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Ivanov AV, Popov MA, Aleksandrin VV, Kozhevnikova LM, Moskovtsev AA, Kruglova MP, Vladimirovna SE, Aleksandrovich SV, Kubatiev AA. Determination of glutathione in blood via capillary electrophoresis with pH-mediated stacking. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1859-1870. [PMID: 35833250 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new approach has been developed for the direct determination of reduced (glutathione [GSH]) and oxidized (glutathione disulfide [GSSG]) GSH in whole blood by means of capillary electrophoresis. Its features include GSH-stabilizing sample preparation, the use of an internal standard, and pH-mediated stacking. Blood stabilized with acid citrate and K3 EDTA was treated with acetonitrile with N-ethylmaleimide, and then the analytes were extracted with diethyl ether. The total analysis time was 8 min using a 50-µm (i.d.) by 32.5-cm (eff. length) silica capillary. The background electrolyte was 0.075-M citrate Na pH 5.8 with 200-µM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 5-µM sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the separation voltage was -14 kV. The quantification limit (S/N = 15) of the method was 1.5 µM for GSSG. The accuracy levels of GSH and GSSG analysis were 104% and 103%, respectively, and between-run precision levels were 2.6% and 3.2%, respectively. Analysis of blood samples from healthy volunteers (N = 24) showed that the levels of GSH and GSSG and the GSH/GSSG ratio in the whole blood were 1.05 ± 0.14 mM, 3.9 ± 1.25 µM, and 256 ± 94, respectively. Thus, the presented approach can be used in clinical and laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Petrovna Kruglova
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Silina Ekaterina Vladimirovna
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Aslan Amirkhanovich Kubatiev
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Garavaglia ML, Giustarini D, Colombo G, Reggiani F, Finazzi S, Calatroni M, Landoni L, Portinaro NM, Milzani A, Badalamenti S, Rossi R, Dalle-Donne I. Blood Thiol Redox State in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052853. [PMID: 35269995 PMCID: PMC8911004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiols (sulfhydryl groups) are effective antioxidants that can preserve the correct structure of proteins, and can protect cells and tissues from damage induced by oxidative stress. Abnormal levels of thiols have been measured in the blood of patients with moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared to healthy subjects, as well as in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. The levels of protein thiols (a measure of the endogenous antioxidant capacity inversely related to protein oxidation) and S-thiolated proteins (mixed disulphides of protein thiols and low molecular mass thiols), and the protein thiolation index (the molar ratio of the S-thiolated proteins to free protein thiols in plasma) have been investigated in the plasma or red blood cells of CKD and ESRD patients as possible biomarkers of oxidative stress. This type of minimally invasive analysis provides valuable information on the redox status of the less-easily accessible tissues and organs, and of the whole organism. This review provides an overview of reversible modifications in protein thiols in the setting of CKD and renal replacement therapy. The evidence suggests that protein thiols, S-thiolated proteins, and the protein thiolation index are promising biomarkers of reversible oxidative stress that could be included in the routine monitoring of CKD and ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lisa Garavaglia
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy or (F.R.); (S.F.); or (M.C.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Finazzi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy or (F.R.); (S.F.); or (M.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Marta Calatroni
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy or (F.R.); (S.F.); or (M.C.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Landoni
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Nicola Marcello Portinaro
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Salvatore Badalamenti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy or (F.R.); (S.F.); or (M.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (I.D.-D.)
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018–2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.L.G.); (G.C.); (L.L.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (I.D.-D.)
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Sensitive LC-MS/MS quantification of unconjugated maytansinoid DM4 and its metabolite S-methyl-DM4 in human plasma. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:357-368. [PMID: 35234045 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To report the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of unconjugated payload DM4 and its metabolite S-methyl-DM4 in human plasma. Methodology: A workflow of protein precipitation followed by reduction and solid phase extraction was employed to remove antibody-maytansinoid conjugates from plasma matrix, release DM4 from endogenous conjugates, and generate a clean sample extract for analysis, respectively. Sodium adduct species of both analytes were selected for multiple reaction monitoring to meet the assay sensitivity requirement in liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Conclusion: The method was fully validated for a dynamic range of 0.100-50.0 ng/ml for both analytes along with desired stability and acceptable incurred sample reanalysis.
