An HPLC method associated with a thermodynamic analysis to compare the binding of TRAIL and its nanovectorized form to death receptors DR4 and DR5 and their relationship to cytotoxicity

Recent Advances in the Development of Nanodelivery Systems Targeting the TRAIL Death Receptor Pathway

The TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) apoptotic pathway is extensively exploited in the development of targeted antitumor therapy due to TRAIL specificity towards its cognate receptors, namely death receptors DR4 and DR5. Although therapies targeting the TRAIL pathway have encountered many obstacles in attempts at clinical implementation for cancer treatment, the unique features of the TRAIL signaling pathway continue to attract the attention of researchers. Special attention is paid to the design of novel nanoscaled delivery systems, primarily aimed at increasing the valency of the ligand for improved death receptor clustering that enhances apoptotic signaling. Optionally, complex nanoformulations can allow the encapsulation of several therapeutic molecules for a combined synergistic effect, for example, chemotherapeutic agents or photosensitizers. Scaffolds for the developed nanodelivery systems are fabricated by a wide range of conventional clinically approved materials and innovative ones, including metals, carbon, lipids, polymers, nanogels, protein nanocages, virus-based nanoparticles, dendrimers, DNA origami nanostructures, and their complex combinations. Most nanotherapeutics targeting the TRAIL pathway are aimed at tumor therapy and theranostics. However, given the wide spectrum of action of TRAIL due to its natural role in immune system homeostasis, other therapeutic areas are also involved, such as liver fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and inflammatory diseases caused by bacterial infections. This review summarizes the recent innovative developments in the design of nanodelivery systems modified with TRAIL pathway-targeting ligands.

Development of nano affinity columns for the study of ligand (including SARS-CoV-2 related proteins) binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans

The interactions of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) present on the cell surface with target proteins lead to cell signaling and they are considered as viral receptors. The analysis of the recognition mechanism between HSPG and its potential ligands and high-throughput screening in drug discovery thus remain important challenges. Glycidyl methacrylate-based monoliths were thus prepared in situ in miniaturized capillary columns (internal diameter 75 μm) and HSPG was grafted onto them by the use of the Schiff base method. The quantity of grafted HSPG was in the nanogram range (11 nanograms per cm of capillary length). This is of significant importance when working with less available or expensive biological material. Other advantages of our miniaturized capillary column are as follows: (i) the immobilization process of HSPG onto the organic monolithic support was reliable and reproducible. (ii) The resultant affinity capillary column showed a strong resistance to changes in temperature and pH and a negligible non-specific interaction. So as to confirm the proper functioning of our miniaturized capillary column, the molecular recognition by HSPG of five selected compounds including three ligands of interest related to SARS-CoV-2 was studied.