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Chen Y, Li L, Xu J, Liu Y, Xie Y, Xiong A, Wang Z, Yang L. Mass spectrometric analysis strategies for pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Food Chem 2024; 445:138748. [PMID: 38422865 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in food and natural preparations have received widespread attention due to their hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, and embryotoxicity. Mass spectrometry (MS), as a high resolution, high sensitive, and high throughput detection tool, has been the most commonly used technique for the determination of PAs. The continuous advancement of new technologies, methods, and strategies in the field of MS has contributed to the improvement of the analytical efficiency and methodological enhancement of PAs. This paper provides an overview of the structure, toxicity properties and commonly employed analytical methods, focusing on the concepts, advances, and novel techniques and applications of MS-based methods for the analysis of PAs. Additionally, the remaining challenges, future perspectives, and trends for PA detection are discussed. This review provides a reference for toxicological studies of PAs, content monitoring, and the establishment of quality control and safety standards for herbal and food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linnan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yamin Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanqiao Xie
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Yi Y, Lu Y, Liu H, Wang Z, Li S, Huang X, Chai Y, Zhang X, Li Z, Chen H. Insight into pyrrolizidine alkaloids degradation and the chemical structures of their degradation products using ultra high performance liquid chromatography and Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134260. [PMID: 38678722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), released into the environment by donor plants, are absorbed by crops or transported by animals, posing a global food safety concern. Photolysis is an effective way to eliminate harmful substances in the environment or food. Photolysis happens as PAs move among plants, environment and crops. In this study, we first investigated the photolysis and hydrolysis of 15 PAs and identified their degradation products via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry. PAs were degraded under UV radiation but minimally affected by visible light from a xenon lamp, and solvent pH had little impact on their photolysis. PAs were stable in neutral and acidic solutions but degraded by 50% within 24 h in alkaline conditions. The degradation products of PAs were mainly PAs/PANOs isomers and some minor byproducts. Cytotoxicity and computational analysis revealed isomers had similar toxicity, with minor products being less toxic. This study is a precursor for revealing the potential PAs degradation dynamics in the environment and food products, providing a reference for systematic evaluations of potential health and ecological risks of their degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexing Yi
- College of Chemical and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310008, China; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- College of Chemical and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310008, China; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- College of Chemical and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310008, China; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xuchen Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Xiangchun Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China.
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Sousa AC, Ribeiro C, Gonçalves VMF, Pádua I, Leal S. Chromatographic Methods for Detection and Quantification of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Flora, Herbal Medicines, and Food: An Overview. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37300809 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2218476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are natural toxins produced by some plants that gained special interest due to their potential hazardous effects in humans and animals. These substances have been found in wild flora, herbal medicines and food products raising health concerns. Recently, maximum concentration levels of PAs were established for some food products; however, maximum daily intake frequently surpasses the upper limit set by the competent authorities posing a health risk. Given the scarcity or absence of occurrence data on PAs in many products, there is an urgent need to measure their levels and establish safety intake levels. Analytical methods have been reported to detect and quantify PAs in different matrices. The commonly used chromatographic methodologies provides accurate and reliable results. Analytical methods include diverse steps as extraction and sample preparation procedures that are critical for sensitivity and selectivity of the analytical method. Great efforts have been directed toward optimization of extraction procedures, clean up and chromatographic conditions to improve recovery, reduce matrix effects, and achieve low limits of detection and quantification. Therefore, this paper aims to give a general overview about the occurrence of PAs in flora, herbal medicines, and foodstuff; and discuss the different chromatographic methodologies used for PAs analysis, namely extraction and sample preparation procedures and chromatographic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Sousa
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Virgínia M F Gonçalves
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- UNIPRO - Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Inês Pádua
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- Epidemiology Unit - Institute of Public Health of University of Porto (ISPUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Leal
