1
|
New Synthetic Cathinones and Phenylethylamine Derivatives Analysis in Hair: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206143. [PMID: 34684725 PMCID: PMC8538434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of psychoactive substances in hair is of great importance for both clinical and forensic toxicologists since it allows one to evaluate past and continuative exposure to xenobiotics. In particular, a new challenge is represented by new psychoactive substances: Among this new class of drugs of abuse, synthetic cathinone and phenethylamine derivatives are often detected in biological samples. Hence, there is a growing need to develop new analytical procedures or improve old ones in order to conduct evaluations of these emerging substances. This study is a systematic review of all the instrumental and experimental data available in the literature. A total of 32 articles were included in the review. Acidic solvents proved to be the most reliable solutions for extraction. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometric and high-resolution mass spectrometric systems represent the majority of the involved instrumental techniques. Sensitivity must be maintained at the pg/mg level to detect any occurrences up to occasional consumption. In total, 23 out of 32 articles reported real positive samples. The most frequently detected substance in hair was mephedrone, followed by butylone, methylone, MDPV, and α-pyrrolidinophenone-type substances.
Collapse
|
2
|
Larabi IA, Fabresse N, Etting I, Nadour L, Pfau G, Raphalen JH, Philippe P, Edel Y, Alvarez JC. Prevalence of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) and conventional drugs of abuse (DOA) in high risk populations from Paris (France) and its suburbs: A cross sectional study by hair testing (2012-2017). Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107508. [PMID: 31670189 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study is to describe the prevalence of NPS and conventional DOA in Paris and its suburbs over a six-year period using hair testing approach. METHOD Hair was sampled in patients admitted to different departments of Paris hospitals between 2012 and 2017. Two high-risk populations were mainly considered: 1) drug-dependent and 2) acutely intoxicated patients. Segmental hair analysis was performed by validated LC-MS/MS method to screen for DOA and 83 NPS. RESULTS 480 patients (280 M/200 F, 15-70 years) were included. 141 patients tested positive for NPS (99 M/42 F; median age: 33). NPS prevalence was 29%, that of amphetamines, cocaine and opioids were 32%, 38.5% and 52%, respectively. 27 NPS were identified, 4-MEC and mephedrone (number of cases n = 24 each) were the most detected cathinones. JWH-122 (n = 1) was the only detected synthetic cannabinoid while ketamine (n = 104) was present in numerous NPS users (67%). 3-fluorofentanyl (n = 1), furanylfentanyl (n = 1), N-ethylpentylone (n = 2), pentedrone (n = 2), mexedrone (n = 1), methcathinone (n = 3), 6-APDB (n = 2), TFMPP (n = 2), 2-CE (n = 1), 3,4-MD-αPHP (n = 1) and dextromethorphan (n = 27) were identified for the first time in hair. Users were found to have more than one NPS in 53% of cases, mostly in combination with conventional DOA. The number of detected NPS rose from 5 in 2012 to 42 in 2017. A broad range of hair concentrations (0.001-318 ng/mg) was found, but the low median concentrations seem to show an occasional exposure more than chronic use. CONCLUSION NPS screening should be assessed in routine clinical practice, especially in high-risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I A Larabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm U-1173, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104, Raymond Poincaré Blvd., 92380 Garches, France
| | - N Fabresse
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm U-1173, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104, Raymond Poincaré Blvd., 92380 Garches, France
| | - I Etting
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm U-1173, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104, Raymond Poincaré Blvd., 92380 Garches, France
| | - L Nadour
- Talan Solutions, 21 Dumont d'Urville Street, 75016, Paris, France
| | - G Pfau
- Addiction Clinic, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, AP-HP, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - J H Raphalen
- Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, Necker Hospital, 149 Sèvres Street, 75015 Paris, France
| | - P Philippe
- Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, Necker Hospital, 149 Sèvres Street, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Y Edel
- Addiction Clinic, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, AP-HP, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - J C Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm U-1173, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104, Raymond Poincaré Blvd., 92380 Garches, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ji JJ, Yan H, Xiang P, Shen B, Shen M. An LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 12 psychotropic drugs and metabolites in hair: Identification of acute quetiapine poisoning using hair root. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 301:341-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
4
|
Nóbrega L, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. The synthetic cathinone α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP): pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic clinical and forensic aspects. Drug Metab Rev 2018. [PMID: 29540067 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1448867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS), often referred as 'legal highs' or 'designer drugs', are derivatives and analogs of existing psychoactive drugs that are introduced in the recreational market to circumvent existing legislation on drugs of abuse. This work aims to review the state-of-the-art regarding chemical, molecular pharmacology, and in vitro and in vivo data on toxicokinetics of the potent synthetic cathinone α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP or flakka or zombie drug). Chemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical effects of α-PVP were searched in PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine) and governmental websites without limitation of the period. α-PVP is a wide spread and easy to get special type of synthetic cathinone with seemingly powerful cocaine-like stimulant effects, high brain penetration, high liability for abuse and with increased risk of adverse effects such as tachycardia, agitation, hypertension, hallucinations, delirium, mydriasis, self-injury, aggressive behavior, and suicidal ideations. α-PVP undergoes extensive metabolism via different pathways and the α-PVP itself or its metabolites β-hydroxy-α-PVP and α-PVP lactam represent the main targets for toxicological analysis in urine. There is a limited knowledge regarding the short- and long-term effects of α-PVP and metabolites, and pharmacogenetic influence, hence further clinical and forensic toxicological studies are required. Moreover, since α-PVP cannot be detected with classic routine analysis procedures, statements on the frequency of their consumption cannot be made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Nóbrega
