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El-Deen AK, Magdy G, Shimizu K. A reverse micelle-mediated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of agomelatine and venlafaxine in pharmaceuticals and human plasma. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464441. [PMID: 37832460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
An eco-friendly dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction mediated with a reverse micelle and coupled to an HPLC-DAD was developed for the simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and agomelatine in dosage forms and human plasma. All the parameters affecting the extraction efficiencies of both drugs were investigated and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, an effective analytes' preconcentration with enrichment factors (EFs) up to 72 was achieved. The linearity of the method was established over the concentration range of 0.50-70.0 and 3.0-100.0 ng/mL for venlafaxine and agomelatine, respectively with good correlation coefficients > 0.998. The method exhibited low detection limits in the range of 0.15-0.89 ng/mL and excellent precisions expressed in %RSD < 3% with average recoveries between 95.0 to 101.0%. The proposed method was employed to analyze the targeted analytes in dosage forms and human plasma samples with favorable characteristics like excellent enrichment, high sensitivity, great accuracy, and high precision. Finally, the greenness of the developed method was assessed using three distinct metric tools, confirming the greenness of the proposed method. The findings of this research could have more general implications for the extraction of other analytes from various matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Kamal El-Deen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Galal Magdy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33511, Egypt
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
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Nesterowicz M, Lauko KK, Żendzian-Piotrowska M, Ładny JR, Zalewska A, Maciejczyk M. Agomelatine's antiglycoxidative action- In vitro and in silico research and systematic literature review. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1164459. [PMID: 37181902 PMCID: PMC10166843 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1164459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Agomelatine is an atypical antidepressant drug enhancing norepinephrine and dopamine liberation; nevertheless, additional mechanisms are considered for the drug's pharmacological action. Since protein glycoxidation plays a crucial role in depression pathogenesis, agomelatine's impact on carbonyl/oxidative stress was the research purpose. Methods Reactive oxygen species scavenging (hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and nitrogen oxide) and antioxidant capacity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and ferrous ion chelating assays) of agomelatine were marked. Agomelatine's antiglycoxidation properties were assayed in sugars (glucose, fructose, and galactose) and aldehydes- (glyoxal and methylglyoxal) glycated bovine serum albumin (BSA). Aminoguanidine and α-lipoic acid were used as standard glycation/oxidation inhibitors. Results Agomelatine did not show meaningful scavenging/antioxidant capacity vs. standards. Sugars/aldehydes increased glycation (↑kynurenine, ↑N-formylkynurenine, ↑dityrosine, ↑advanced glycation end products, and ↑β-amyloid) and oxidation (↑protein carbonyls and ↑advanced oxidation protein products) parameters in addition to BSA. Standards restored BSA baselines of glycation and oxidation markers, unlike agomelatine which sometimes even intensifies glycation above BSA + glycators levels. Molecular docking analysis of agomelatine in BSA demonstrated its very weak binding affinity. Discussion Agomelatine's very low affinity to the BSA could proclaim non-specific bonding and simplify attachment of glycation factors. Thereby, the drug may stimulate brain adaptation to carbonyl/oxidative stress as the systematic review indicates. Moreover, the drug's active metabolites could exert an antiglycoxidative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Nesterowicz
- Students' Scientific Club “Biochemistry of Civilization Diseases” at the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Kamil Klaudiusz Lauko
- Students' Scientific Club “Biochemistry of Civilization Diseases” at the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy Robert Ładny
- 1st Department of General Surgery and Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Independent Laboratory of Experimental Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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Nieto CT, Manchado A, Belda L, Diez D, Garrido NM. 2-Phenethylamines in Medicinal Chemistry: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020855. [PMID: 36677913 PMCID: PMC9864394 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A concise review covering updated presence and role of 2-phenethylamines in medicinal chemistry is presented. Open-chain, flexible alicyclic amine derivatives of this motif are enumerated in key therapeutic targets, listing medicinal chemistry hits and appealing screening compounds. Latest reports in discovering new bioactive 2-phenethylamines by research groups are covered too.
