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Zhang Z, Han W, Qing J, Meng T, Zhou W, Xu Z, Chen M, Wen L, Cheng Y, Ding L. Functionalized magnetic metal organic framework nanocomposites for high throughput automation extraction and sensitive detection of antipsychotic drugs in serum samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133189. [PMID: 38071772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Due to the complexity of biological sample matrix, the automated and high-throughput pretreatment technology is urgently needed for monitoring the antipsychotic drugs for mental patients. In this study, functionalized magnetic zirconium-based organic framework nanocomposites (Fe3O4@SiO2@Zr-MOFs) were successfully designed and synthesized by the layer-by-layer growth. Among them, Fe3O4@SiO2@UiO-67-COOH showed the best adsorption performance, and at the same time it exhibited excellent water dispersibility, high thermal stability, chemical stability and high hydrophobicity. Results of adsorption kinetics, isotherm and FT-IR showed that the adsorption process was dominated by chemical adsorption (hydrogen bond, electrostatic interaction, π-π interaction) and monolayer adsorption. Moreover, the smaller pore size improved the protein exclusion rate which reached 98.9-99.8%. Based on the above result, the synthesized magnetic nanoparticles were introduced to 96-well automatic extractor, antipsychotic drugs in 96 serum samples were automatically extracted within 9 min, which most greatly saved the time and labor costs and avoided artificial errors. By further integrating with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), antipsychotic drugs can be detected in the range of 0.2-3.0 ng mL-1 with a quantitative limit of 0.06-0.9 ng mL-1. The recoveries of antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites in serum ranged from 95.7% to 112.3% within 1.4-6.5% of RSD. These features indicate that the proposed method is promising for high throughput and sensitively monitoring of drugs and other hazardous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China
| | - Wei Han
- Technical Center, Tianjin Customs, Tianjin 300041, PR China
| | - Jiang Qing
- Ningbo HEIGER Electrics Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315300, PR China
| | - Taoyu Meng
- Changsha Harmony Health Medical Laboratory Co., Ltd, Changsha 410000, PR China
| | - Wenli Zhou
- Changsha Harmony Health Medical Laboratory Co., Ltd, Changsha 410000, PR China
| | - Zhou Xu
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China
| | - Maolong Chen
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China
| | - Li Wen
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China
| | - Yunhui Cheng
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China
| | - Li Ding
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, PR China.
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Tay KSJ, See HH. Recent Advances in Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38165816 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2299280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Sample clean-up and pre-concentration are critical components of pharmaceutical analysis. The dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique is widely recognized as the most effective approach for enhancing overall detection sensitivity. While various DLLME modes have been advanced in pharmaceutical analysis, there need to be more discussions on pre-concentration techniques specifically developed for this field. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the different DLLME modes used in pharmaceutical analysis from 2017 to May 2023. The review covers the principles of DLLME, the factors affecting microextraction, the selected applications of different DLLME modes, and their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it focuses on multi-extraction strategies employed for pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sze Jie Tay
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hong Heng See
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
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Sung YY, Chou YM, Hsieh MM. Ultrasensitive determination of 10 phenothiazine derivatives and their enantiomers in biological fluids by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464212. [PMID: 37487301 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, rapid, and ultrasensitive technique was developed to identify five pairs of phenothiazine drugs by using ultrasound-enhanced and surfactant-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UESA-DLLME), field-amplified sample injection with capillary electrophoresis (FASI-CE), and capacitively coupled capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D). During the CE separation process, UESA-DLLME was used for sample clean-up and offline concentration, and FASI-CE was used for the online concentration of phenothiazine enantiomers. At baseline, the five pairs of phenothiazine enantiomer drugs required 18 min for separation. UESA-DLLME was then used to extract 0.01 mM Tween 80 at pH 10 from a sample solution (extraction solvent, 100 mL of dichloromethane). Subsequently, FASI was used to stack the sample solution (buffer, 30 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid/aspartic acid, additive 4 mM hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, pH 2.5), and C4D was used for signal detection (amplitude, 2 Vpp; frequency, 400 kHz). The results indicated that the linear range for quantifying all analyte enantiomers was 1.0-150 nM, with a coefficient of determination exceeding 0.99. In addition, the relative standard deviations in the migration time and peak areas for the 10 analytes were less than 3.2% and 7.2%, respectively. The proposed system has a limit of detection (LOD) for the 10 analytes at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, ranging from 0.24 to 0.28 nM. The sensitivity enhancement, which compares the LOD0 (limit of detection in the normal method) to LOD1 (limit of detection achieved using the proposed UESA-DLLME-FASI-CE-C4D method), varies between approximately 1200 and 2000 for the 10 analytes. Analysis of the 10 separated analytes spiked in urine and serum samples revealed recovery rates of 88%-106% and 89%-105%, respectively. Therefore, this highly sensitive advanced technique was successfully used to analyze phenothiazine enantiomers in urine and serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yang Sung
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Mu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan.
