1
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Costa LS, Schettino CF, Sicupira LC, de Pinho GP, Silvério FO. Determining pyroxasulfone herbicide in honey samples using liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature purification (LLE-LTP). Talanta 2024; 273:125870. [PMID: 38460423 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Pyroxasulfone is a selective, systemic, pre-emergence herbicide which acts to inhibit weeds in potato, coffee, sugar cane, eucalyptus, and soybean plantations, among others. This active ingredient was classified by Brazilian legislation as a very dangerous product for the environment, and to date there are no studies involving the development of extraction methods for monitoring this compound in environmental matrices. Therefore, the objective of this study was to optimize and validate liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature purification followed by a gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis to determine this herbicide in honey samples. The results showed that the best extractor phase was acetonitrile and ethyl acetate (6.5 mL:1.5 mL), with recovery rates close to 100% and relative standard deviations below 11%. The validation proved that the extraction method was selective, precise, accurate and linear in the range of 3-225 μg kg-1, reaching a limit of quantification of 3 μg kg-1, with a -25.95% matrix effect. Monitoring on real samples did not reveal episodes of environmental contamination with pyroxasulfone residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luma Soares Costa
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina Freitas Schettino
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Chaves Sicupira
- Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 39447-790, Janaúba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gevany Paulino de Pinho
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flaviano Oliveira Silvério
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 39404-547, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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2
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Fuente-Ballesteros A, Jano A, Bernal J, Ares AM. Development and validation of an analytical methodology based on solvent extraction and gas chromatography for determining pesticides in royal jelly and propolis. Food Chem 2024; 437:137911. [PMID: 37948804 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new analytical methodology to determine seven pesticides (atrazine, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinphos, α-endosulfan, bromopropylate, coumaphos, and τ-fluvalinate) in royal jelly and propolis products using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sample treatment, with minor modifications for propolis, consisted of a solvent extraction with a hexane and isopropanol mixture, and a further clean-up step. Meanwhile, chromatographic analysis (<25 min) was performed in a DB-5MS column under programmed temperature conditions. In all cases we validated the method in terms of selectivity, limits of detection (0.1-2.8 μg kg-1) and quantification (0.3-9.2 μg kg-1), linearity, matrix effect (<±20 %), trueness (recoveries between 93 % and 118 %), and precision (relative standard deviation < 11 %). All royal jelly liquid dietary supplements were positive for chlorfenvinphos and, in the case of one of them, for α-endosulfan; chlorfenvinphos was determined in some fresh royal jelly samples, and no pesticide residues were detected in the propolis samples analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Fuente-Ballesteros
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I. U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana Jano
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I. U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Bernal
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I. U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana M Ares
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I. U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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3
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Fuente-Ballesteros A, Brugnerotto P, Nguyen VD, Costa ACO, Bernal J, Ares AM. Contamination of Honeybee ( Apis mellifera L.) Royal Jelly by Pesticides and Sample Preparation Methods for Its Determination: A Critical Appraisal. Foods 2023; 12:3612. [PMID: 37835264 PMCID: PMC10572548 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides can easily enter the food chain, harming bee populations and ecosystems. Exposure of beehive products to various contaminants has been identified as one of the factors contributing to the decline in bee populations, and multiple food alerts have been reported. Despite this fact, royal jelly, a valuable bee product with nutritional and functional properties, has received less attention in this context. Pesticide residues of different chemical class can contaminate royal jelly when foraging bees collect pollen or nectar from pesticide-treated flowers, or in some cases, due to its frequent and inappropriate use in the treatment of mites in beehives. To monitor this issue and also make it more reliable, it is crucial to develop effective sample preparation methods for extracting pesticides from royal jelly for subsequent analysis. In this context, this review provides information about sample preparation methods (solid-phase extraction, solvent extraction, and QuEChERS-quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) and analytical methods that have been validated or improved to extract and analyze pesticides, respectively, in royal jelly samples of different origins. Finally, future perspectives are discussed. With this background, we aim to provide data that can guide future research related to this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Fuente-Ballesteros
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I.U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.F.-B.); (J.B.)
| | - Patricia Brugnerotto
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, SC, Brazil; (P.B.); (A.C.O.C.)
| | - Vinh Dinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, TNU-University of Sciences, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City 25000, Vietnam;
| | - Ana C. O. Costa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, SC, Brazil; (P.B.); (A.C.O.C.)
| | - José Bernal
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I.U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.F.-B.); (J.B.)
| | - Ana M. Ares
- Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), I.U. CINQUIMA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (A.F.-B.); (J.B.)