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- CINTESIS-RISE, MEDCIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Li AP, Shi YP. Effect of Adulteration on Quality and Preliminary Risk Assessment of the Decoction Pieces of Farfarae Flos Based on the Determination of Hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids by UHPLC-MS/MS. J AOAC Int 2022; 106:192-204. [PMID: 35866688 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farfarae Flos (FF) is a frequently used traditional herbal medicine with outstanding antitussive actions. The adulteration of FF decoction pieces is common. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to study the effect of adulteration on the safety and quality of FF decoction pieces. METHODS The proportion of impurities was conducted by cone quartering method. A simple and accurate ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was established to simultaneous determinate three pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) as endogenous toxic compounds in FF. The traditional medicinal parts (flower bud), impurities (pedicel and rhizome) and unselected samples were determined respectively. The values of estimated daily intake (EDI) and margin of exposure (MOE) were used for risk assessment. RESULTS Twenty batches of samples were collected from different habitats, and the proportion of impurities ranged from 17.51% to 41.27%. Pedicel and rhizome were the main impurities, accounting for more than 87.40% of the total impurities. The content of PAs in impurities was significantly higher. The EDI value range was 5.34 to 16.59 μg/kg bw/day, which was much higher than the standard safety value of 7.00 × 10-3 μg/kg bw/day. The MOE values ranges for life long time and shorter exposure were 14.29 to 44.37 and 371.53 to 1153.63, respectively, indicating that at least 80% of the samples had safety risks. Correlation analysis showed that the proportion of adulterated impurities had significant correlation with the values of EDI and MOE. CONCLUSIONS Adulteration of non medicinal parts may significantly increase the risk of medications of FF decoction pieces. HIGHLIGHTS This study provides an efficient methodology reference for the control of PAs and a basis for adulteration to affect the safety and quality of FF decoction pieces.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 18 Tianshui Middle Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.,Gansu Institute for Drug Control, Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Decoction Pieces, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), Lanzhou 730000, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yan-Ping Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 18 Tianshui Middle Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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Li T, Wang R, Wang P. Development of a Proton-Enhanced ESI UPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Tetrodotoxin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248967. [PMID: 36558099 PMCID: PMC9785107 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a kind of low-molecular-weight non-protein neurotoxin. It is one of the most potent neurotoxins found in nature, and it is found in puffer fish and various marine biota. The low sensitivity of previous analytical methods limited their application in puffer fish organ samples. This study established a method for the accurate and fast determination of TTX by reversed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with proton-enhanced electron spray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The method yields good peak shapes, high sensitivity and low coeluted interferences. The method was successfully applied to determine TTX in puffer fish tissue samples of about 0.2 g.
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Sun L, Tian W, Fang Y, Yang W, Hu Q, Pei F. Rapid and simultaneous extraction of phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from edible oil for GC–MS determination. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Al-Subaie SF, Alowaifeer AM, Mohamed ME. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Extraction and Analysis: Recent Updates. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233873. [PMID: 36496681 PMCID: PMC9740414 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are natural secondary metabolites that are mainly produced in plants, bacteria, and fungi as a part of an organism's defense machinery. These compounds constitute the largest class of alkaloids and are produced in nearly 3% of flowering plants, most of which belong to the Asteraceae and Boraginaceae families. Chemically, pyrrolizidine alkaloids are esters of the amino alcohol necine (which consists of two fused five-membered rings including a nitrogen atom) and one or more units of necic acids. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are toxic to humans and mammals; thus, the ability to detect these alkaloids in food and nutrients is a matter of food security. The latest advances in the extraction and analysis of this class of alkaloids are summarized in this review, with special emphasis on chromatographic-based analysis and determinations in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Al-Subaie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 11561, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Alowaifeer
- Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 11561, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged E. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-542990226
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Luo Z, Chen X, Ma Y, Yang F, He N, Yu L, Zeng A. Multi-template imprinted solid-phase microextraction coupled with UPLC-Q-TOF-MS for simultaneous monitoring of ten hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in scented tea. Front Chem 2022; 10:1048467. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1048467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a series of ubiquitous natural toxins in flowering plants, which are associated with serious hepatic disease in humans. However, the simultaneously fast and sensitive monitoring of different PAs are still challenge because of the diversity of PAs and huge amount of interference in complex samples, such as scented tea samples. In this study, molecularly imprinted solid phase microextraction (MIP-SPME) fibers were fabricated by using multi-template imprinting technique for selective recognition and efficient enrichment of different PAs from scented teas. MIP-SPME could be used for selective adsorption of ten types of PAs through specific recognition cavity and strong ionic interaction, including senecionine, lycopsamine, retrorsine, heliotrine, lasiocarpine, monocrotaline, echimidine, erucifoline, europine and seneciphylline. The extraction parameters were also optimized including extraction time, elution solvent and elution time. Then, ultra performance liquid chromatography- quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) coupled with MIP-SPME method was developed for fast, simple, sensitive and accurate determination of ten PAs in scented teas. The established method was validated and presented satisfactory accuracy and high precision. It was also successfully applied for simultaneous determination of ten PAs in different scented tea samples. PAs were found in most of these scented tea samples, which suggest the cautious use of scented tea for consumers.
