Talanta 2020; 212:120789. [PMID: 32113552 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To ensure food safety and to prevent unnecessary foodborne complications this study reports fast, fully automated process for histamine determination. This method is based on magnetic separation of histamine with magnetic particles and quantification by the fluorescence intensity change of MSA modified CdSe Quantum dots. Formation of Fe2O3 particles was followed by adsorption of TiO2 on their surface. Magnetism of developed probe enabled rapid histamine isolation prior to its fluorescence detection. Quantum dots (QDs) of approx. 3 nm were prepared via facile UV irradiation. The fluorescence intensity of CdSe QDs was enhanced upon mixing with magnetically separated histamine, in concentration-dependent manner, with a detection limit of 1.6 μM. The linear calibration curve ranged between 0.07 and 4.5 mM histamine with a low LOD and LOQ of 1.6 μM and 6 μM. The detection efficiency of the method was confirmed by ion exchange chromatography. Moreover, the specificity of the sensor was evaluated and no cross-reactivity from nontarget analytes was observed. This method was successfully applied for the direct analysis of histamine in white wine providing detection limit much lower than the histamine maximum levels established by EU regulation in food samples. The recovery rate was excellent, ranging from 84 to 100% with an RSD of less than 4.0%. The main advantage of the proposed method is full automation of the analytical procedure that reduces the time and cost of the analysis, solvent consumption and sample manipulation, enabling routine analysis of large numbers of samples for histamine and highly accurate and precise results.
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A review of pretreatment and analytical methods of biogenic amines in food and biological samples since 2010. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lv R, Huang X, Dai C, Ye W, Tian X. A rapid colorimetric sensing unit for histamine content of mackerel using azo reagent. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riqin Lv
- School of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University Chuzhou Anhui P. R. China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xingyi Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Dai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Weitao Ye
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang Jiangsu P. R. China
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Teepoo S, Promta A, Phapugrangkul P. A Competitive Colorimetric Immunosensor for Detection of Tyramine in Fish Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Biogenic amines (BAs) are low molecular weight compounds formed from precursor amino acids, mainly by microbial decarboxylation. The presence of these compounds is important in the food and beverage industry because, in high amounts, they can lead to negative effects on consumers. In this review, we illustrate the critical aspects needed to control the formation of BAs during winemaking and their presence in the final product. Recent biotechnological approaches related to microorganisms and their ability to reduce BAs are illustrated. The current methods used for BA detection and quantification are also presented. These methods are very important to consider, as BAs can serve as markers for the quality assessment of products. The information presented here offers an overview useful for identifying specific parameters and conditions which should be controlled to minimise BA content in wine; knowledge about BAs in foods and beverages has been accumulating in recent years, not only to ensure and improve quality (since BAs have been used as an indicator of spoilage) but especially to guarantee consumer safety due to the potential toxic effects of BAs on humans.
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Electrophoretic determination of histamine. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1588:180-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Jain A, Verma KK. Strategies in liquid chromatographic methods for the analysis of biogenic amines without and with derivatization. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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CE-MS and GC-MS as “Green” and Complementary Methods for the Analysis of Biogenic Amines in Wine. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Vanda P, Miranda A, M. Leca J, C. Marques J. Analytical methodologies for the determination of biogenic amines in wines: an overview of the recent trends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.15436/2476-1869.17.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ordóñez JL, Troncoso AM, García-Parrilla MDC, Callejón RM. Recent trends in the determination of biogenic amines in fermented beverages – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 939:10-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Ibáñez C, Acunha T, Valdés A, García-Cañas V, Cifuentes A, Simó C. Capillary Electrophoresis in Food and Foodomics. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1483:471-507. [PMID: 27645749 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6403-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quality and safety assessment as well as the evaluation of other nutritional and functional properties of foods imply the use of robust, efficient, sensitive, and cost-effective analytical methodologies. Among analytical technologies used in the fields of food analysis and foodomics, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has generated great interest for the analyses of a large number of compounds due to its high separation efficiency, extremely small sample and reagent requirements, and rapid analysis. The introductory section of this chapter provides an overview of the recent applications of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in food analysis and foodomics. Relevant reviews and research articles on these topics are tabulated including papers published in the period 2011-2014. In addition, to illustrate the great capabilities of CE in foodomics the chapter describes the main experimental points to be taken into consideration for a metabolomic study of the antiproliferative effect of carnosic acid (a natural diterpene found in rosemary) against HT-29 human colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ibáñez
- Foodomics Laboratory, CIAL, CSIC, c/Nicolas Cabrera, 9 Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Tanize Acunha
- Foodomics Laboratory, CIAL, CSIC, c/Nicolas Cabrera, 9 Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, 70.040-020, Brazil
| | - Alberto Valdés
- Foodomics Laboratory, CIAL, CSIC, c/Nicolas Cabrera, 9 Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Virginia García-Cañas
- Foodomics Laboratory, CIAL, CSIC, c/Nicolas Cabrera, 9 Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Foodomics Laboratory, CIAL, CSIC, c/Nicolas Cabrera, 9 Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carolina Simó
- Foodomics Laboratory, CIAL, CSIC, c/Nicolas Cabrera, 9 Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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Daniel D, dos Santos VB, Vidal DTR, do Lago CL. Determination of biogenic amines in beer and wine by capillary electrophoresis–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1416:121-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yan-Ping Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Qian Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Ye Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
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Breadmore MC, Tubaon RM, Shallan AI, Phung SC, Abdul Keyon AS, Gstoettenmayr D, Prapatpong P, Alhusban AA, Ranjbar L, See HH, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2012-2014). Electrophoresis 2015; 36:36-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Breadmore
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Ria Marni Tubaon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aliaa I. Shallan
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Daniel Gstoettenmayr
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Pornpan Prapatpong
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mahidol University; Rajathevee Bangkok Thailand
| | - Ala A. Alhusban
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Leila Ranjbar
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Hong Heng See
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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Malá Z, Gebauer P, Boček P. Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:2-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Boček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
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He Y, Harir M, Chen G, Gougeon RD, zhang L, Huang X, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Capillary electrokinetic fractionation mass spectrometry (CEkF/MS): Technology setup and application to metabolite fractionation from complex samples coupled at-line with ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1965-75. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian China
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry; Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Mourad Harir
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry; Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Guonan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Regis D. Gougeon
- UMR A02.102 PAM AgroSup Dijon/Université de Bourgogne; Institut Universitaire de la vigne et du vin; Dijon France
| | - Lan zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Xiayang Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry; Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
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Jastrzębska A, Piasta A, Szłyk E. Simultaneous determination of selected biogenic amines in alcoholic beverage samples by isotachophoretic and chromatographic methods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 31:83-92. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.855326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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García-Cañas V, Simó C, Castro-Puyana M, Cifuentes A. Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:147-69. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kim J, Jensen EC, Stockton AM, Mathies RA. Universal Microfluidic Automaton for Autonomous Sample Processing: Application to the Mars Organic Analyzer. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7682-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303767m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Erik C. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Amanda M. Stockton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Richard A. Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
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