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4
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Qu L, Qi X, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Zhuge R, Hao Z, Liu C. Development, validation, and use of a monitoring method for fipronil and its metabolites in chicken eggs by QuEChERS with online-SPE-LC-Q/Orbitrap analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9518. [PMID: 37038653 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The residues of fipronil and its metabolites in chicken eggs pose a threat to human health, so regular monitoring is necessary. However, the pretreatments of the existing detection methods are complex and time-consuming. A simple and streamlined pretreatment method is needed to improve the detection efficiency. METHOD A rapid, efficient, and facile approach employing the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method with online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem Q Exactive Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (online-SPE-LC-HRMS) was established and evaluated for the determination of fipronil, fipronil-desulfinyl, fipronil-sulfone, and fipronil-sulfide in chicken eggs. An improved sample preparation technique combining QuEChERS and online-SPE was developed. Negative targeted ion fragmentation scanning and targeted-selected ion monitoring of HRMS were adopted to identify and quantify the target analytes. RESULTS The proposed pretreatment method took a few steps in <13 min to achieve excellent recoveries and negligible interference. High selectivity was acquired with the adoption of Q/Orbitrap HRMS. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the analytes was 2.5 μg kg-1 , meeting the detection requirements of the maximum residue level enacted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, Japan, and the United States for the sum of fipronil and its metabolites. Extraction recoveries at three spiked concentration levels were within 84.56% to 93.84%, with relative standard deviation ≤5.87%. CONCLUSION The established method is efficient and easy to operate and displays satisfactory LOQs, recoveries, accuracy, and precision. This approach serves as a reference method for monitoring eggs while providing potential solutions for fipronil determination in more complicated matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Qu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ronghua Zhuge
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Congmin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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5
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Fuente-Ballesteros A, Brugnerotto P, Costa ACO, Nozal MJ, Ares AM, Bernal J. Determination of acaricides in honeys from different botanical origins by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2023; 408:135245. [PMID: 36549154 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method has been proposed and validated to determine seven acaricides (atrazine, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinphos, α-endosulfan, bromopropylate, coumaphos, and τ-fluvalinate) in honeys from different botanical origins (multifloral, heather and rosemary) by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. An efficient and simple sample treatment was proposed that involved a solvent extraction with an ethyl acetate and cyclohexane (50:50, v/v) mixture. Chromatographic analysis (<25 min) was performed in a DB-5MS column under programmed temperature conditions. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, limits of detection (0.2-2.0 µg kg-1) and quantification (0.5-7.6 µg kg-1), linearity (limit of quantification-700 (heather) or 800 (multifloral and rosemary) µg kg-1), matrix effect (<20 % in most cases), trueness (recoveries between 81 % and 108 %), and precision (relative standard deviation < 15 %). Finally, of the seven acaricides investigated in several honey samples only τ-fluvalinate residues (<limit of quantification - 23 µg kg-1) were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Fuente-Ballesteros
- I. U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Patricia Brugnerotto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Ana C O Costa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88034-001, Brazil
| | - María J Nozal
- I. U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana M Ares
- I. U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Bernal
- I. U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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6
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Perumal S, Mahesh M, Kottadiyil D, Mehta T, Thasale R. Determination of multi-class pesticide residues in food commodities from Gujarat, India and evaluation of acute and chronic health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:60460-60472. [PMID: 37022557 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An increasing concern for food safety has drawn attention to the overuse of pesticides, which pose a risk to public health. The present study determined 61 pesticide residues in 120 samples of cauliflower, green chili, cucumber, grapes, bananas and mangoes samples, and these were collected from markets in Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Surendranagar, Anand and Sabarkantha districts of Gujarat state, India. The samples were extracted and analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-q-TOF-MS) and Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). In addition, the health risk assessment associated with pesticide residues were evaluated by calculating the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI), which indicate a value of less than 1 is safe for consumption. Out of 61 pesticide residues, 29 residues were detected in 107 samples; 68 samples showed multiple residues, and 39 samples found a single residue. Pesticides such as dimethoate, λ-cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, bifenthrin, and cyfluthrin were frequently detected in samples. HI in adults and adolescents confirmed a value less than 1 in cauliflower, cucumber, grapes and mango samples and greater than 1 in green chili and banana samples, respectively. The overall results depicted that, no considerable risk was observed in the selected food commodities. However, green chili and banana samples were found to exhibit marginal risk to human health. As a result, proper application, implementation of control plans, and continuous monitoring are required to prevent the risk and safeguard human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaperumal Perumal
- Chemical Science Division, ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad-380016, Gujarat, India.
