1
|
Xu JJ, Kan WJ, Wang TY, Li L, Zhang Y, Ge ZY, Xu JY, Yin ZJ, Feng Y, Wang G, Du J. Ganoderic acid A ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in CSDS mice: Insights from proteomic profiling and molecular mechanisms. J Affect Disord 2024; 358:270-282. [PMID: 38723681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ganoderic Acid A (GAA), a primary bioactive component in Ganoderma, has demonstrated ameliorative effects on depressive-like behaviors in a Chronic Social Defeat Stress (CSDS) mouse model. This study aims to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms through proteomic analysis. METHODS C57BL/6 J mice were allocated into control (CON), chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), GAA, and imipramine (IMI) groups. Post-depression induction via CSDS, the GAA and IMI groups received respective treatments of GAA (2.5 mg/kg) and imipramine (10 mg/kg) for five days. Behavioral assessments utilized standardized tests. Proteins from the prefrontal cortex were analyzed using LC-MS, with further examination via bioinformatics and PRM for differential expression. Western blot analysis confirmed protein expression levels. RESULTS Chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) induced depressive-like behaviors in mice, which were significantly alleviated by GAA treatment, comparably to imipramine (IMI). Proteomic analysis identified distinct proteins in control (305), GAA-treated (949), and IMI-treated (289) groups. Enrichment in mitochondrial and synaptic proteins was evident from GO and PPI analyses. PRM analysis revealed significant expression changes in proteins crucial for mitochondrial and synaptic functions (namely, Naa30, Bnip1, Tubgcp4, Atxn3, Carmil1, Nup37, Apoh, Mrpl42, Tprkb, Acbd5, Dcx, Erbb4, Ppp1r2, Fam3c, Rnf112, and Cep41). Western blot validation in the prefrontal cortex showed increased levels of Mrpl42, Dcx, Fam3c, Ppp1r2, Rnf112, and Naa30 following GAA treatment. CONCLUSION GAA exhibits potential antidepressant properties, with its action potentially tied to the modulation of synaptic functions and mitochondrial activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jie Xu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei-Jing Kan
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tian-Yi Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zi-Yu Ge
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ji-Yi Xu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zi-Jia Yin
- Harbin Medical University Daqing Campus, Heilongjiang 163319, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Gang Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Jing Du
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen D, Zhang G, Yang J, Yu H, Xue J, Zhang L, Li Z. Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of sporoderm-broken and sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore in rat by using a sensitive plasma UPLC-QqQ-MS method. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5787. [PMID: 38038157 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that removing the sporoderm significantly enhanced antitumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum spore (GLS) compared with breaking the sporoderm. However, the pharmacokinetics of sporoderm-removed GLS (RGLS) and sporoderm-broken GLS (BGLS) remain elusive. To compare the pharmacokinetic differences between the two products, we developed a UPLC-QqQ MS method for determining nine representative triterpenoid concentrations. Chloramphenicol was used as an internal standard. The samples were separated on a reversed-phase column using acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid and water-0.1% formic acid as mobile phases. Nine triterpenoids were analyzed using multiple reaction monitoring mode. The results showed that the area under the concentration-time curve from dosing to time t of all nine components was increased in RGLS compared with BGLS. And the time to the maximum concentration in BGLS was delayed compared with that of RGLS. These indicated that the absorption of RGLS was better than that of BGLS, and the sporoderm might hinder the absorption of the active components. These results increase our understanding of the bioavailability of BGLS and RGLS and indicate that increased bioavailability is one of the main reasons for the enhanced efficacy of RGLS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Chen
- Hangzhou Yuhang Boyu Intelligent Health Innovation Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Hangzhou Yuhang Boyu Intelligent Health Innovation Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Rare Medicinal Plants, Wuyi, China
| | - Jihong Yang
- Hangzhou Yuhang Boyu Intelligent Health Innovation Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Yu
- Hangzhou Yuhang Boyu Intelligent Health Innovation Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Xue
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Rare Medicinal Plants, Wuyi, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenhao Li