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Han H, Jiang C, Wang C, Wang Z, Chai Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Lu C, Chen H. Development, optimization, validation and application of ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides in teas and weeds. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang H, Xu X, Wang X, Guo W, Jia W, Zhang F. An analytical strategy for discovering structural analogues of alkaloids in plant food using characteristic structural fragments extraction by high resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jeong SH, Choi EY, Kim J, Lee C, Kang J, Cho S, Ko KY. LC-ESI-MS/MS Simultaneous Analysis Method Coupled with Cation-Exchange Solid-Phase Extraction for Determination of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids on Five Kinds of Herbal Medicines. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:1514-1525. [PMID: 34297098 PMCID: PMC8665765 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are naturally occurring plant toxins associated with potential hepatic and carcinogenic diseases in humans and animals. The concern over PAs has increased as the consumption of herbal medicines has increased. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive analytical method to determine 28 PAs in five herbal medicines using liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Additionally, this study identified and quantified the amount of PAs in 10 samples of each herbal medicine. METHODS The pretreatment in the proposed LC-MS/MS analysis comprised solvent extraction using 0.05M H2SO4 in 50% methanol and clean-up step using an mixed-mode cationic exchange (MCX)-solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The PA contents in herbal medicines were measured by using the developed method. RESULTS The proposed method had recoveries ranging from 72.5-123.7% for the Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, 70.6-151.7% for Alba Chrysanthmi Flos, 80.6-130.9% for Leonuri Herba, 70.3-122.9% for Gastrodiae Rhizoma, and 67.1-106.9% for Glycyrrhizae Radix. Even though a few samples showed recoveries in unsatisfactory values, the proposed method indicated entirely sufficient recoveries and precision in most samples. In monitoring results, only Leonuri Herba contained two PAs, which indicated Retrorsine (4/10) of 84.7-120.9 μg/kg and Senkirkine (10/10) of 60.9-170.7 μg/kg. CONCLUSION The results obtained from this study demonstrate that the proposed method is fit for purpose to determine 28 PAs in herbal medicines. Therefore it could serve as a regulatory method capable of being used for controlling the risks of PAs in certain medicinal plants and dietary supplements. HIGHLIGHTS An LC-MS/MS method for the determination of 28 pyrrolizidine alkaloids in herbal medicines was developed and validated through this study. The proposed method is considered as an useful method for monitoring pyroolizidine alkaloids in herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hee Jeong
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Choi
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhyun Lee
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhye Kang
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeul Cho
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yuk Ko
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28159, Republic of Korea
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Reinhard H, Zoller O. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in tea, herbal tea and iced tea beverages- survey and transfer rates. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1914-1933. [PMID: 34237234 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1941302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The transfer rate of 37 pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) found in ten naturally contaminated teas and herbal teas to their brews was studied in detail. Mixed herbal, peppermint, red bush, senna, black tea and green tea infusions were prepared according to the ISO guide and vendor's instructions, respectively, and parameters like herb-to-water ratio, steeping time and multiple extractions studied. In general, a transfer rate of 38-100% (median 95%) for brews following vendor's instructions was determined. The total concentration range of PA in these ten samples was 154-2412 ng/g (median 422 ng/g) in the herb and for single analytes 0.1-170 ng/g. Seven of the 37 PA occurred unexpectedly; these were tentatively identified and quantified by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS), since their contributions to total PA-content matter. Additionally, 46 iced tea beverages were analysed for their PA-load, determined to be in the range 0-631 ng/L (median 40 ng/L). The applied solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up turned out to be capable of separating PA in the free base pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAFB) and their N-oxides (PANO) in a two-step elution, which was a valuable tool to support identification of unexpected PA. Further, atropine was found in 50% of the ten tea herb samples (range: 1-4 ng/g) and in 13% of the iced tea beverage samples (range: 2-65 ng/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Reinhard