| | - Meghna Mahesh
- Chemical Science Division, ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad-380016, Gujarat, India
- School of Medico Legal Studies, National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar- 382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Divya Kottadiyil
- Chemical Science Division, ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad-380016, Gujarat, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejal Mehta
- Chemical Science Division, ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad-380016, Gujarat, India
| | - Rupal Thasale
- Chemical Science Division, ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad-380016, Gujarat, India
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7
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Végh R, Csóka M, Mednyánszky Z, Sipos L. Pesticide residues in bee bread, propolis, beeswax and royal jelly - A review of the literature and dietary risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 176:113806. [PMID: 37121430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to pollinator decline observed worldwide, many studies have been conducted on the pesticide residue content of apicultural products including bee bread, propolis, beeswax and royal jelly. These products are consumed for their nutraceutical properties, although, little information is available on the human health risk posed by pesticides present in them. In our research, studies dealing with the pesticide contamination of the above-mentioned hive products are reviewed. Dietary exposures were calculated based on the recommended daily intake values and concentration data reported by scientific studies. Potential acute and chronic health risk of consumers were evaluated by comparing the exposure values with health-based guidance values. Available data indicate that a wide range of pesticide residues, especially acaricides may accumulate in bee bread, propolis and beeswax, up to concentration levels of more thousand μg/kg. Based on our observations, tau-fluvalinate, coumaphos, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos and amitraz are commonly detected pesticide active substances in beehive products. Our estimates suggest that coumaphos and chlorfenvinphos can accumulate in beeswax to an extent that pose a potential health risk to the consumers of comb honey. However, it appears that pesticide residues do not transfer to royal jelly, presumably due to the filtering activity of nurse bees during secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Végh
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Department of Nutrition, 1118, Budapest, Somlói út 14-16., Hungary
| | - Mariann Csóka
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Department of Nutrition, 1118, Budapest, Somlói út 14-16., Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Mednyánszky
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Department of Nutrition, 1118, Budapest, Somlói út 14-16., Hungary
| | - László Sipos
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Department of Postharvest, Commercial and Sensory Science, 1118, Budapest, Villányi út 29-43., Hungary; Institute of Economics, Centre of Economic and Regional Studies, Lóránd Eötvös Research Network, 1097, Budapest, Tóth Kálmán utca 4., Hungary.
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8
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Giorgini M, Taroncher M, Tolosa J, Ruiz MJ, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y. Amitraz and Its Metabolites: Oxidative Stress-Mediated Cytotoxicity in HepG2 Cells and Study of Their Stability and Characterization in Honey. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040885. [PMID: 37107260 PMCID: PMC10135312 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The population decrease of bees that has been observed in recent years due to the Varroa destructor parasite may endanger the production of bee-products whose demand is on the rise. To minimize the negative effects caused by this parasite, the pesticide amitraz is commonly used by beekeepers. Based on these, the objectives of this work are to determine the toxic effects caused by amitraz and its metabolites in HepG2 cells, as well as its determination in honey samples and the study of its stability with different heat treatments commonly used in the honey industry and its relationship with the amount of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) produced. Amitraz significantly decreased cell viability by MTT assay and total protein content (PC) assay, being more cytotoxic than its metabolites. Amitraz and its metabolites caused oxidative stress by Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) production and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. Residues of amitraz and/or its metabolites were found in analyzed honey samples, with 2,4-Dimethylaniline (2,4-DMA) being the main metabolite confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF HRMS). Amitraz and its metabolites resulted as unstable even at moderate heat treatments. Additionally, a positive correlation in terms of HMF concentration in samples and the severity of heat treatment was also observed. However, quantified amitraz and HMF were within the levels set in the regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuce Giorgini
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Taroncher