- Hangzhou Yuhang Boyu Intelligent Health Innovation Laboratory, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Rare Medicinal Plants, Wuyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma F, Wang J, Jiang W, Luo J, Yang R, Zhang L, Han C. Ganoderic Acid A: A Potential Natural Neuroprotective Agent for Neurological Disorders: A Review. Int J Med Mushrooms 2024; 26:11-23. [PMID: 38421693 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023051918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Ganoderic acid A (GAA) is one of the major triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum (GL). Accumulating evidence has indicated that GAA demonstrates multiple pharmacological effects and exhibits treatment potential for various neurological disorders. Here, the effects and mechanisms of GAA in the treatment of neurological disorders were evaluated and discussed through previous research results. By summarizing previous research results, we found that GAA may play a neuroprotective role through various mechanisms: anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, protection of nerve cells, and regulation of nerve growth factor. Therefore, GAA is a promising natural neuroprotective agent and this review would contribute to the future development of GAA as a novel clinical candidate drug for treating neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Research and Development Center, Shandong Phoenix Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Taian, Shandong, 271000, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services, Jinan Zhangqiu District Hospital of TCM, Jinan, 250299, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng C, Rangsinth P, Shiu PHT, Wang W, Li R, Li J, Kwan YW, Leung GPH. A Review on the Sources, Structures, and Pharmacological Activities of Lucidenic Acids. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041756. [PMID: 36838743 PMCID: PMC9962123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has long been used as a multi-purpose plant and functional food. The pharmacological properties of G. lucidum are primarily attributed to its polysaccharides and triterpenoids. Ganoderic and lucidenic acids are the two major triterpenoids groups in G. lucidum. Despite the discovery of 22 types of lucidenic acids, research on lucidenic acids is significantly less extensive compared to that on ganoderic acid. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, in this review, we aimed to summarize the sources, contents, chemical structures, and pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-viral, neuroprotective, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, and anti-diabetic properties, of lucidenic acids. Studies on lucidenic acids are still preliminary and have several limitations. Therefore, more in-depth studies with optimal designs are essential for the development of lucidenic acids as medicines, functional foods, and nutraceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Panthakarn Rangsinth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Polly H. T. Shiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Renkai Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiu-Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - George P. H. Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lv XC, Wu Q, Cao YJ, Lin YC, Guo WL, Rao PF, Zhang YY, Chen YT, Ai LZ, Ni L. Ganoderic acid A from Ganoderma lucidum protects against alcoholic liver injury through ameliorating the lipid metabolism and modulating the intestinal microbial composition. Food Funct 2022; 13:5820-5837. [PMID: 35543349 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03219d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver injury is mainly caused by long-term excessive alcohol consumption and has become a global public threat to human health. It is well known that Ganoderma lucidum has excellent beneficial effects on liver function and lipid metabolism. The object of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of ganoderic acid A (GAA, one of the main triterpenoids in G. lucidum) against alcohol-induced liver injury and reveal the underlying mechanisms of its protective effects. The results showed that oral administration of GAA significantly inhibited the abnormal elevation of the liver index, serum total triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in mice exposed to alcohol intake, and also significantly protected the liver against alcohol-induced excessive lipid accumulation and pathological changes. Besides, alcohol-induced oxidative stress in the liver was significantly ameliorated by the dietary intervention of GAA through decreasing the hepatic levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and increasing hepatic activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and hepatic levels of glutathione (GSH). In addition, GAA intervention evidently ameliorated intestinal microbial disorder by markedly increasing the abundance of Muribaculaceae, Prevotellaceae, Jeotgalicoccus, Bilophila, Family_XIII_UCG_001, Aerococcus, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005, Harryflintia, Christensenellaceae, Rumonpcpccaceae, Prevotelaceae_UCG_001, Clostridiales_vadinBB60_group, Parasutterella and Bifidobacterium, but decreasing the proportion of Lactobacillus, Burkholderia_Caballeroria_Paraburkholderia, Escherichia_Shigella and Erysipelatoclostridium. Furthermore, liver metabolomics based on UPLC-QTOF/MS demonstrated that oral administration of GAA had a significant regulatory effect on the composition of liver metabolites in mice exposed to alcohol intake, especially the levels of the biomarkers involved in the metabolic pathways of riboflavin metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, fructose and mannose metabolism. Moreover, dietary supplementation of GAA significantly regulated the hepatic mRNA levels of lipid metabolism and inflammatory response related genes. Conclusively, these findings demonstrate that GAA has beneficial effects on alleviating alcohol-induced liver injury and is expected to become a new functional food ingredient for the prevention of alcoholic liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Cong Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Qi Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Ying-Jia Cao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China. .,National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China. .,National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Ling Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Ping-Fan Rao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China. .,Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - You-Ting Chen
- Fujian Abdominal Surgery Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China.