- Risk Assessment Division, Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Otmar Zoller
- Risk Assessment Division, Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Bern, Switzerland
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Validation of a novel UPLC-MS/MS method for estimation of metformin and empagliflozin simultaneously in human plasma using freezing lipid precipitation approach and its application to pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 200:114078. [PMID: 33901756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A fast, sensitive one step UPLC ESI-MS/MS method was successfully applied for the simultaneous estimation of two concurrently administrated antidiabetic drugs, Metformin (MET) and Empagliflozin (EMPA) in human plasma. Metformin-d6 (MET-d6) and Empagliflozin-d4 (EMPA-d4) were utilized as internal standards. Extraction of the analytes from the human plasma was performed through acetonitrile precipitation technique followed by freezing the precipitated plasma proteins and lipids to minimize the matrix effect. Chromatographic analysis was developed on Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm) using isocratic elution mode. A mobile phase of formic acid (0.01 %): acetonitrile (70:30 v/v) with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min achieved optimum separation. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive ion mode, with transitions at (m/z) 130.14 →71.08 for (MET), 451.72 →71.29 for (EMPA), 136.03 →77.02 for (MET-d6), and 455.43 → 75.05 for (EMPA-d4) was used for quantification. The obtained linearity covered the concentration ranges of 10-1500 ng/mL and 2.0-250.0 ng/mL for MET and EMPA, respectively. The run time of the proposed Method didn't exceed 3.0 min allowing faster analysis and determination of larger number of samples per day without affecting accuracy and sensitivity. The presented chromatographic method could be successfully applied in pharmacokinetics studies and therapeutic monitoring of MET and EMPA in patients' plasma administrating fixed dose combination of both drug with high reproducibility and ruggedness.
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Kaw HY, Jin X, Liu Y, Cai L, Zhao X, Wang J, Zhou JL, He M, Li D. Gas-liquid microextraction coupled with magnetic-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up for multi-residue pesticide analysis in fatty foods of animal origin. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Prada F, Stashenko EE, Martínez JR. LC/MS study of the diversity and distribution of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Crotalaria species growing in Colombia. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4322-4337. [PMID: 32991052 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxic and genotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been involved in the acute poisoning of animals and humans. Crotalaria (Fabaceae) species contain these alkaloids. In this work, the diversity and distribution of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in roots, leaves, flowers, and seeds of Crotalaria pallida, Crotalaria maypurensis, Crotalaria retusa, Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria incana, and Crotalaria nitens were studied. Matrix solid-phase dispersion and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry were successfully employed in pyrrolizidine alkaloids extraction and analysis, respectively. Forty-five pyrrolizidine alkaloids were detected and their identification was based on the mass spectrometry accurate mass measurement and fragmentation pattern analysis. The cyclic retronecine-type diesters monocrotaline, crotaleschenine, integerrimine, usaramine, and their N-oxides were predominantly present. Five novel alkaloids were identified for the first time in Crotalaria species, namely 14-hydroxymonocrotaline, 12-acetylcrotaleschenine, 12-acetylmonocrotaline, 12-acetylintegerrimine, and dihydrointegerrimine. Due to a lack of commercially available standards, the response factor of monocrotaline was used for quantification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides. Seeds and flowers possessed higher pyrrolizidine alkaloids amounts than roots and leaves. Due to their 1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids content, the ingestion of Crotalaria plant seeds or other parts through herbal products, infusions, or natural remedies is a serious health threat to humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Prada
- Center for Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry CROM-MASS, Research Center for Biomolecules CIBIMOL, School of Chemistry, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Elena E Stashenko
- Center for Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry CROM-MASS, Research Center for Biomolecules CIBIMOL, School of Chemistry, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Jairo René Martínez
