Chiral liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method development for the detection of salbutamol in urine samples

Advance in Detection Technique of Lean Meat Powder Residues in Meat Using SERS: A Review

Food that contains lean meat powder (LMP) can cause human health issues, such as nausea, headaches, and even death for consumers. Traditional methods for detecting LMP residues in meat are often time-consuming and complex and lack sensitivity. This article provides a review of the research progress on the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology for detecting residues of LMP in meat. The review also discusses several applications of SERS technology for detecting residues of LMP in meat, including the enhanced detection of LMP residues in meat based on single metal nanoparticles, combining metal nanoparticles with adsorbent materials, combining metal nanoparticles with immunizing and other chemicals, and combining the SERS technology with related techniques. As SERS technology continues to develop and improve, it is expected to become an even more widely used and effective tool for detecting residues of LMP in meat.

Development of an HPLC-MS/MS Method for Chiral Separation and Quantitation of (R)- and (S)-Salbutamol and Their Sulfoconjugated Metabolites in Urine to Investigate Stereoselective Sulfonation

The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a chiral HPLC-MS/MS method for quantitative analysis of (R)-/(S)-salbutamol and (R)-/(S)-salbutamol-4'-O-sulfate in human urine to allow for bioanalytical quantitation of the targeted analytes and investigations of stereoselectivity in the sulfonation pathway of human phase Ⅱ metabolism. For analytical method development, a systematic screening of columns and mobile phases to develop a separation via enantiomerically selective high performance liquid chromatography was performed. Electrospray ionization settings were optimized via multiple-step screening and a full factorial design-of-experiment. Both approaches were performed matrix-assisted and the predicted values were compared. The full factorial design was superior in terms of prediction power and knowledge generation. Performing a longitudinal excretion study in one healthy volunteer allowed for the calculation of excretion rates for all four targeted analytes. For this proof-of-concept, either racemic salbutamol or enantiopure levosalbutamol was administered perorally or via inhalation, respectively. A strong preference for sulfonation of (R)-salbutamol for inhalation and peroral application was found in in vivo experiments. In previous studies phenol sulfotransferase 1A3 was described to be mainly responsible for salbutamol sulfonation in humans. Thus, in vitro and in silico investigations of the stereoselectivity of sulfotransferase 1A3 complemented the study and confirmed these findings.

Raman enhancement effect of different silver nanoparticles on salbutamol

Salbutamol is a β-adrenergic receptor agonist compound which has been abused as an animal growth promoter to improve carcass lean meat percentage. At present, the detection of salbutamol by SERS mostly uses gold colloid as substrate, which is expensive and has a high detection limit. In this report, Raman enhancement signal of salbutamol was compared with concentrated gold and silver colloids. The results show that the concentrated silver colloid prepared by reducing silver nitrate with hydroxylamine hydrochloride had superior performance. Three silver colloids with different particle sizes were synthesized by the same reducing agent and used as substrates for spectra acquisition of salbutamol to explore the enhancement performance of different silver nanoparticles sizes on salbutamol. The results showed that silver nanoparticles with larger particle sizes were more conducive to the adsorption of salbutamol. Finally, under the optimal conditions (Silver colloid A as enhanced substrate, 0.2 mol/L NaOH aqueous solution as aggregating compound), a better linear relationship between the concentration of salbutamol (ranged from 0.2 to 1 mg/L) and SERS intensity. The linear equation between SERS intensity and salbutamol concentration was C = 0.0023∙I-0.079 (mg/L) with a good linearity (R² =0.994) and lower root mean square error (RMSE_c = 0.022 mg/L), where C (mg/L) was the concentration of salbutamol solution and I was the SERS intensity of salbutamol solution. Validation set correlation coefficient was 0.988 and prediction root mean square error was 0.029 mg/L. This method provides a new idea for further reducing the detection limit of salbutamol. This study is helpful to further develop a simple and low-cost SERS detection method of salbutamol based on silver colloid.

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Raman enhancement signal of salbutamol was compared with concentrated gold and silver colloids.

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The effect of silver nanoparticles sizes on the enhancement effect are in particular broached.

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The methods can realize salbutamol at trace concentrations detection.

Stereoselective enrichment and determination of citalopram enantiomers by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping coupled with cyclodextrin modified electrokinetic chromatography

An highly sensitive, rapid and enantioselective method was developed for the enantioseparation and determination of citalopram enantiomers by cation selective exhaustive injection-sweeping-cyclodextrin modified electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-sweeping-CDEKC). The optimized conditions were: 50 mM pH 3.0 phosphate solution with 25 mg·mL^-1 S-β-CD used as background buffer, 50 mbar 300 s hydrodynamical injection of 150 mM pH 3.0 NaH₂PO₄ buffer followed with 5 s water plug, 10 kV 600 s electrokinetic sample injection, -20 kV CDEKC run. Under the optimized conditions, the resolution was Rs=8.04, the enrichment factor as up to 2163 folds, the LOD values were: 3.6 ng·mL^-1 for R-citalopram, 4.1 ng·mL^-1 for S-citalopram, and 3 ng·mL^-1 for both enantiomers in plasma samples. This new method showed good precision, repeatability and stability, which had been successfully applied to the impurity inspection of escitalopram oxalate and the stereoselective pharmacokinetic study of citalopram enantiomers.

The enantioseparation and determination of sulconazole enantiomers in rat plasma and tissues by a chiral HPLC–ESI–MS/MS method and its application to studies on stereoselective pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution

In our study, a chiral high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MS/MS) method for enantioselective analysis of sulconazole in rat plasma and tissues was developed and validated.