| | - Lian-Zhong Ai
- School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Li Ni
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zang L, Xu H, Huang C, Wang C, Wang R, Chen Y, Wang L, Wang H. A link between chemical structure and biological activity in triterpenoids. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 17:145-161. [PMID: 33982656 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210512031635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants with triterpenoid compounds in nature have various biological activities and are reported in many scientific works of literature. Triterpenoids are compounds that draw the attention of scientists because of their wide source, wide variety, high medicinal value, and anti-tumor properties. However, a lack of approach to understand their chemical structures has limited the fundamental comprehension of these compounds in cancer cell therapy. OBJECTIVE To seek anti-cancer activity of the structures of triterpenoid compounds and their derivatives, we summarized a number of plants and their derivatives that are a source of potential novel therapeutic anti-cancer agents. METHODS This work focuses on relevant 1036 patents and references that detail the structure of organic compounds and derivatives for the treatment of tumors. RESULT Compared to tetracyclic triterpenoid, pentacyclic triterpenoid has contributed more to improve the autophagic signaling pathways of cancer cells. CONCLUSION The heterogenous skeleton structure of triterpenoids impaired the programmed cell death signaling pathway in various cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zang
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Chao Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Cunqin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Rongbin Wang
- Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Hongting Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zeng M, Qi L, Guo Y, Zhu X, Tang X, Yong T, Xie Y, Wu Q, Zhang M, Chen D. Long-Term Administration of Triterpenoids From Ganoderma lucidum Mitigates Age-Associated Brain Physiological Decline via Regulating Sphingolipid Metabolism and Enhancing Autophagy in Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:628860. [PMID: 34025387 PMCID: PMC8134542 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.628860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of the aging society, how to grow old healthily has become an important issue for the whole of society. Effective intervention strategies for healthy aging are most desired, due to the complexity and diversity of genetic information, it is a pressing concern to find a single drug or treatment to improve longevity. In this study, long-term administration of triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum (TGL) can mitigate brain physiological decline in normal aging mice. In addition, the age-associated pathological features, including cataract formation, hair loss, and skin relaxation, brown adipose tissue accumulation, the β-galactosidase staining degree of kidney, the iron death of spleen, and liver functions exhibit improvement. We used the APP/PS1 mice and 3 × Tg-AD mice model of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) to further verify the improvement of brain function by TGL and found that Ganoderic acid A might be the effective constituent of TGL for anti-aging of the brain in the 3 × Tg-AD mice. A potential mechanism of action may involve the regulation of sphingolipid metabolism, prolonging of telomere length, and enhance autophagy, which allows for the removal of pathological metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longkai Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinrui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Life Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianqiao Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Diling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bao H, Li H, Jia Y, Xiao Y, Luo S, Zhang D, Han L, Dai L, Xiao C, Feng L, Feng Y, Yang Y, Wang H, Wang G, Du J. Ganoderic acid A exerted antidepressant-like action through FXR modulated NLRP3 inflammasome and synaptic activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114561. [PMID: 33857491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common, chronic, recurrent disease. The existing drugs are ineffective for approximately half of patients, so the development of antidepressant drugs with novel mechanisms is urgent. Cumulative evidence has shown neuro-inflammation plays a key role in the etiology of major depressive disorder. Clinical studies implicated that bile acids, an important component of gut-brain axis, inhibit neuro-inflammation and mediate the pathophysiology of the MDD. Here, we found that ganoderic acid A (GAA) modulated bile acid receptor FXR (farnesoid X receptor), inhibited brain inflammatory activity, and showed antidepressant effects