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josefa Tolosa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María-José Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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9
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In Vitro and Predictive Computational Toxicology Methods for the Neurotoxic Pesticide Amitraz and Its Metabolites. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020252. [PMID: 36831795 PMCID: PMC9954107 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Varroa destructor parasite is responsible for varroasis in honeybees worldwide, the most destructive disease among parasitic diseases. Thus, different insecticides/acaricides have been widely used within beehives to control these parasitic diseases. Namely, amitraz is the most used acaricide due to its high efficacy shown against Varroa destructor. However, pesticides used for beehive treatments could be incorporated into the honey and accumulate in other hive products. Hence, honeybee health and the impairment of the quality of honey caused by pesticides have gained more attention. Amitraz and its main metabolites, N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) formamide (2,4-DMF) and 2,4-dimethylaniline (2,4-DMA), are known to be potent neurotoxicants. In this research, the cytotoxicity of amitraz and its metabolites has been assessed by MTT and PC assays in HepG2 cells. In addition, possible target receptors by in silico strategies have been surveyed. Results showed that amitraz was more cytotoxic than its metabolites. According to the in silico ADMEt assays, amitraz and its metabolites were predicted to be compounds that are able to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and induce toxicity in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The main target class predicted for amitraz was the family of A G protein-coupled receptors that comprises responses to hormones and neurotransmitters. This affects, among other things, reproduction, development, locomotion, and feeding. Furthermore, amitraz and its metabolites were predicted as active compounds interacting with diverse receptors of the Tox21-nuclear receptor signaling and stress response pathways.
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10
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Development and Validation of a Multiresidue Method for the Determination of Macrocyclic Lactones, Monensin, and Fipronil in Bovine Liver by UHPLC-MS/MS Using a QuEChERS Extraction. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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11
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Ambrosio IS, Otaviano CM, Castilho LM, Santos AL, Mendonça JS, Faria AM. Development and validation of a solid–liquid extraction with low-temperature partitioning method for the determination of fipronil in turtle eggshell. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Zhou YL, Yue SW, Cheng BW, Zhao Q. Determination of fipronil and its metabolites in edible oil by pollen based solid-phase extraction combined with gas chromatography-electron capture detection. Food Chem 2022; 377:132021. [PMID: 34999456 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.132021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a convenient and economic method for the determination of fipronil and its three metabolites in edible oil was developed based on pollen grain solid-phase extraction (SPE). As a natural material, pollen grains exhibit well absorption capacity for some polar compounds due to their special functional structures. Their stable composition and appropriate particle size also make them suitable for SPE. In the present study, natural pine pollen grains without broken wall were used as sorbent for selective isolation and enrichment of fipronil and its three metabolites from edible oils based on hydrogen bond interaction. Several parameters influencing the extraction recoveries were investigated. By coupling with gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD), a new method for analysis of fipronil and its metabolites in edible oils was established. The linearity range was 2-200 ng/g with correlation coefficient R2 more than 0.999. The recoveries in edible oils at three spiked concentrations were in the range of 80.1-96.0% with the RSDs less than 10.6% (intra-day) and 11.5% (inter-day). The limit of detection (LOD) for four target analytes were in the range of 0.2-0.6 ng/g, which was comparable to the previous reported methods. Finally, the established method was successfully applied to detect fipronil and its metabolites in several oil samples with different brands from local market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lian Zhou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shi-Wen Yue
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bing-Wei Cheng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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13
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Bodian EHT, Thiaré DD, Bakhoum JP, Mbaye OMA, Diop NA, Diaw PA, Le Jeune B, Coly A, Giamarchi P. Determination of Flumethrin and Tau-Fluvalinate Pyrethroid Insecticides in Surface and Groundwater by Photochemically Induced Fluorescence (PIF). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2040524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- El Hadji Tombé Bodian
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d’Analyse (LPA), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