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Pavão ML, Ferin R, Lima A, Baptista J. Cysteine and related aminothiols in cardiovascular disease, obesity and insulin resistance. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 109:75-127. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chang L, Lin F, Cheng K, Li J, Sun X, Figeys D, Jiang J, Ye Y, Liu J. A simultaneous identification and quantification strategy for determination of sulfhydryl-containing metabolites in normal- and high-fat diet hamsters using stable isotope labeling combined with LC-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1184:339016. [PMID: 34625243 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing metabolites are related to several physiologic disorders and metabolic diseases. In this study, a simultaneous identification and quantification strategy in one batch for determination of sulfhydryl-containing metabolites was developed using stable isotope labeling combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SIL-LC-MS). In the proposed method, a pair of isotope labeling reagents, D0/D5-N-ethylmaleimide (D0/D5-NEM), was used to derivatize sulfhydryl-containing metabolites in blood and plasma of normal- and high-fat-diet (NFD and HFD) hamsters for reduced (-SH) and total (-SH, -S-S-, S-glutathionylated proteins) analysis. Quality control (QC) samples and test samples were prepared for LC-MS analysis. First, both QC samples and stable isotope labeled internal standards were used to monitor the status of the instrument and ensure the reliability of the analysis. Subsequently, an inhouse database containing 45 sulfhydryl-containing metabolites was established by MS1 based on QC samples. Then, qualitatively differential sulfhydryl-containing metabolites were found by MS2 between the NFD and HFD hamsters of the test samples, including 3 in reduced and 8 in total analysis of blood samples, and 2 in reduced and 2 in total analysis of plasma samples. Next, in quantitative analysis, satisfied linearities for 6 sulfhydryl-containing metabolites were obtained with the correlation coefficient (R2) > 0.99 and absolute quantification was carried out. The results showed that glutathione and cysteine have different concentrations in blood and plasma of hamsters. Finally, the correlation of sulfhydryl-containing metabolites with blood lipid and oxidative stress levels was determined, which provided insight into the hyperlipidemia-related oxidative stress. Taken together, the developed method of simultaneous identification with the inhouse database and MS2 and quantification with standards in one batch provides a promising strategy for the analysis of sulfhydryl-containing metabolites in biological samples, which may promote the in-depth investigation on sulfhydryl-containing metabolites and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Feifei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Kai Cheng
- SIMM-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jiaomeng Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Xiaochu Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Daniel Figeys
- SIMM-University of Ottawa Joint Research Center in Systems and Personalized Pharmacology and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jianlan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Yang Ye
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Yousefsani BS, Mehri S, Pourahmad J, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective Effect of Crocin against Mitochondrial Damage and Memory Deficit Induced by Beta-amyloid in the Hippocampus of Rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:79-94. [PMID: 34567148 PMCID: PMC8457717 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.112206.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia among the elderly. This progressive neurodegenerative disorder affects brain regions that control cognition, memory, language, speech, and awareness. As a potent antioxidant, crocin has been proposed to effectively manage the neurodegenerative disease. In this study, the recovery effects of crocin on the memory deficits caused by the intra-hippocampal injection of amyloid beta1-42 (Aβ1-42) were evaluated in rats. We also considered the protective effects of crocin on the mitochondrial damage caused by Aβ1-42. We examined the memory deficits of rats with the help of the Morris water maze. Then, we determined different mitochondrial toxicity endpoints caused by Aβ1-42, including mitochondrial ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, mitochondrial outer membrane integrity, and cytochrome c release. Our results demonstrated that the behavioral signs of memory deficiency caused by Aβ1-42 significantly (P < 0.01) reduced by both pretreatment and post-treatment with crocin (30 mg/kg). Furthermore, crocin prevented all the Aβ1-42 induced above referenced mitochondrial upstream toxic events leading to neuronal apoptosis. These results demonstrated that crocin is a promising preventive candidate for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, it seems that the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of crocin are better seen when the compound is pretreated beforehand rather than introduced afterward in Aβ1-42 exposed mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Sadat Yousefsani
- Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Giustarini D, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R. Measurement of S-glutathionylated proteins by HPLC. Amino Acids 2021; 54:675-686. [PMID: 34129091 PMCID: PMC9117368 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
S-glutathionylated proteins (GSSP), i.e., protein-mixed disulfides with glutathione (GSH), are considered a suitable biomarker of oxidative stress. In fact, they occur within cells at low level and their concentration increases markedly under pro-oxidant conditions. Plasma is something different, since it is physiologically rich in S-thiolated proteins (RSSP), i.e., protein-mixed disulfides with various types of low molecular mass thiols (LMM-SH). However, albumin, which is largely the most abundant plasma protein, possesses a cysteine residue at position 34 that is mostly reduced (about 60%) under physiological conditions, but easily involved in the formation of additional RSSP in the presence of oxidants. The quantification of GSSP requires special attention to sample handling, since their level can be overestimated as a result of artefactual oxidation of GSH. We have developed the present protocol to avoid this methodological problem. Samples should be treated as soon as possible after their collection with the alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide that masks –SH groups and prevents their oxidation. The GSH released from mixed disulfides by reduction with dithiothreitol is then labeled with the fluorescent probe monobromobimane and quantified by HPLC. The method can be applied to many different biological samples, comprising blood components, red blood cell plasma membrane, cultured cells, and solid organs from animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Blood Plasma Quality Control by Plasma Glutathione Status. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060864. [PMID: 34072235 PMCID: PMC8226592 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely centrifugation of blood for plasma preparation is a key step to ensure high plasma quality for analytics. Delays during preparation can significantly influence readouts of key clinical parameters. However, in a routine clinical environment, a strictly controlled timeline is often not feasible. The next best approach is to control for sample preparation delays by a marker that provides a readout of the time-dependent degradation of the sample. In this study, we explored the usefulness of glutathione status as potential marker of plasma preparation delay. As the concentration of glutathione in erythrocytes is at least two orders of magnitude higher than in plasma, even the slightest leakage of glutathione from the cells can be readily observed. Over the 3 h observation period employed in this study, we observed a linear increase of plasma concentrations of both reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Artificial oxidation of GSH is prevented by rapid alkylation with N-ethylmaleimide directly in the blood sampling vessel as recently published. The observed relative leakage of GSH was significantly higher than that of GSSG. A direct comparison with plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity, a widely employed hemolysis marker, clearly demonstrated the superiority of our approach for quality control. Moreover, we show that the addition of the thiol alkylating reagent NEM directly to the blood tubes does not influence downstream analysis of other clinical parameters. In conclusion, we report that GSH gives an excellent readout of the duration of plasma preparation and the associated pre-analytical errors.
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Menzel A, Samouda H, Dohet F, Loap S, Ellulu MS, Bohn T. Common and Novel Markers for Measuring Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Ex Vivo in Research and Clinical Practice-Which to Use Regarding Disease Outcomes? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030414. [PMID: 33803155 PMCID: PMC8001241 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many chronic conditions such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type-2 diabetes, obesity, peripheral/coronary artery disease and auto-immune diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Closely related to inflammation is oxidative stress (OS), which can be either causal or secondary to inflammation. While a low level of OS is physiological, chronically increased OS is deleterious. Therefore, valid biomarkers of these signalling pathways may enable detection and following progression of OS/inflammation as well as to evaluate treatment efficacy. Such biomarkers should be stable and obtainable through non-invasive methods and their determination should be affordable and easy. The most frequently used inflammatory markers include acute-phase proteins, essentially CRP, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen and procalcitonin, and cytokines, predominantly TNFα, interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10 and 12 and their receptors and IFNγ. Some cytokines appear to be disease-specific. Conversely, OS-being ubiquitous-and its biomarkers appear less disease or tissue-specific. These include lipid peroxidation products, e.g., F2-isoprostanes and malondialdehyde, DNA breakdown products (e.g., 8-OH-dG), protein adducts (e.g., carbonylated proteins), or antioxidant status. More novel markers include also -omics related ones, as well as non-invasive, questionnaire-based measures, such as the dietary inflammatory-index (DII), but their link to biological responses may be variable. Nevertheless, many of these markers have been clearly related to a number of diseases. However, their use in clinical practice is often limited, due to lacking analytical or clinical validation, or technical challenges. In this review, we strive to highlight frequently employed and useful markers of inflammation-related OS, including novel promising markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Menzel
- Laboratoires Réunis, 38, Rue Hiehl, L-6131 Junglinster, Luxembourg; (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Hanen Samouda
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
| | - Francois Dohet
- Laboratoires Réunis, 38, Rue Hiehl, L-6131 Junglinster, Luxembourg; (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Suva Loap
- Clinic Cryo Esthetic, 11 Rue Éblé, 75007 Paris, France;
| | - Mohammed S. Ellulu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Azhar University of Gaza (AUG), Gaza City 00970, Palestine;
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
- Correspondence:
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Anethole Dithiolethione Increases Glutathione in Kidney by Inhibiting γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase: Biochemical Interpretation and Pharmacological Consequences. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3562972. [PMID: 33062138 PMCID: PMC7539083 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3562972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aims Anethole dithiolethione (ADT) is a marketed drug to treat xerostomia. Its mechanism of action is still unknown, but several preclinical studies indicate that it is able to increase intracellular glutathione (GSH) and protect against oxidative stress. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms behind these effects. Results Oral treatment of rats confirmed the GSH enhancing properties of ADT; among the different organs examined in this study, only the kidney showed a significant GSH increase that was already observed at low-dose treatments. The increase in GSH correlated with a decrease in γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) activity of the different tissues. In vitro and ex vivo experiments with tubular renal cells and isolated perfused rat kidney showed that the cellular uptake of intact GSH was correlated with the extracellular concentrations of GSH. Conclusion s. The prominent in vivopharmacological effect of ADT was a marked increase of GSH concentration in the kidney and a decrease of some systemic and renal biomarkers of oxidative stress. In particular, by inhibition of γ-GT activity, it decreased the production cysteinylglycine, a thiol that has prooxidant effects as the consequence of its autooxidation. The activity of ADT as GSH enhancer in both the circulation and the kidney was long-lasting. All these characteristics make ADT a promising drug to protect the kidney, and in particular proximal tubule cells, from xenobiotic-induced damage.