in the chronic social defeat stress depression model, tail suspension, forced swimming, and sucrose preference tests. GAA directly inhibited the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and activated the phosphorylation and expression of the AMPA receptor by modulating FXR in the prefrontal cortex of mice. If we knocked out FXR or injected the FXR-specific inhibitor z-gugglesterone (GS), the antidepressant effects induced by GAA were completely abolished. These results suggest that GAA modulates the bile acid receptor FXR and subsequently regulates neuroimmune and antidepressant behaviors. GAA and its receptor FXR have potential as targets for the treatment of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Bao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yue Jia
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yuhuan Xiao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Shaolei Luo
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Li Han
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Lili Dai
- School of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Chunjie Xiao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Lei Feng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Han Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Gang Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Jing Du
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Activation of FXR by ganoderic acid A promotes remyelination in multiple sclerosis via anti-inflammation and regeneration mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114422. [PMID: 33482151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), as an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of central nervous system, is the leading cause of non-traumatic neurologic disability in young adults. The pathogenesis of MS remains unknown, however, a dysregulation of glia-neuroimmune signaling plays a key role during progressive disease stage. Most of the existing drugs are aimed at the immune system, but there is no approved drug by promoting remyelination after demyelination so far. There is a great interest in identifying novel agents for treating MS bytargeting to switch the immune imbalance from pro-inflammation and apoptosis to anti-inflammation and regeneration during remyelination phase. Here, we reported that ganoderic acid A (GAA) significantly enhanced the remyelination and rescued motor deficiency in two animal models of MS, including cuprizone-induced demyelination and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. In these two independent MS animal models, GAA modulated neuroimmune to enhance the anti-inflammatory and regeneration markers IL-4 and BDNF, inhibited inflammatory markers IL-1β and IL-6, followed by down-regulation of microglia activation and astrocyte proliferation. Pharmacological and genetic ablation of farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) abolished GAA-induced remyelination and restoration of motor deficiency in MS mice. Thus, GAA is a novel and potential therapeutic agent that can rescue MS neuroimmune imbalance and remyelination through an FXR receptor-dependent mechanism. Clinical investigation on the therapeutic effect of GAA in improving remyelination of the MS patients to rescue the motor function is warranted.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang L, Zhang L, Sui R. Ganoderic Acid A-Mediated Modulation of Microglial Polarization is Involved in Depressive-Like Behaviors and Neuroinflammation in a Rat Model of Post-Stroke Depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2671-2681. [PMID: 34421302 PMCID: PMC8373311 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s317207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a common complication after stroke. Ganoderic acid A (GAA), one of the main bioactive Ganoderma triterpenoids, exerts preventive and therapeutic effects in many diseases. However, the function of GAA in PSD has not been well studied. METHODS PSD model was established via stimulating rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress stimulations (CUMS) after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Rats were treated with GAA before CUMS. Depressive-like behaviors were investigated by body weight alteration, open field test (OFT), and sucrose preference test (SPT). Neuronal damage was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Western blotting. Inflammation was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Microglial polarization was analyzed via qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway was analyzed by Western blotting, and inactivated by the inhibitor PD98059 (PD). RESULTS GAA attenuated PSD-induced depressive-like behaviors in rats. GAA mitigated PSD-induced neuronal damage and reduced BDNF and NGF levels in the cerebral hippocampus. GAA weakened PSD-induced inflammatory response in the cerebral hippocampus. GAA prevented pro-inflammatory (M1) polarization and promoted anti-inflammatory (M2) polarization, as indicated by decreased iNOS and CD86 levels and increased Arg-1 and CD206 levels. GAA restored the PSD-induced inactivation of the ERK/CREB pathway. GAA regulated M1/M2 microglial polarization by activating the ERK/CREB pathway. CONCLUSION GAA alleviated the depressive-like behaviors and brain inflammation in PSD rats, indicating its potential for PSD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rubo Sui