- Center for Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry CROM-MASS, Research Center for Biomolecules CIBIMOL, School of Chemistry, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Wang Y, Li Y, Cang S, Cai Q, Xu H, Wang Y, Liu R, Xu H, Li Q. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids for the entire process quality control from Senecio scandens to Senecio scandens-containing preparations by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4532. [PMID: 32662582 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Senecio scandens as a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine that is used alone or in combination with other herbs in preparations such as QianBai BiYan tablets has attracted much attention because of its hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Nowadays, most studies for pyrrolizidine alkaloids are only performed on herbs or a preparation, however, production of preparations is a dynamic process, control of toxic impurities for raw materials, or finished products cannot monitor the production process dynamically. Thus, in this study, qualitative and quantitative analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids for the entire process quality control from S. scandens to its preparations was carried out with HPLC-MS/MS for the first time, which was more comprehensive and dynamic than the previous single-layer analysis. First, the species of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in S. scandens were analyzed, and the characteristic fragmentation rules of pyrrolizidine alkaloids containing common parent nucleus were found, which can be used to identify these components rapidly in the future. Then, a quantitative method for S. scandens to QianBai BiYan tablets and other nine S. scandens-containing preparations was established, and after the medication safety speculation, all of them met the relevant safety requirements. After that, in order to ensure the stability and controllable of drug quality, the limit of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in preparations was determined according to the safe dosage that is stipulated to be the same as raw materials. Finally, the factors causing the content change of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in S. scandens from different source were studies, which can provide theoretical basis for selecting suitable raw materials for production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medical Quality Control, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yangyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medical Quality Control, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Song Cang
- School of Pharmacy, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medical Quality Control, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qian Cai
- Liaoyuan Market and Supervision Administration, Jilin, 136200, China
| | - Hongsheng Xu
- Zhejiang Shapuaisi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, 314200, China
| | - Youzhi Wang
- Shapuaisiqiangshen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jilin, 136300, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Pharmacy, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medical Quality Control, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Huarong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medical Quality Control, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medical Quality Control, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Compensate for or Minimize Matrix Effects? Strategies for Overcoming Matrix Effects in Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Technique: A Tutorial Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133047. [PMID: 32635301 PMCID: PMC7412464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, mass spectrometry techniques, particularly when combined with separation methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography, have become increasingly important in pharmaceutical, bio-analytical, environmental, and food science applications because they afford high selectivity and sensitivity. However, mass spectrometry has limitations due to the matrix effects (ME), which can be particularly marked in complex mixes, when the analyte co-elutes together with other molecules, altering analysis results quantitatively. This may be detrimental during method validation, negatively affecting reproducibility, linearity, selectivity, accuracy, and sensitivity. Starting from literature and own experience, this review intends to provide a simple guideline for selecting the best operative conditions to overcome matrix effects in LC-MS techniques, to obtain the best result in the shortest time. The proposed methodology can be of benefit in different sectors, such as pharmaceutical, bio-analytical, environmental, and food sciences. Depending on the required sensitivity, analysts may minimize or compensate for ME. When sensitivity is crucial, analysis must try to minimize ME by adjusting MS parameters, chromatographic conditions, or optimizing clean-up. On the contrary, to compensate for ME analysts should have recourse to calibration approaches depending on the availability of blank matrix. When blank matrices are available, calibration can occur through isotope labeled internal standards and matrix matched calibration standards; conversely, when blank matrices are not available, calibration can be performed through isotope labeled internal standards, background subtraction, or surrogate matrices. In any case, an adjusting of MS parameters, chromatographic conditions, or a clean-up are necessary.