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Pessina F, Frosini M, Marcolongo P, Fusi F, Saponara S, Gamberucci A, Valoti M, Giustarini D, Fiorenzani P, Gorelli B, Francardi V, Botta M, Dreassi E. Antihypertensive, cardio- and neuro-protective effects of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) defatted larvae in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233788. [PMID: 32470081 PMCID: PMC7259609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In pre-hypertension, moderate control of blood pressure (BP) can be obtained by a nutritional approach. The effects of a diet enriched with defatted larvae of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (TM) endowed with ACE inhibitory activity was studied in both spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in the age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto strain. These were fed for 4 weeks with standard laboratory rodent chow supplemented with or without TM or captopril. In SHR, the TM diet caused a significant reduction in BP, heart rate and coronary perfusion pressure, as well as an increase in red blood cell glutathione/glutathione disulphide ratio. Rat brain slices of SHR were more resistant to oxidative stress and contained lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, while vascular and liver enzyme-activities were not affected. These results suggest that TM can be considered a new functional food that can lower BP in vivo and thus control cardiovascular-associated risk factors such as hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pessina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Frosini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Marcolongo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gamberucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorenzani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gorelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Francardi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di ricerca Difesa e Certificazione (CREA-DC), Impruneta (Firenze), Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
- Lead Discovery Siena Srl, Castelnuovo Berardenga, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Tomin T, Schittmayer M, Birner-Gruenberger R. Addressing Glutathione Redox Status in Clinical Samples by Two-Step Alkylation with N-ethylmaleimide Isotopologues. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020071. [PMID: 32079090 PMCID: PMC7074022 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione is of profound clinical interest in assessing the oxidative status of tissues and body fluids. However, this ratio is not yet a routine clinical parameter due to the analytically challenging interconversion of reduced (free) glutathione to oxidized (bound) glutathione. We aimed to facilitate this ratio determination in order to aid its incorporation as a routine clinical parameter. To this end, we developed a simple derivatization route that yields different isotopologues of N-ethylmaleimide alkylated glutathione from reduced and oxidized glutathione (after its chemical reduction) for mass spectrometric analysis. A third isotopologue can be used as isotopic standard for simultaneous absolute quantification. As all isotopologues have similar chromatographic properties, matrix effects arising from different sample origins can only impact method sensitivity but not quantification accuracy. Robustness, simplified data analysis, cost effectiveness by one common standard, and highly improved mass spectrometric sensitivity by conversion of oxidized glutathione to an alkylated glutathione isotopologue are the main advantages of our approach. We present a method fully optimized for blood, plasma, serum, cell, and tissue samples. In addition, we propose production of N-ethylmaleimide customized blood collection tubes to even further facilitate the analysis in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tomin
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology—TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology—TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (R.B.-G.)
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology—TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (R.B.-G.)