- a Department of Public Health, Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- a Department of Public Health, Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c Department of Sciences, IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL , Gandra , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boumba VA, Di Rago M, Peka M, Drummer OH, Gerostamoulos D. The analysis of 132 novel psychoactive substances in human hair using a single step extraction by tandem LC/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 279:192-202. [PMID: 28910664 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A rapid LC-MS/MS method for the targeted screening of 132 NPS in hair is described. Drugs include cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids, as well as amphetamine-type stimulants, piperazines and other hallucinogenic compounds. This method utilizes hair pulverization in acidified methanol followed by analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem MS. The limit of detection varied from 0.001 to 0.1ng/mg hair among the various analytes. The method was validated in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability and stability. The limit of reporting was set at 0.1ng/mg of hair. The method was successfully applied to 23 medico-legal cases where NPS were detected in blood or where NPS use was suspected. The identified NPS included acetyl fentanyl, 25C-NBOMe, MDPV, PB-22 and AB-FUBINACA, allowing hair to be used where historical or retrospective information on use of NPS is sought. This technique has proven to be efficient for the one step extraction from hair of different classes of NPS in routine toxicological investigations; from unstable and volatile compounds, such as most of the cathinones, to hydrophobic compounds such as synthetic cannabinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki A Boumba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Australia; Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Matthew Di Rago
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Australia; Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St., Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia
| | - Melissa Peka
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St., Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia
| | - Olaf H Drummer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Australia; Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St., Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia
| | - Dimitri Gerostamoulos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Australia; Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St., Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Mercolini L, Protti M. Biosampling strategies for emerging drugs of abuse: towards the future of toxicological and forensic analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:202-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
8
|
Montesano C, Vannutelli G, Massa M, Simeoni MC, Gregori A, Ripani L, Compagnone D, Curini R, Sergi M. Multi-class analysis of new psychoactive substances and metabolites in hair by pressurized liquid extraction coupled to HPLC-HRMS. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:798-807. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Montesano
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; 00185 Rome Italy
| | | | - Maristella Massa
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Simeoni
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; 64023 Mosciano Sant'Angelo TE Italy
| | - Adolfo Gregori
- Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS); Carabinieri; 00191 Rome Italy
| | - Luigi Ripani
- Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS); Carabinieri; 00191 Rome Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; 64023 Mosciano Sant'Angelo TE Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; 64023 Mosciano Sant'Angelo TE Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Determination of cathinones and other stimulant, psychedelic, and dissociative designer drugs in real hair samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:2035-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
Chen X. Simultaneous determination of four designer drugs and their major metabolites by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 992:1-7. [PMID: 25939091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-ITMS) method was utilized for the simultaneous analysis of four designer drugs and their in vitro metabolites in rat liver microsome S9 fraction. Four designer drugs, including methcathinone (MC), 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone (MDMC), 3,4-methylenedioxy-pyrovalerone (MDPV) and 4'-methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MPPP), were individually incubated with rat liver microsome S9 fraction, and the incubation mixtures were pooled together and analyzed by LC-ESI-ITMS simultaneously. Besides four designer drugs, five of their main metabolites were identified via the analysis of protonated molecules and tandem mass spectrometry data. Meanwhile, the quantification analysis of four designer drugs in rat liver microsome S9 fraction was performed, the calibration curves showed good linearity in the range of 0.01-5.0μg/mL and the detection limits were below 0.03μg/mL with RSDs less than 5.9% and recovery ratios above 77.4%. The experimental results not only showed that these designer drugs could be easily metabolized in rat liver microsome, and also displayed the superiorities of the method including time and cost saving, high efficiency, sensitivity and selectivity. The studies in this study indicated that the approach could be applied in the determination of illicit drugs and their metabolites in medical, pharmaceutical and forensic investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueguo Chen
- Department of Forensic Chemistry, National Police University of China, Shenyang, Liaoning 110854, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Recent Advances and Uses of Monolithic Columns for the Analysis of Residues and Contaminants in Food. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|