- Laboratoire OPTIMAG, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Brest Cedex, France
| | - Diène Diégane Thiaré
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d’Analyse (LPA), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jean Pierre Bakhoum
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d’Analyse (LPA), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
- Laboratoire OPTIMAG, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Brest Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Maurice Aly Mbaye
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d’Analyse (LPA), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ndeye Arame Diop
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Electrochimie et Photochimie Analytique, Université A. Diop, Bambey, Senegal
| | - Pape Abdoulaye Diaw
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d’Analyse (LPA), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Electrochimie et Photochimie Analytique, Université A. Diop, Bambey, Senegal
| | - Bernard Le Jeune
- Laboratoire OPTIMAG, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO), Brest Cedex, France
| | - Atanasse Coly
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d’Analyse (LPA), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Philippe Giamarchi
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Electrochimie et Photochimie Analytique, Université A. Diop, Bambey, Senegal
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A generic and rapid analytical method for comprehensive determination of veterinary drugs and other contaminants in raw honey. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1665:462828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Kast C, Kilchenmann V. An in vitro model for assessing the toxicity of pesticides in beeswax on honey bee larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132214. [PMID: 34826914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
While many studies have examined residue levels in beeswax, little is known about the levels that pose a risk for honey bee development. In an in vitro study, we aimed to assess the toxicity of pesticides in wax for worker larvae using coumaphos as a model substance. First, we reared larvae in beeswax with the aim to correlate the larval toxicity to the corresponding levels of coumaphos in beeswax. In a second step, we tested to which extent coumaphos migrates from the beeswax into the larval diet and if such dietary levels are toxic to larvae. We observed dose-related toxicity when larvae were exposed to coumaphos concentrations in beeswax from 30 to 100 mg/kg. The lethal concentration in 50% of the individuals (LC50) was calculated to be 55.9 mg/kg, while the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) for exposure of larvae to coumaphos in wax was 20 mg/kg. Additional test series without larvae allowed to assess the migration of coumaphos from the beeswax into the diet. The resulting dietary coumaphos concentrations were four to five times lower than the initial concentrations in wax. In accordance, the LC50 for chronic exposure of larvae to coumaphos in the diet was 12.5 mg/kg, which was 4.5 times lower than the LC50 obtained for wax exposure. Finally, a coumaphos level of 20 mg/kg in wax led to a dietary concentration of 3.9 mg/kg that was close to the NOEC of 3 mg/kg obtained in the diet. In conclusion, both experimental approaches suggest that coumaphos concentrations of up to 20 mg/kg in wax are non-lethal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kast
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, Bern, 3003, Switzerland.
| | - Verena Kilchenmann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
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16
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Yang Y, Lin G, Liu L, Lin T. Rapid determination of multi-antibiotic residues in honey based on modified QuEChERS method coupled with UPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2021; 374:131733. [PMID: 34875428 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues in honey cause public health problems. To analyze multi-antibiotic residues in honey, a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) extraction method coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous quantification of 70 antibiotic residues in honey. Matrix-matched calibrations indicated the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.998. The recovery was in a range of 70.5%-119.8% with intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) of ≤ 10.0% and inter-day RSD of ≤ 13.9%. The limits of detection ranged between 0.050 μg/kg and 1.02 μg/kg. Limits of quantification was 0.17 μg/kg to 3.40 μg/kg. The matrix effects were negligible in 71.4% of compounds and moderately in 24.3% of compounds. Methacycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline and its metabolite 4-tetracycline residues were detected in the tested samples. Validation parameters were acceptable and were in line with the Codex guidelines. This method was effective for detecting multi-antibiotic residues in honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou 350001, China; College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guobing Lin
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Lijing Liu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Tainan Lin
- Fujian Provincial Governmental Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China.