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Nia NN, Hadjmohammadi MR. Preparation of Ferrofluid from Adipic Acid Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles and Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent Used in Dispersive Micro-Solid-Phase Extraction: Application for the Pre-Concentration and Determination of Clozapine in Biological Samples. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:569-578. [PMID: 36461781 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is the preparation of a novel magnetic ferrofluid (FF) based on a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES), which is used for the extraction of trace quantities of clozapine from biological samples. For this purpose, a highly stable FF was prepared through the combination of adipic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) plus tetraethylammonium chloride/thymol hDES without an additional stabilizer. These solvents were synthesized by the available and less-toxic materials, which is the appropriate option to support the solvents for the preparation of FF. In this study, a water-immiscible DES acts simultaneously as a carrier and stabilizer for the MNPs. In addition, the strong interactions between clozapine and magnetic FF could increase the extraction efficiency. The fractional factorial design was used for screening the experimental parameters. Then, the effective factors were optimized using the Box-Behnken design. The optimum extraction conditions were the following: pH of the sample solution: 8, the volume of the desorption solvent: 200 μL and desorption time: 5 min. Moreover, the suggested method exhibited low limits of detection in the range of 2.8-3.1 μg L-1. The linear range was 10.0-500.0 μg L-1 for human plasma and urine samples with acceptable recoveries greater than 91.4%. In addition, the proposed method is convenient, sensitive, effective, rapid and environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Nooraee Nia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, NirooHavayii Boulevard, 47416-95447 Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Hadjmohammadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, NirooHavayii Boulevard, 47416-95447 Babolsar, Iran
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Sajid M. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: Evolution in design, application areas, and green aspects. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Clozapine and norclozapine monitoring in plasma following surfactant assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rapid Quantification of Chlorpromazine Residues in Pork Using Nanosphere-Based Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay Analyzer. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:6633016. [PMID: 33763133 PMCID: PMC7964105 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6633016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunochromatographic assays are good analytical tools for the detection of drug residues. We report a nanosphere-based time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (nano-TRFIA) based on a monoclonal antibody and a portable TRFIA analyzer for the rapid quantification of chlorpromazine (CPZ) residues in pork. Under optimal conditions, the nano-TRFIA detected CPZ residues within 6 min of sample pretreatment. The results showed good linearity (R2 = 0.991), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.32 μg/kg, a wide dynamic range of 0.46–10.0 μg/kg, and coefficients of variation (CVs) of the overall intrabatch and interbatch assays of 7.34% and 7.65%, respectively. The nano-TRFIA was also used to detect CPZ at different spiked concentrations in pork, and the results were confirmed via ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The nano-TRFIA was evaluated for the analysis of six commercial pork samples, and the results agreed well with those obtained via UPLC-MS/MS, without significant differences (P > 0.05). Therefore, the proposed nano-TRFIA is a powerful alternative for the rapid and accurate quantification of CPZ residues in pork to meet the required Chinese maximum residue limits for veterinary drugs in foods.
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Sheikh M, Hadjmohammadi MR, Fatemi MH. Simultaneous extraction and analysis of clozapine and lorazepam from human plasma using dual solvent-stir bar microextraction with different acceptor phases followed by high-performance liquid chromatography ultra-violet detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:110-116. [PMID: 33315030 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new design of dual solvent stir bar microextraction (DSSBME) was developed and combined with HPLC-UV for the simultaneous extraction of clozapine (CLZ) and lorazepam (LRP) from human plasma with different acceptor phases. Two short hollow fibers immobilized with an organic extraction solvent were used as the solvent bars for microextraction of CLZ and LRP from the sample solution. The solvent bars were fixed with a staple pin which served as the stirrer. The target analytes were simultaneously and selectively extracted from the sample solution into their corresponding solvent bar. Extraction parameters such as organic solvent type, pH of the sample solution, the acceptor phase concentration, salt incorporation into the solution, stirring rate, and extraction time were optimized to achieve the best extraction results. Under the optimum conditions (1-undecanol as extraction solvent, pH of sample solution = 9.0, 10% w/v NaCl, concentration of HCl = 10 mM, concentration of NaOH = 100 mM, stirring rate of 1400 rpm and extraction time of 30 min at ambient temperature) the limit of detection for CLZ was 0.4 ng mL-1 and for LRP it was 1.1 ng mL-1. The linear range for CLZ was 1.3-1000.0 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.9991) and for LRP it was 3.6-800.0 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.9993). Extraction recovery and the enrichment factor for CLZ were 95.4% and 343 and for LRP they were 74.3% and 263, respectively. Finally, the method developed was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of CLZ and LRP in human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Sheikh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, NirooHavayii Boulevard, 47416-95447 Babolsar, Iran.