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Nogara PA, Oliveira CS, Schmitz GL, Piquini PC, Farina M, Aschner M, Rocha JBT. Methylmercury's chemistry: From the environment to the mammalian brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:129284. [PMID: 30659885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury is a neurotoxicant that is found in fish and rice. MeHg's toxicity is mediated by blockage of -SH and -SeH groups of proteins. However, the identification of MeHg's targets is elusive. Here we focus on the chemistry of MeHg in the abiotic and biotic environment. The toxicological chemistry of MeHg is complex in metazoans, but at the atomic level it can be explained by exchange reactions of MeHg bound to -S(e)H with another free -S(e)H group (R1S(e)-HgMe + R2-S(e)H ↔ R1S(e)H + R2-S(e)-HgMe). This reaction was first studied by professor Rabenstein and here it is referred as the "Rabenstein's Reaction". The absorption, distribution, and excretion of MeHg in the environment and in the body of animals will be dictated by Rabenstein's reactions. The affinity of MeHg by thiol and selenol groups and the exchange of MeHg by Rabenstein's Reaction (which is a diffusion controlled reaction) dictates MeHg's neurotoxicity. However, it is important to emphasize that the MeHg exchange reaction velocity with different types of thiol- and selenol-containing proteins will also depend on protein-specific structural and thermodynamical factors. New experimental approaches and detailed studies about the Rabenstein's reaction between MeHg with low molecular mass thiol (LMM-SH) molecules (cysteine, GSH, acetyl-CoA, lipoate, homocysteine) with abundant high molecular mass thiol (HMM-SH) molecules (albumin, hemoglobin) and HMM-SeH (GPxs, Selenoprotein P, TrxR1-3) are needed. The study of MeHg migration from -S(e)-Hg- bonds to free -S(e)H groups (Rabenstein's Reaction) in pure chemical systems and neural cells (with special emphasis to the LMM-SH and HMM-S(e)H molecules cited above) will be critical to developing realistic constants to be used in silico models that will predict the distribution of MeHg in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Nogara
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudia S Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela L Schmitz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Piquini
- Departamento de Física, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - João B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Sutton TR, Minnion M, Barbarino F, Koster G, Fernandez BO, Cumpstey AF, Wischmann P, Madhani M, Frenneaux MP, Postle AD, Cortese-Krott MM, Feelisch M. A robust and versatile mass spectrometry platform for comprehensive assessment of the thiol redox metabolome. Redox Biol 2018; 16:359-380. [PMID: 29627744 PMCID: PMC5953223 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several diseases are associated with perturbations in redox signaling and aberrant hydrogen sulfide metabolism, and numerous analytical methods exist for the measurement of the sulfur-containing species affected. However, uncertainty remains about their concentrations and speciation in cells/biofluids, perhaps in part due to differences in sample processing and detection principles. Using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography in combination with electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry we here outline a specific and sensitive platform for the simultaneous measurement of 12 analytes, including total and free thiols, their disulfides and sulfide in complex biological matrices such as blood, saliva and urine. Total assay run time is < 10 min, enabling high-throughput analysis. Enhanced sensitivity and avoidance of artifactual thiol oxidation is achieved by taking advantage of the rapid reaction of sulfhydryl groups with N-ethylmaleimide. We optimized the analytical procedure for detection and separation conditions, linearity and precision including three stable isotope labelled standards. Its versatility for future more comprehensive coverage of the thiol redox metabolome was demonstrated by implementing additional analytes such as methanethiol, N-acetylcysteine, and coenzyme A. Apparent plasma sulfide concentrations were found to vary substantially with sample pretreatment and nature of the alkylating agent. In addition to protein binding in the form of mixed disulfides (S-thiolation) a significant fraction of aminothiols and sulfide appears to be also non-covalently associated with proteins. Methodological accuracy was tested by comparing the plasma redox status of 10 healthy human volunteers to a well-established protocol optimized for reduced/oxidized glutathione. In a proof-of-principle study a deeper analysis of the thiol redox metabolome including free reduced/oxidized as well as bound thiols and sulfide was performed. Additional determination of acid-labile sulfide/thiols was demonstrated in human blood cells, urine and saliva. Using this simplified mass spectrometry-based workflow the thiol redox metabolome can be determined in samples from clinical and translational studies, providing a novel prognostic/diagnostic platform for patient stratification, drug monitoring, and identification of new therapeutic approaches in redox diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Sutton
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M Minnion
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - F Barbarino
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology & Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G Koster
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - B O Fernandez
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - A F Cumpstey
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - P Wischmann
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology & Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Madhani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M P Frenneaux
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - A D Postle
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M M Cortese-Krott
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology & Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
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Giustarini D, Galvagni F, Colombo G, Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Aloisi AM, Rossi R. Determination of protein thiolation index (PTI) as a biomarker of oxidative stress in human serum. Anal Biochem 2017; 538:38-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Calfumán K, Gallardo-Fuentes S, Contreras R, Tapia RA, Campodónico PR. Mechanism for the SNAr reaction of atrazine with endogenous thiols: experimental and theoretical study. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02708g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for the SNAr reaction of atrazine with endogenous thiols: a stepwise or concerted process?
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Calfumán
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - S. Gallardo-Fuentes
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - R. Contreras
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - R. A. Tapia
- Departamento de Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago 6094411
- Chile
| | - P. R. Campodónico
- Centro de Química Médica
- Facultad de Medicina
- Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo
- Santiago
- Chile
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