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Luo Z, Chen G, Li X, Wang L, Shu H, Cui X, Chang C, Zeng A, Fu Q. Molecularly imprinted polymer solid‐phase microextraction coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for rapid analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in herbal medicine. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3352-3362. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Luo
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine ResearchNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining P. R. China
| | - Guoning Chen
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Hua Shu
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Xia Cui
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Chun Chang
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Zeng
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of PharmacyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an P. R. China
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Luo Z, Li X, Wang L, Chang C, Fu Q. Development of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS Coupled with Cation-exchange Solid-phase Extraction Method for the Determination of Ten Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Herbal Medicines. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:1317-1325. [PMID: 31406026 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are secondary metabolites of plants and can cause significant hepatotoxicity in humans. In this study, a fast and simple method was developed to determine ten pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in six types of herbal medicines using ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). An efficient solid-phase extraction procedure was carried out by using strong cation-exchange cartridges and the parameters were optimized. The established analytical method was validated and the results showed that the method presented satisfactory accuracy and precision. The established method was successfully applied for the determination of PAs in six herbal plants, including Senecionis Scandentis Hebra, Arnebiae Radix, Asteris Radix Et Rhizoma, Farfarae Flos, Senecionis Cannabifolii Herba and Emilia sonchifolia. PAs were found in all of these herbal plant samples. Eight types of related commercial herbal drugs were also detected, six of them were detected with different amounts of PAs. This work not only provided a powerful technical platform for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of PAs in herbal medicines, but also obtained information concerning PAs in these herbal samples, which could provide reference to the government regulatory authorities and non-governmental organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Chun Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University
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21
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GC–MS and LC–MS/MS workflows for the identification and quantitation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in plant extracts, a case study: Echium plantagineum. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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22
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Chen LH, Wang JC, Guo QL, Qiao Y, Wang HJ, Liao YH, Sun DA, Si JY. Simultaneous Determination and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Artemisia capillaris Thunb. by UPLC-MS/MS Together with Chemometrics. Molecules 2019; 24:E1077. [PMID: 30893797 PMCID: PMC6471392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are natural toxins found in some genera of the family Asteraceae. However, it has not been reported whether PAs are present in the widely used Asteraceae plant Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (A. capillaris). The purpose of this study was to establish a sensitive and rapid UPLC-MS/MS method together with chemometrics analysis for simultaneous determination and risk assessment of PAs in A. capillaris. The developed UPLC-MS/MS method was validated and was confirmed to display desirable high selectivity, precision and accuracy. Risk assessment was conducted according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guideline. Chemometrics analysis was performed with hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis to characterize the differences between PAs of A. capillaris. Finally, PAs were found in 29 out of 30 samples and at least two were detected in each sample, besides, more than half of the samples exceeded the EMA baseline. Nevertheless, the chemometrics results suggested that the PAs contents of A. capillaris from different sources varied significantly. The method was successfully applied to the detection and risk evaluation of PAs-containing A. capillaris for the first time. This study should provide a meaningful reference for the rational and safe use of A. capillaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jun-Chi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qi-Lei Guo
- Agilent Technologies Co. Ltd. (China), No.3, Wang Jing Bei Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yue Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hui-Juan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yong-Hong Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Di-An Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jian-Yong Si
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Petruczynik A, Misiurek J, Dyjach J, Kołsut M, Misiurek D, Waksmundzka-Hajnos M. Optimization of ion-exchange systems for isoquinoline alkaloids analysis in plant materials. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1485039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Petruczynik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Misiurek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Dyjach
