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Yu Y, Song Y, Zhao Y, Wang N, Wei B, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS, Zhang F, Wang H. Quality control, safety assessment and preparation approaches of low molecular weight heparin. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122216. [PMID: 38823901 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) are well-established for use in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases, and as a substitute for unfractionated heparin (UFH) due to their predictable pharmacokinetics and subcutaneous bioavailability. LMWHs are produced by various depolymerization methods from UFH, resulting in heterogeneous compounds with similar biochemical and pharmacological properties. However, the delicate supply chain of UFH and potential contamination from animal sources require new manufacturing approaches for LMWHs. Various LMWH preparation methods are emerging, such as chemical synthesis, enzymatic or chemical depolymerization and chemoenzymatic synthesis. To establish the sameness of active ingredients in both innovator and generic LMWH products, the Food and Drug Administration has implemented a stringent scientific method of equivalence based on physicochemical properties, heparin source material and depolymerization techniques, disaccharide composition and oligosaccharide mapping, biological and biochemical properties, and in vivo pharmacodynamic profiles. In this review, we discuss currently available LMWHs, potential manufacturing methods, and recent progress for manufacturing quality control of these LMWHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Song
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China; Binjiang Cyberspace Security Institute of ZJUT, Hangzhou 310056, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States.
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China; Binjiang Cyberspace Security Institute of ZJUT, Hangzhou 310056, China.
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Ferreira A, Timmerman E, Staes A, Vuylsteke M, De Muynck L, Gevaert K. Protein interactors of 3-O sulfated heparan sulfates in human MCI and age-matched control cerebrospinal fluid. Sci Data 2023; 10:121. [PMID: 36879013 PMCID: PMC9986659 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) proteoglycans are commonly found on the cell surface and mediate many processes. Binding of HS ligands is determined by the sulfation code on the HS chain that can be N-/2-O/6-O- or 3-O-sulfated, generating heterogenous sulfation patterns. 3-O sulfated HS (3S-HS) play a role in several (patho)physiological processes such as blood coagulation, viral pathogenesis and binding and internalization of tau in Alzheimer's disease. However, few 3S-HS-specific interactors are known. Thus, our insight into the role of 3S-HS in health and disease is limited, especially in the central nervous system. Using human CSF, we determined the interactome of synthetic HS with defined sulfation patterns. Our affinity-enrichment mass spectrometry studies expand the repertoire of proteins that may interact with (3S-)HS. Validating our approach, ATIII, a known 3S-HS interactor, was found to require GlcA-GlcNS6S3S for binding, similar to what has been reported. Our dataset holds novel, potential HS and 3S-HS protein ligands, that can be explored in future studies focusing on molecular mechanisms that depend on 3S-HS in (patho)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ferreira
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., 2340, Beerse, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evy Timmerman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Proteomics Core, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Staes
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Louis De Muynck
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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OUYANG Y, YI L, QIU L, ZHANG Z. [Advances in heparin structural analysis by chromatography technologies]. Se Pu 2023; 41:107-121. [PMID: 36725707 PMCID: PMC9892979 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2022.07020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin (Hp) is the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the clinics, with an annual global output of over 10 billion dollars. Hp, a member of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), is prepared from porcine intestinal mucosa via extraction, separation, and purification. Hp is a linear polysaccharide with repeating disaccharide units. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are depolymerized from Hp via chemical or enzymatic degradation. Compared with Hp, LMWHs exhibit less bleeding side effect, milder immunogenicity, and higher bioavailability when injected subcutaneously. In general, Hps, including LMWHs, are high complex drugs with large molecular weights (MWs), inhomogeneous MW distributions, and structural heterogeneity, including different degrees and locations of sulfonation, and unique residues generated from different production processes. Thus, developing efficient analytical methods to elucidate the structures of Hps and characterize or quantitate their properties is extremely challenging. Unfortunately, this problem limits their quality control, production optimization, clinical safety monitoring, and new applications. Research has constantly sought to elucidate the complicated structures of Hp drugs. Among the structural analysis and quality control methods of Hp currently available, chromatographic methods are the most widely studied and used. However, no literature thoroughly summarizes the specific applications of chromatographic methods in the structural analysis, manufacturing process, and quality control of Hp drugs. This paper systematically organizes and describes recent research progresses of the chromatographic methods used to analyze Hp drugs, including the identification and composition of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The applications, innovations, and limitations of these chromatographic methods are also summarized in this review. The insights obtained in this study will help production and quality control personnel, as well as drug researchers, obtain a deeper understanding of the complex structures of Hp drugs. This paper also provides a comprehensive reference for the structural analysis and quality control of Hps, proposes ideas for the development of new quality control methods, and lays a strong foundation for the in-depth structural elucidation of Hp drugs.
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Zhu W, Chen L, Yan N, Yi L, Sun Y, Ouyang Y, Liu D, Zhang Z. Sequencing analysis of heparin reducing terminals with orthogonal chromatographic approaches. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463318. [PMID: 35853422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a linear sulfated polysaccharide with a complex structure. It is important to figure out the sequences at the terminals of the sugar chains, as it will help us understand the heparin structure deeper and control its quality properly. The tetrasaccharide linkage region (LR) could be a tag to help us find out heparin terminals after digestion by different combinations of heparinases. In this work, orthogonal chromatographic approaches including SAX, SEC-MS and 2D-LC-MS were applied to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the heparinase released LR-terminals. The disaccharides next to LR are those ones with low or non-sulfation, UA-GlcNAc and UA-GlcNAc6S, and then they are extended with the highly sulfated disaccharides, IdoA2S-GlcNS and IdoA2S-GlcNS6S. It is suggested that the sulfo transferases did not work at the sugar residues next to LR terminal, especially the 2-O-sulfo and N-sulfo transferases, which could be affected by steric hindrance from LR, when heparin is biosynthesized. This conclusion will be theoretical fundamental to help us understand heparin's structure deeper. The methods provided in this work could be potential ways to control heparin's quality and monitor the production processes of heparin properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Na Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- The fourth people's Hospital of Jinan City, Shandong 250031, China
| | - Yilan Ouyang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Dehua Liu
- The fourth people's Hospital of Jinan City, Shandong 250031, China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China.
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Production, characteristics and applications of microbial heparinases. Biochimie 2022; 198:109-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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