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guo WL, Guo JB, Liu BY, Lu JQ, Chen M, Liu B, Bai WD, Rao PF, Ni L, Lv XC. Ganoderic acid A from Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates lipid metabolism and alters gut microbiota composition in hyperlipidemic mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2020; 11:6818-6833. [PMID: 32686808 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00436g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderic acid A (GA) is one of the most abundant triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum, and has been proved to possess a wide range of beneficial health effects. The aim of the current study is to investigate the amelioration effects and mechanism of GA on improving hyperlipidemia in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The results showed that GA intervention significantly inhibited the abnormal growth of body weight and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), prevented the hypertrophy of epididymal adipocytes, and ameliorated the biochemical parameters of serum and liver related to lipid metabolism in HFD-fed mice. Histological analysis also showed that the excessive accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver induced by HFD-feeding was greatly alleviated by GA intervention. In addition, GA intervention also increased the level of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the intestine and promoted the excretion of bile acids (BAs) through feces. High-throughput sequencing of bacterial full-length 16S rDNA revealed that daily supplementation with GA made significant structural changes in the gut microbial population of mice fed with HFD, in particular modulating the relative abundance of some function related microbial phylotypes. The relationships between lipid metabolic parameters and gut microbial phylotypes were also revealed by correlation analysis based on a heatmap and network. The result showed that 46 key gut microbial phylotypes (OTUs) were markedly correlated with at least one lipid metabolic parameter. Moreover, UPLC-QTOF/MS-based liver metabolomics showed that 111 biomarkers (47 up-regulated metabolites and 64 down-regulated metabolites) were significantly changed after high-dose GA intervention (75 mg kg-1 day-1), compared with the HFD-fed hyperlipidemic mice. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of the differential hepatic metabolites demonstrated that GA intervention had significant regulatory effects on primary bile acid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, and so on. In addition, GA intervention regulated the mRNA levels of hepatic genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and bile acid homeostasis. These findings present new evidence supporting that GA from G. lucidum has the potential to alleviate lipid metabolic disorders and ameliorate the imbalance of gut microflora in a positive way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ganoderic acid A is the effective ingredient of Ganoderma triterpenes in retarding renal cyst development in polycystic kidney disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:782-790. [PMID: 31911637 PMCID: PMC7468358 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common life-threatening monogenetic diseases characterized by progressive enlargement of fluid-filled renal cysts. Our previous study has shown that Ganoderma triterpenes (GT) retards PKD renal cyst development. In the present study we identified the effective ingredient of GT in suppression of kidney cyst development. Using an in vitro MDCK cystogenesis model, we identified ganoderic acid A (GA-A) as the most promising candidate among the 12 ganoderic acid (GA) monomers. We further showed that GA-A (6.25−100 μM) significantly inhibited cyst growth in MDCK cyst model and embryonic kidney cyst model in vitro, and the inhibitory effect was reversible. In kidney-specific Pkd1 knockout (kPKD) mice displaying severe cystic kidney disease, administration of GA-A (50 mg· kg−1 ·d−1, sc) significantly attenuated renal cyst development. In both MDCK cells and kidney of kPKD mice, we revealed that GA-A dose-dependently downregulated the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was also suppressed, suggesting a possible effect of GA-A on cell proliferation. These experimental data suggest that GA-A may be the main ingredient of GT as a potential therapeutic reagent for treating ADPKD.