Immunochromatographic Assay Based on Polydopamine-Decorated Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles for the Rapid Detection of Salbutamol in Food Samples

Salbutamol (SAL), a β-2 adrenoreceptor agonist, is an unpopular addition to livestock and poultry, causing several side effects to human health. Thus, it is very important to develop a simple and rapid analytical method to screen SAL in the field of food safety. Here, we present an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) method for sensitively detecting SAL with polydopamine-decorated iridium oxide nanoparticles (IrO₂@PDA NPs) as a signal tag. The IrO₂@PDA with excellent hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and stability was synthesized by oxidating self-polymerization of dopamine hydrochloride (DAH) on the surface of IrO₂ NPs and used to label monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) through simple physical adsorption. Compared with IrO₂ NPs, the IrO₂@PDA also possessed superior optical properties and higher affinity with mAbs. With the proposed method, the limit of detection for SAL was 0.002 ng/mL, which was improved at least 24-fold and 180-fold compared with the IrO₂ NPs-based ICA and conventional gold nanoparticles-based ICA, respectively. Furthermore, the SAL residuals in pork, pork liver, and beef were successfully detected by the developed biosensor and the recoveries ranged from 85.56% to 115.56%. Briefly, this work indicated that the powerful IrO₂@PDA-based ICA can significantly improve detection sensitivity and has huge potential for accurate and sensitive detection of harmful small molecules analytes in food safety fields.

Electrochemical Discrimination of Salbutamol from Its Excipients in VentolinTM at Nanoporous Gold Microdisc Arrays

The emergence of specific drug–device combination products in the inhalable pharmaceutical industry demands more sophistication of device functionality in the form of an embedded sensing platform to increase patient safety and extend patent coverage. Controlling the nebuliser function at a miniaturised, integrated electrochemical sensing platform with rapid response time and supporting novel algorithms could deliver such a technology offering. Development of a nanoporous gold (NPG) electrochemical sensor capable of creating a unique fingerprint signal generated by inhalable pharmaceuticals provided the impetus for our study of the electrooxidation of salbutamol, which is the active bronchodilatory ingredient in Ventolin^TM formulations. It was demonstrated that, at NPG-modified microdisc electrode arrays, salbutamol is distinguishable from the chloride excipient present at 0.0154 M using linear sweep voltammetry and can be detected amperometrically. In contrast, bare gold microdisc electrode arrays cannot afford such discrimination, as the potential for salbutamol oxidation and chloride adsorption reactions overlap. The discriminative power of NPG originates from the nanoconfinement effect for chloride in the internal pores of NPG, which selectively enhances the electron transfer kinetics of this more sluggish reaction relative to that of the faster, diffusion-controlled salbutamol oxidation. Sensing was performed at a fully integrated three-electrode cell-on-chip using Pt as a quasi-reference electrode.

A highly selective and simple fluorescent probe for salbutamol detection based on thioglycolic acid-capped CdTe quantum dots

In this paper, a highly fluorescent water-soluble CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QDs) stabilized with thioglycolic acid (TGA) were synthesized for the quantitative and selective determination of salbutamol (SAL). When ten different of 2.09 × 10^-6 mol L^-1 alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist were added to 4.38 × 10^-4 mol L^-1CdTe QDs solution, the fluorescence signal of the CdTe QDs quenched obviously by SAL with 57.32% and 0.815% - 7.00% for other nine kinds of veterinary medicine, such as tulobuterol, fenoterol, phenylethanamine A, simatero, penbutolol, clenbuterol, ractopamine, terbutaline and clorprenaline. The result shows that the CdTe QDs is highly sensitive sensor for SAL. The quenching mechanism has been investigated by absorption spectroscopy and K_SV at different temperatures, and shew a static quenching process than dynamic quenching. Under the optimal conditions, respectively the straight line equation (F₀/F = 0.1491 × 10⁶ C + 1.3078) was found between the relative fluorescence intensity and the concentration of SAL was in the range of 6.27 × 10^-8 to 2.09 × 10^-7 mol L^-1, and the limit of detection was 4.2 × 10^-8 mol L^-1. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of SAL in pig urine samples.

Solid phase extraction procedure coupled with the chiral LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the enantioseparation and determination of butoconazole enantiomers in rat plasma and tissues: application to the enantioselective study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution

A significant enantioselective difference between (−)- and (+)-butoconazole existed in the stage of not only pharmacokinetics but also tissue distribution.

Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis

β2-Agonists (β2-adrenergic agonists, bronchodilatants, and sympathomimetic drugs) are a group of drugs that are mainly used in asthma and obstructive pulmonary diseases. In practice, the substances used to contain one or more stereogenic centers in their structure and their enantiomers exhibit different pharmacological properties. In terms of bronchodilatory activity, (R)-enantiomers showed higher activity. The investigation of stereoselectivity in action and disposition of chiral drugs together with the preparation of pure enantiomer drugs calls for efficient stereoselective analytical methods. The overview focuses on the stereoselectivity in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of β2-agonists and summarizes the stereoselective analytical methods for the enantioseparation of racemic beta-agonists (HPLC, LC-MS, GC, TLC, CE). Some methods of the stereoselective synthesis for β2-agonists preparation are also presented.

Chiral separation of diastereomers of the cyclic nonapeptides vasopressin and desmopressin by uniform field ion mobility mass spectrometry

In this study ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) is used to distinguish chiral diastereomers of the nonapeptides desmopressin and vasopressin. The differences in gas phase cross sectional area (ca. 2%) were sufficient to directly resolve the enantiomers present in a binary mixture. Results from computational modeling indicate that chiral recognition by IM-MS for nonapeptides is possible due to their diastereomer-specific conformations adopted in the gas-phase, namely a compact ring-tail conformer specific to the l-diastereomer forms.