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Optimization of chromatographic systems for analysis of selected psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in serum and saliva by HPLC in order to monitor therapeutic drugs. OPEN CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2019-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractRetention, separation selectivity and system efficiency of selected basic psychotropic drugs (clozapine, aripiprazole, vortioxetine and zolpidem) and drug metabolites (desmethylclozapine, clozapine N-oxide and dehydroaripiprazole) on Hydro RP, Phenyl-Hexyl and Polar RP columns were studied. Mobile phases containing methanol or acetonitrile as organic modifiers, acetate buffer at pH 3.5 and addition of diethylamine (DEA) as a silanol blocker were applied. Significant differences in the retention, peak shapes and systems’ efficiency of the investigated compounds were obtained depending on the tested chemically bonded stationary phases with various ligands. Based on the obtained results the Phenyl-Hexyl column was selected for analysis of the drugs and their metabolites in human serum and saliva samples. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was applied for sample pre-treatment. The best SPE-HPLC-DAD procedure was used for simultaneous analysis of clozapine, aripiprazole and their metabolites in body fluids. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was applied for confirmation of the presence of the investigated compounds in biological samples. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of clozapine obtained using the proposed method was 10 ng/mL. The validated method for determining the presence of clozapine and its main metabolite was successfully applied in therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Liu W, Quan J. A Novel Ionic Liquid of [BeMIM] [Tf2N] for Extracting Pesticides Residues in Tea Sample by Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Shukla RP, Ben‐Yoav H. A Chitosan-Carbon Nanotube-Modified Microelectrode for In Situ Detection of Blood Levels of the Antipsychotic Clozapine in a Finger-Pricked Sample Volume. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900462. [PMID: 31240866 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The antipsychotic clozapine is the most effective medication available for schizophrenia and it is the only antipsychotic with a known efficacious clinical range. However, it is dramatically underutilized due to the inability to test clozapine blood levels in finger-pricked patients' samples. This prevents obtaining immediate blood levels information, resulting in suboptimal treatment. The development of an electrochemical microsensor is presented, which enables, for the first time, clozapine detection in microliters volume whole blood. The sensor is based on a microelectrode modified with micrometer-thick biopolymer chitosan encapsulating carbon nanotubes. The developed sensor detects clozapine oxidation current, in the presence of other electroactive species in the blood, which generate overlapping electrochemical signals. Clozapine detection, characterized in whole blood from healthy volunteers, displays a sensitivity of 32 ± 3.0 µA cm-2 µmol-1 L and a limit-of-detection of 0.5 ± 0.03 µmol L-1 . Finally, the developed sensor displays a reproducible electrochemical signal (0.6% relative standard deviation) and high storage stability (9.8% relative standard deviation after 8 days) in serum samples and high repeatability (9% relative standard deviation for the 5th repetition) in whole blood samples. By enabling the rapid and minimally invasive clozapine detection at the point-of-care, an optimal schizophrenia treatment is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P. Shukla
- Nanobioelectronics LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Hadar Ben‐Yoav
- Nanobioelectronics LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva 8410501 Israel
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Majidi SM, Hadjmohammadi MR. Air-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplets followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for the determination of Clozapine in biological samples. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based binary extraction techniques prior to chromatographic analysis: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ultrasonic-assisted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction based on melamine-phytate supermolecular aggregate as a novel bio-inspired magnetic sorbent for preconcentration of anticancer drugs in biological samples prior to HPLC-UV analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1095:226-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gong A, Xu J, Jin D, Wang Y, Zhu X. Determination of Anagliptin in Serum by Mixed-Hemimicelle Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction with Surfactant-Coated Iron(II,III) Nanocomposites and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1431245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Gong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dangqin Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyou Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiashi Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Zare F, Razmi M. Ultrasound-assisted low-density-solvent-based solvent-demulsified dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the quantification of amino acids in biological samples. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201700032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Zare
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Marvdasht Branch; Islamic Azad University; Marvdasht Iran
| | - Mahdi Razmi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Marvdasht Branch; Islamic Azad University; Marvdasht Iran
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Mahmoudi Alami F, Zavvar Mousavi H, Khaligh A. Filter-Based Low-Toxic Emulsification Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Sudan Dyes in Foodstuff Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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