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariola Kołsut
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Misiurek
- Botanical Garden of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Ma C, Liu Y, Zhu L, Ji H, Song X, Guo H, Yi T. Determination and regulation of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food: A critical review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Muluneh F, Häkkinen MR, El-Dairi R, Pasanen M, Juvonen RO. New glutathione conjugate of pyrrolizidine alkaloids produced by human cytosolic enzyme-dependent reactions in vitro. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1344-1352. [PMID: 29788543 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The toxic metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are initially formed by cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation reactions and primarily eliminated as glutathione (GSH) conjugates. Although the reaction between the reactive metabolites and GSH can occur spontaneously, the role of the cytosolic enzymes in the process has not been studied. METHODS The toxic metabolites of selected PAs (retrorsine, monocrotaline, senecionine, lasiocarpine, heliotrine or senkirkine) were generated by incubating them in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing liver microsomes of human, pig, rat or sheep, NADPH and reduced GSH in the absence or presence of human, pig, rat or sheep liver cytosolic fraction. The supernatants were analyzed using liquid chromatography connected to Finnigan LTQ ion-trap, Agilent QTOF or Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Focus quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometers. RESULTS Retrorsine, senecionine and lasiocarpine yielded three GSH conjugates producing [M - H]- ions at m/z 439 (7-GSH-DHP (CHO)), m/z 441 (7-GSH-DHP (OH)) and m/z 730 (7,9-diGSH-DHP) in the presence of human liver cytosolic fraction. 7-GSH-DHP (CHO) was a novel metabolite. Monocrotaline, heliotrine and senkirkine did not produce this novel 7-GSH-DHP (CHO) conjugate. 7-GSH-DHP (CHO) disappeared when incubated with hydroxylamine, and a new oxime derivative was formed. This metabolite was formed only by the human liver cytosolic enzymes but not in the presence of rat or sheep liver cytosolic fractions under otherwise identical reaction conditions. CONCLUSIONS 7-GSH-DHP (CHO) has not been reported before, and thus it was considered as a novel metabolite of PAs. This may clarify the mechanisms involved in PA detoxification and widely observed but less understood species differences in response to PA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fashe Muluneh
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Reproductive & Developmental Biology Laboratory/Pharmacogenetics Group, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Merja R Häkkinen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rami El-Dairi
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Pasanen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Risto O Juvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Robertson J, Stevens K. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: occurrence, biology, and chemical synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:62-89. [PMID: 27782262 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2013 up to the end of 2015This review covers the isolation and structure of new pyrrolizidines; pyrrolizidine biosynthesis; biological activity, including the occurrence of pyrrolizidines as toxic components or contaminants in foods and beverages; and formal and total syntheses of naturally-occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloids and closely related non-natural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Kiri Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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Gartrell B, Agnew D, Alley M, Carpenter T, Ha HJ, Howe L, Hunter S, McInnes K, Munday R, Roe W, Young M. Investigation of a mortality cluster in wild adult yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes) at Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:278-288. [PMID: 27919180 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1264568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated an epidemic mortality cluster of yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes) that involved 67 moribund or dead birds found on various beaches of the Otago Peninsula, New Zealand, between 21 January and 20 March 2013. Twenty-four carcases were examined post-mortem. Histological lesions of pulmonary, hepatic and splenic erythrophagocytosis and haemosiderosis were found in 23 of 24 birds. Fifteen birds also had haemoglobin-like protein droplets within renal tubular epithelial cells. Despite consistent histological lesions, a cause of death could not be established. Virology, bacteriology and molecular tests for avian influenza, avian paramyxovirus-1, avipoxvirus, Chlamydia psittaci, Plasmodium spp., Babesia spp., Leucocytozoon spp. and Toxoplasma gondii were negative. Tissue concentrations of a range of heavy metals (n = 4 birds) were consistent with low level exposure, while examination of proventricular contents and mucus failed to detect any marine biotoxins or Clostridium botulinum toxin. Hepatic concentrations of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (n = 5 birds) were similar to background concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons previously found in yellow-eyed penguins from the South Island of New Zealand, but there were significantly higher concentrations of 1-methylnapthelene and 2-methylnapthelene in the birds found dead in this mortality cluster. The biological significance of this finding is unclear. A temporal investigation of the epidemic did not indicate either a common source or propagative epidemic pattern. Although our investigation did not definitively implicate a toxic or infectious agent, we could not rule out causes such as toxic marine organisms or mycoplasmosis. Further investigations should therefore by carried out in the event of future mortality clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Gartrell