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yao G, Ma Y, Muhammad M, Huang Q. Understanding the infrared and Raman spectra of ganoderic acid A: An experimental and DFT study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 210:372-380. [PMID: 30502725 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderic Acids (GAs) are the major medicinal compounds in Ganoderma lucidum used as traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. Ganoderic acid A (GAA) is the first discovered ganoderic acids reported in the literature, which is also one of most abundant triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum. Especially, GAA has been extensively investigated in recent decades for its positive medicinal activities. However, the vibrational properties of GAs have rarely been studied or reported. In this work, we focused on the typical GAA and studied the infrared (IR) and Raman spectra based on both experiments and DFT calculations. As such, we could not only achieve the assignments of the vibrational modes, but also from the IR and Raman spectra, we found that the spectral region from 1500 cm-1 to 1800 cm-1 is particularly useful for distinguishing different types of GAs. In addition, its dehydrogenated derivative ganoderenic acid A (GOA) was also studied, which could be identified due to its spectral feature of strong IR and Raman bands around 1620 cm-1. This work therefore may facilitate the application of IR and Raman spectroscopies in the inspection and quality control of Ganoderma lucidum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuhan Ma
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; College of Life Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Muhammad Muhammad
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; College of Life Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao C, Fan J, Liu Y, Guo W, Cao H, Xiao J, Wang Y, Liu B. Hepatoprotective activity of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice, an iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. Food Chem 2019; 271:148-156. [PMID: 30236660 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jinlin Fan
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Weiling Guo
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau.
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ye LH, He XX, You C, Tao X, Wang LS, Zhang MD, Zhou YF, Chang Q. Pharmacokinetics of Nuciferine and N-Nornuciferine, Two Major Alkaloids From Nelumbo nucifera Leaves, in Rat Plasma and the Brain. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:902. [PMID: 30210336 PMCID: PMC6123365 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf of the lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a natural plant resource used as both food and herbal medicine (He-Ye) in China. Alkaloids are considered the major bioactive compound of the herb and exhibit various biological activities, including anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperuricemic effects. Nuciferine (NF) and N-nuciferine (N-NF) are two major alkaloids found in the herb. In the present work, the plasma and brain pharmacokinetics of the two compounds were investigated after oral and intravenous (i.v.) administration of a lotus leaf alkaloid fraction to SD rats via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and brain microdialysis. After oral administration (50 mg/kg), the two compounds NF and N-NF were rapidly absorbed into the blood and reached a mean maximum concentration (Cmax) of 1.71 μg/mL at 0.9 h and 0.57 μg/mL at 1.65 h, respectively. After i.v. administration (10 mg/kg), NF and N-NF were found to have a relatively wide volume of distribution (Vd, λz, 9.48 and 15.17 L/kg, respectively) and slow elimination half-life (t1/2, λz, 2.09 and 3.84 h, respectively). The oral bioavailability of NF and N-NF was estimated as 58.13% and 79.91%, respectively. After i.v. dosing (20 mg/kg), the two compounds rapidly crossed the blood-brain barrier and reached their Cmax (in unbound form): 0.32 and 0.16 μg/mL at 0.89 and 1.22 h, respectively. Both alkaloids had widespread distribution in the brain, with Vd, λz/F-values of 19.78 L/kg and 16.17 L/kg, respectively. The mean t1/2, λz values of NF and N-NF in the brain were 1.24 and 1.39 h, respectively. These results can help us to better understand the characteristics and neuro-pharmacological effects of the lotus alkaloid fraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hu Ye
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Bijie, Bijie, China
| | - Xiao-Xi He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chang You
- Beijing Institute of Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Tao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Sha Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Di Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Feng Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|