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Xiao Z, Jin Y, Cao Y, Yao T, Fu Y, Suo D, Wang S, Chen G, Zhao X, Li R, Fan X. Ultrasound probe enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis for rapid separation of β 2-adrenergic agonists from animal urine and livestock wastewater: Applicability to biomonitoring investigation. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1320:343020. [PMID: 39142772 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of β2-adrenergic agonists are illicitly used for growth promoting and lean meat increasing in animal husbandry in recent years, but the development of analytical methods has lagged behind these emerging drugs. RESULTS Here, we designed and developed an ultrasound probe enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis reactor for quick separation and simultaneously quantification of 22 β2-adrenergic agonists in animal urine and livestock wastewater. Owing to the enhancement of the conventional enzymatic digestion through the ultrasound acoustic probe power, only 2 min was required for the comprehensively separation of β2-adrenergic agonists from the sample matrices, making it a much more desirable alternative tool for high-throughput investigation. The swine, bovine and sheep urines (n = 287), and livestock wastewater (n = 15) samples, collected from both the north and south China, were examined to demonstrate the feasibility and capability of the proposed approach. Six kinds of β2-adrenergic agonists (clenbuterol, salbutamol, ractopamine, terbutaline, clorprenaline and cimaterol) were found in animal urines, with concentrations ranged between 0.056 μg/L (terbutaline) and 5.79 μg/L (clenbuterol). Up to nine β2-adrenergic agonists were detected in wastewater samples, of which four were found in swine farms and nine in cattle/sheep farms, with concentration levels from 0.069 μg/L (tulobuterol) to 2470 μg/L (clenbuterol). SIGNIFICANCE Interestingly, since β2-adrenergic agonists are usually considered to be abused mainly in the pig farms, our data indicate that both the detection frequencies and concentrations of these agonists in the ruminant farms were higher than the pig farms. Furthermore, the findings of this work indicated that there is a widespread occurrence of β2-adrenergic agonists in livestock farms, especially for clenbuterol and salbutamol, which may pose both food safety and potential ecological risks. We recommend that stricter controls should be adopted to prevent the illegally usage of these β2-adrenergic agonists in agricultural animals, especially ruminants, and they should also be removed before discharging to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Xiao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yinji Jin
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing, 100107, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Shanghai Institute for Veterinary Drugs and Feeds Control, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Beijing Veterinary Drug and Feed Monitoring Center, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing, 100107, China
| | - Decheng Suo
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xinxue Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Runxian Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xia Fan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Zhang H, Chang Q, Wu X, Qiu G, Li J, Wu F. Rapid Screening of β-agonists in Animal Hair by Thermal Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2021; 105:812-821. [PMID: 34849987 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though the usage of β-agonists in livestock has been banned in many countries, β-agonists abuse is still out of control towing to the time-consuming and complicated determination technique. OBJECTIVE This study applied ambient thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (TD-ESI/MS) as a new strategy for rapidly screening 7 β-agonists. As it does not require pretreatment, this method allows in-site and real time detection. METHODS Samples were collected directly using a simple metal probe. Analytes on the probe were desorbed and ionized in TD-ESI, after which analyte ions were detected using a triple quadrupole mass analyser. RESULTS The results showed that thermal desorption temperature of 320 °C and nebulizer pressure of 3 psi demonstrated the highest sensitivity. Excellent linear relationships were obtained in concentrations ranging from 10 to 400 μg/kg. The limit of detection of the method was 1-10 μg/kg with relative standard deviation of 7.2%-14.6%. A positive sample was verified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, consistent with the results from TD-ESI/MS. CONCLUSIONS AND HIGHLIGHTS This method was the first to apply TD-ESI/MS to rapid analyse β-agonists in livestock hair which was proven to be accurate, fast and environmentally friendly. Because qualitative screening for each analysis was completed within approximately 1 min, it seems to contribute to prevent non-compliance animal-derived food flowing into the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Hebei, 071002 China.,Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring for State Market Regulation/Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug control, Gansu, 730050 China
| | - Qiaoying Chang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xingqiang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Hebei, 071002 China
| | - Guoyu Qiu
- Gansu Pharmaceutical Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Gansu, 730050 China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring for State Market Regulation/Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug control, Gansu, 730050 China
| | - Fuxiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Monitoring for State Market Regulation/Lanzhou Institute for Food and Drug control, Gansu, 730050 China
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Decheng S, Peilong W, Yang L, Ruiguo W, Xia F, Xiaoou S. Evaluation of β-agonists in blood meal: Validation of determination method and potential pathway for reentry into the environment. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1612:460624. [PMID: 31668866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
β-agonists, which have been illegally used in animal production in some countries, can induce bioaccumulation when blood is converted by rendering into blood meal. Unfortunately, available data on this topic are scarce, which result in lack of risk assessment. Therefore, in this research, a method for simultaneous determination of 22 β-agonists in blood meal by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using isotope dilution was developed. The recoveries of the developed method ranged from 68.6% to 118.8% with RSD at below 20%. the limit of detection (LOD) is blew 1 μg/kg. The change in agonist form added and incurred blood into blood meal and long stability of β-agonist in blood meal were studied. Then, we analyzed blood meal for 22 agonists using this method. The results suggest blood meal is a possible pathway for agonist reentry into animals. Potential risks of agonist residues in blood meal were examined. This study is the first to explore source of β-agonist residues in blood meal, change in processing produce and stability in stored stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suo Decheng
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wang Peilong
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wang Ruiguo
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Su Xiaoou
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
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Pseudo template molecularly imprinted polymer for determination of 14 kind of β-agonists in animal urine by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1526:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Decheng S, Ruiguo W, Peilong W, Genlong Z, Yufei F, Xia F, Yang L, Xiaoou S. Accumulation and Determination of Phenylethanolamine A Residue in Hair of Swine and Sheep. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:146-152. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Analysis of beta-agonist residues in bovine hair: Development of a UPLC–MS/MS method and stability study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1036-1037:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hair Analysis to Monitor the Illegal Use of Salbutamol in Beef Cattle. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:65-70. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Huang L, Shi J, Pan Y, Wang L, Chen D, Xie S, Liu Z, Yuan Z. Elimination and Concentration Correlations between Edible Tissues and Biological Fluids and Hair of Ractopamine in Pigs and Goats Fed with Ractopamine-Medicated Feed. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2012-2020. [PMID: 26883087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ractopamine (RAC), a β-adrenergic leanness-enhancing agent, endangers the food safety of animal products because of overdosing and illegal use in food animals. Excretion and residue depletion of RAC in pigs and goats were investigated to determine a representative biological fluid or surface tissue for preslaughter monitoring. After a single oral gavage of RAC, 64-67% of the dose was excreted from the urine of pigs and goats within 12-24 h. RAC persisted the longest in the hair of pigs and goats but depleted rapidly in the plasma, muscle, and fat. Urine and hair were excellent for predicting RAC residues in edible tissues of pigs, whereas plasma and urine were satisfactory body fluids for the prediction of RAC concentrations in edible tissues of goats. These data provided a simple and economical preslaughter living monitoring method for the illegal use and violative residue of RAC in food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Huang
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jingfei Shi
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Liye Wang
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Liang X, Zhang K, Zhang J, Li F, Zhao Q, Tang C, Meng Q. Ractopamine Residues in Beef Cattle Hair During and After Treatment. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 40:153-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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