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - David Agnew
- b Department of Conservation , Coastal Otago District Office , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Maurice Alley
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Tim Carpenter
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Hye Jeong Ha
- c Animal Health Laboratory , Ministry of Primary Industries , Upper Hutt , New Zealand
| | - Laryssa Howe
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Stuart Hunter
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Kate McInnes
- d Department of Conservation , National Office , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Rex Munday
- e AgResearch Limited , Hamilton , New Zealand
| | - Wendi Roe
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Melanie Young
- f Department of Zoology , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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Amelin VG, Lavrukhina OI. Food safety assurance using methods of chemical analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Naksen W, Prapamontol T, Mangklabruks A, Chantara S, Thavornyutikarn P, Robson MG, Ryan PB, Barr DB, Panuwet P. A single method for detecting 11 organophosphate pesticides in human plasma and breastmilk using GC-FPD. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1025:92-104. [PMID: 27232054 PMCID: PMC4930899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are widely used for crop protection in many countries including Thailand. Aside from causing environmental contamination, they affect human health especially by over-stimulating of the neurotransmission system. OP pesticides, as with other non-persistent pesticides, degrade quickly in the environment as well as are metabolized quite rapidly in humans. Assessing human exposures to these compounds requires analytical methods that are sensitive, robust, and most importantly, suitable for specific laboratory settings. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an analytical method for measuring 11 OP pesticide residues in human plasma and breast milk. Analytes in both plasma and breast milk samples were extracted with acetone and methylene chloride, cleaned-up using aminopropyl solid phase extraction cartridges, and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. The optimized method exhibited good linearity, with the coefficients of determination of 0.996-0.999 and <7% error about the slope. Extraction recoveries from spiked plasma and breast milk samples at low and medium concentrations (0.8-5.0 and 1.6-10ngmL(-1), respectively) ranged from 59.4% (ethion) to 94.0% (chlorpyrifos). Intra-batch and inter-batch precisions ranged from 2.3-18.9% and 5.8-19.5%, respectively. Method detection limits of plasma and breast milk ranged from 0.18-1.36 and 0.09-2.66ngmL(-1), respectively. We analyzed 63 plasma and 30 breastmilk samples collected from farmworkers in Chiang Mai Province to determine the suitability of this method for occupational exposure assessment. Of the 11 pesticides measured, seven were detected in plasma samples and five were detected in breast milk samples. Mass spectrometry was used to confirm results. Overall, this method is rapid and reliable. It offers the laboratories with limited access to mass spectrometry a capacity to investigate levels OP pesticides in plasma and breastmilk in those occupationally exposed for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warangkana Naksen
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Ampica Mangklabruks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Prasak Thavornyutikarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Mark G Robson
- Department of Plant Biology & Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Pati S, Nie B, Arnold RD, Cummings BS. Extraction, chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for lipid analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:695-709. [PMID: 26762903 PMCID: PMC8425715 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipids make up a diverse subset of biomolecules that are responsible for mediating a variety of structural and functional properties as well as modulating cellular functions such as trafficking, regulation of membrane proteins and subcellular compartmentalization. In particular, phospholipids are the main constituents of biological membranes and play major roles in cellular processes like transmembrane signaling and structural dynamics. The chemical and structural variety of lipids makes analysis using a single experimental approach quite challenging. Research in the field relies on the use of multiple techniques to detect and quantify components of cellular lipidomes as well as determine structural features and cellular organization. Understanding these features can allow researchers to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms by which lipid-lipid and/or lipid-protein interactions take place within the conditions of study. Herein, we provide an overview of essential methods for the examination of lipids, including extraction methods, chromatographic techniques and approaches for mass spectrometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Pati
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ben Nie
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Robert D. Arnold
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Brian S. Cummings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Huybrechts B, Callebaut A. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1939-51. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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