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Wang S, Xu Q, Qu K, Wang J, Zhou Z. CYP1A2 polymorphism may contribute to agomelatine-induced acute liver injury: Case report and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27736. [PMID: 34766583 PMCID: PMC10545369 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Liver function monitoring is recommended when agomelatine is prescribed, although liver enzymes are not considered predictive biomarkers. Most patients present with acute liver injury, with only a few presenting with levels of liver enzymes that are over 30 times the upper limit of normal. The patient-specific risk factors that are associated with liver injury remain unclear. Thus, this report provides new insights into the mechanism of agomelatine-induced acute hepatocellular injury based on cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 2 (CYP1A2) polymorphism. PATIENT CONCERNS We present a case of acute hepatocellular injury in a 75-year-old man who was taking agomelatine at a dose of 50 mg/qn. All hepatitis virus test results were negative. No history of liver disease was observed. As CYP1A2 is the main metabolic enzyme of agomelatine, CYP1A2 AA (rs762551) genetic polymorphism was analyzed. DIAGNOSIS The patient's transaminases level exceeded the critical value on day 72 after starting oral agomelatine. INTERVENTIONS The patient received intravenous magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate, a liver cell-protecting agent, followed by the withdrawal of agomelatine. OUTCOMES There was an improvement in the levels of the liver enzymes and no subsequent organ dysfunction was observed. LESSONS Here, we report a case of acute hepatocellular injury characterized by a very high aspartate aminotransferase level. Periodic liver function testing throughout the treatment period can help in the rapid and appropriate diagnosis of acute liver injury, particularly in the absence of typical clinical manifestations. Agomelatine hepatic toxicity might be related to an idiosyncratic metabolic reaction that depends on individual patient differences. As it is the main metabolic enzyme of agomelatine, CYP1A2 genetic polymorphism may contribute to liver injury by affecting its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Wang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, Binhu District, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Xu
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Psychiatry, Binhu District, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kankan Qu
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, Binhu District, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Psychiatry, Binhu District, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenhe Zhou
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Department of Psychiatry, Binhu District, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China
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Protti M, Mandrioli R, Marasca C, Cavalli A, Serretti A, Mercolini L. New‐generation, non‐SSRI antidepressants: Drug‐drug interactions and therapeutic drug monitoring. Part 2: NaSSAs, NRIs, SNDRIs, MASSAs, NDRIs, and others. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1794-1832. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Pharmaco‐Toxicological Analysis Laboratory (PTA Lab)Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Roberto Mandrioli
- Department for Life Quality Studies (QuVi)Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of BolognaRimini Italy
| | - Camilla Marasca
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Pharmaco‐Toxicological Analysis Laboratory (PTA Lab)Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Computational and Chemical BiologyFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genoa Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Pharmaco‐Toxicological Analysis Laboratory (PTA Lab)Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Computational and Chemical BiologyFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genoa Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM)Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Pharmaco‐Toxicological Analysis Laboratory (PTA Lab)Alma Mater Studiorum ‐ University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Xie F, Vermeulen A, Colin P, Cheng Z. A semiphysiological population pharmacokinetic model of agomelatine and its metabolites in Chinese healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:1003-1014. [PMID: 30761579 PMCID: PMC6475681 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Agomelatine is an antidepressant for major depressive disorders. It undergoes extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism and displays irregular absorption profiles and large interindividual variability (IIV) and interoccasion variability of pharmacokinetics. The objective of this study was to characterize the complex pharmacokinetics of agomelatine and its metabolites in healthy subjects. METHODS Plasma concentration-time data of agomelatine and its metabolites were collected from a 4-period, cross-over bioequivalence study, in which 44 healthy subjects received 25 mg agomelatine tablets orally. Nonlinear mixed effects modelling was used to characterize the pharmacokinetics and variability of agomelatine and its metabolites. Deterministic simulations were carried out to investigate the influence of pathological changes due to liver disease on agomelatine pharmacokinetics. RESULTS A semiphysiological pharmacokinetic model with parallel first-order absorption and a well-stirred liver compartment adequately described the data. The estimated IIV and interoccasion variability of the intrinsic clearance of agomelatine were 130.8% and 28.5%, respectively. The IIV of the intrinsic clearance turned out to be the main cause of the variability of area under the curve-based agomelatine exposure. Simulations demonstrated that a reduction in intrinsic clearance or liver blood flow, and an increase in free drug fraction had a rather modest influence on agomelatine exposures (range: -50 to 200%). Portosystemic shunting, however, substantially elevated agomelatine exposure by 12.6-109.1-fold. CONCLUSIONS A semiphysiological pharmacokinetic model incorporating first-pass hepatic extraction was developed for agomelatine and its main metabolites. The portosystemic shunting associated with liver disease might lead to significant alterations of agomelatine pharmacokinetics, and lead to substantially increased exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Xie
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - An Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Pieter Colin
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
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Trawiński J, Skibiński R. Photostability study of agomelatine using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS method. Kinetics, identification of the transformation products and in silico evaluation of toxicity. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1570937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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ElKady EF, Abo Elwafa AA, Farouk F. Optimized bio-analytical methods development and comparative pharmacokinetic studies of four antidepressants in Egyptian population based on gender difference. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1102-1103:135-142. [PMID: 30388703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics of many oral antidepressants (OADs) vary substantially among different genders and ethnicities. Likewise is their therapeutic effectiveness, time to response and the incidence of adverse drug events. The aim of this study is to compare the PK of four OADs (desvenlafaxine; DSV, venlafaxine; VLX, escitalopram; ESP, and agomelatine; AGT) among Egyptian males and females. In this study, LC-MS/MS methods were developed and validated for determining the four OADs in human plasma. Samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was performed on reversed-phase C18 columns followed by positive-ion electrospray ionization and MS/MS detection. The assays were applied for the assessment of PK parameters in human volunteers (n = 95). The developed methods were linear, accurate, and precise for the determination of DSV, VLX, ESP and AGT with extraction recovery of 90 ± 2.0, 98 ± 1.0, 90 ± 1.3 and 87 ± 4.3%, respectively. OADs levels were successfully measured in subjects' plasma and PK parameters were calculated. A prevalent inter-individual variation in PK of the studied OAD was observed. The PK profile of DSV, VLX or ESP did not vary significantly between male and female subjects (p = 0.07-0.98; confidence level (CL) = 95) while the PK of AGT exhibited a significant gender-based variation in both the Cmax and the AUC∞ (p = 0.047 and 0.0015; CL = 95). Our results highlight the significance of therapeutic drug monitoring of OADs. Further, it indicates the dose adjustment based on gender difference may not be relevant for DSV, VLX and ESP while it may be considered for AGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab F ElKady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Abo Elwafa
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Faten Farouk
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12566, Egypt.
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