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17
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Islam AKMM, Noh HH, Ro JH, Kim D, Oh MS, Son K, Kwon H. Optimization and validation of a method for the determination of acidic pesticides in cabbage and spinach by modifying QuEChERS procedure and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122667. [PMID: 33915385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed and combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to analyze 12 acidic pesticides in cabbage and spinach. The extraction solvents, phase partition salts and sorbents effect was studied to optimize the method followed by dilution before sample injection. The extraction involved 5% formic acid in acetonitrile, and the liquid-liquid partition was salt-induced. Carbopack Z, a high surface area graphitized carbon black, was a new sorbent used in the clean-up. The results show that Carbopack Z effectively removes interferences with little loss of acidic pesticides. All tested pesticide recoveries were satisfactory when Carbopack Z was combined with C18 in the clean-up at optimized condition. After clean-up, the extract was subjected to 10-fold dilution to sufficiently reduce the matrix effect (<20%). The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1-5 ng/g, and the mean recovery was between 95 and 110% with a relative standard deviation <20% (between 2% and 10%) for the spiking of three concentrations: 5, 50, and 500 ng/g. The extract was less pigmented in the modified QuEChERS method than its original version. Thus, the modified method is a useful alternative for investigating the acidic pesticide residues in cabbage and spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Kasem Mohammad Mydul Islam
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Noh
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Ro
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbi Kim
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Oh
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungae Son
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kwon
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea; Planning and Coordination Bureau, Rural Development Administration, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabukdo, 54875, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Tan P, Xu L, Wei XC, Huang HZ, Zhang DK, Zeng CJ, Geng FN, Bao XM, Hua H, Zhao JN. Rapid Screening and Quantitative Analysis of 74 Pesticide Residues in Herb by Retention Index Combined with GC-QQQ-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:8816854. [PMID: 33510929 PMCID: PMC7826212 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8816854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a very practical QuEChERS-GC-MS/MS analytical approach for 74 pesticide residues in herb based on retention index was established. This novel analytical approach has two important technical advantages. One advantage is to quickly screen pesticide compounds in herbs without having to use a large number of pesticide standard substances at the beginning of the experiment. The other advantage is to assist in identifying the target pesticide compound accurately. A total of 74 kinds of pesticides were quickly prescreened in all chuanxiong rhizoma samples. The results showed that three kinds of pesticides were screened out in all the samples, including chlorpyrifos, fipronil, and procymidone, and the three pesticides were qualitatively and quantitatively determined. The RSD values for interday and intraday variation were acquired to evaluate the precision of the analytical approach, and the overall interday and intraday variations are not more than 1.97% and 3.82%, respectively. The variations of concentrations of the analyzed three pesticide compounds in sample CX16 are 0.74%-4.15%, indicating that the three pesticides in the sample solutions were stable in 48 h. The spiked recoveries of the three pesticides are 95.22%, 93.03%, and 94.31%, and the RSDs are less than ± 6.0%. The methodological verification results indicated the good reliability and accuracy of the new analytical method. This research work is a new application of retention index, and it will be a valuable tool to assist quickly and accurately in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of multipesticide residues in herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xi-Chuan Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hao-Zhou Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ding-Kun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chen-Juan Zeng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Medicinal American Cockroach, Sichuan Good Doctor Panxi Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Fu-Neng Geng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Medicinal American Cockroach, Sichuan Good Doctor Panxi Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Bao
- Shimadzu Enterprise Management (China) Co.,Ltd., Chengdu 610023, China
| | - Hua Hua
- Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jun-Ning Zhao
- Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610041, China
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19
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Sakai T, Kikuchi H, Nawata H, Nemoto S, Akiyama H. [Analytical Method for Fipronil and Fipronil Sulfone in Livestock Products Using LC-MS/MS]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2020; 61:171-177. [PMID: 33132360 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.61.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of fipronil and fipronil sulfone (metabolite B) in livestock products was developed. The analytes were extracted from samples with acidic acetonitrile. The crude extracts were subjected to clean-up step using neutral alumina cartridge column. The HPLC separation was performed on a C18 column with isocratic elution of acetonitrile and ammonium formate solution. For the determination of the analytes, a tandem mass spectrometry with negative ion electrospray ionization was used. In the recovery tests using 6 livestock products fortified with MRLs levels of analytes, the truenesses for fipronil and fipronil sulfone were 95 to 115 and 94 to 101% with the repeatabilities of 0.8 to 4.1 and 0.9 to 5.1 RSD%, respectively. The limits of quantification for both analytes were estimated to be 0.001 mg/kg. The developed method is considered suitable for regulatory analysis of fipronil and fipronil sulfone.
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20
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Zhu Y, Du P, Yang J, Yin Q, Yang Y. Screening of multiclass pesticide residues in maca and Moringa oleifera by a modified QuEChERS sample preparation procedure and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36906-36919. [PMID: 35517969 PMCID: PMC9057067 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of 75 pesticides in maca and Moringa oleifera with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The developed method was validated in accordance with linearity, linear range, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, and matrix effect. Each analyte had good linearity (R2 > 0.99) in the corresponding concentration range. The method LOD and LOQ values of all the analytes ranged from 0.01 μg kg−1 to 303.35 μg kg−1 and 0.03 μg kg−1 to 1011.15 μg kg−1, respectively. The recoveries (n = 6) of the analyzed pesticides were in the range of 75.92–113.43%. The RSDs of precision were between 0.60% and 7.36%. All matrix effect values ranged from 81.79% to 118.71% and 80.36% to 119.64% in maca and Moringa oleifera, respectively. The analysis of 103 samples showed the presence of isofenphos-methyl in some of them. The method had a good application prospect and could be used as a general approach for the quantitative determination of pesticide residues in food. In the present study, a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of 75 pesticides in maca and Moringa oleifera with UPLC-ESI-MS/MS.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Zhu
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China +86-87165113971 +86-87165113971.,Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province Kunming 650093 China.,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 China
| | - Ping Du
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China +86-87165113971 +86-87165113971.,Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province Kunming 650093 China
| | - Jun Yang
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China +86-87165113971 +86-87165113971.,Analysis and Test Center of Yunnan Province Kunming 650093 China
| | - Qinhong Yin
- Faculty of Narcotics Control, Yunnan Police College Kunming 650223 China
| | - Yaling Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 China
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21
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Almeida MO, Oloris SCS, Faria VHF, Ribeiro MCM, Cantini DM, Soto-Blanco B. Optimization of Method for Pesticide Detection in Honey by Using Liquid and Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometric Detection. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101368. [PMID: 32993071 PMCID: PMC7599512 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to optimize and validate a multi-residue method for identifying and quantifying pesticides in honey by using both gas and liquid chromatographic separation followed by mass spectrometric detection. The proposed method was validated to detect 168 compounds, 127 of them by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric detection) and 41 by GC-MS/MS (gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometric detection). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for the analytes determined by LC-MS/MS were 0.0001–0.0004 mg/kg and 0.0002–0.0008 mg/kg, respectively. For GC-MS/MS analyses, the LOD and LOQ values were 0.001–0.004 mg/kg and 0.002–0.008 mg/kg. In total, 33 samples of commercial honey produced by apiaries in six Brazilian states were analyzed with the validated method. Residual amounts of 15 analytes were detected in 31 samples (93.9%). The method described in the present study was able to detect an extensive and broad range of pesticides with very high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O. Almeida
- Instituto Otávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil; (M.O.A.); (S.C.S.O.); (V.H.F.F.); (M.C.M.R.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Silvia Catarina S. Oloris
- Instituto Otávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil; (M.O.A.); (S.C.S.O.); (V.H.F.F.); (M.C.M.R.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Vanessa Heloisa F. Faria
- Instituto Otávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil; (M.O.A.); (S.C.S.O.); (V.H.F.F.); (M.C.M.R.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Márcia Cassimira M. Ribeiro
- Instituto Otávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil; (M.O.A.); (S.C.S.O.); (V.H.F.F.); (M.C.M.R.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Daniel M. Cantini
- Instituto Otávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil; (M.O.A.); (S.C.S.O.); (V.H.F.F.); (M.C.M.R.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Benito Soto-Blanco
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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22
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Berneira LM, dos Santos MAZ, da Silva CC, Passos LF, Ortiz RS, Machado ADM, de Pereira CMP. Evaluation of extraction procedures applied to apprehended formulations of agrochemicals. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Li X, Ma W, Li H, Zhang Q, Ma Z. Determination of residual fipronil and its metabolites in food samples: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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One-step cold-induced aqueous two-phase system for the simultaneous determination of fipronil and its metabolites in dietary samples by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry and the application in Total Diet Study. Food Chem 2020; 309:125748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Recent developments and applications of QuEChERS based techniques on food samples during pesticide analysis. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Zhang Q, Zhang L, Li Z, Zhang L, Li D. Enhancement of fipronil degradation with eliminating its toxicity in a microbial fuel cell and the catabolic versatility of anodic biofilm. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 290:121723. [PMID: 31302463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of fipronil was investigated in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Almost 79% of 30 mg/L fipronil was rapidly degraded within 12 h by MFC biofilm. Based on the constructed quadratic polynomial model, a maximum fipronil degradation rate of 94.22% could be theoretically achieved at pH of 7.01, 33.39 °C, and the initial fipronil concentration 74 mg/L after incubation for 72 h. The high acute toxicity of fipronil toward zebrafish was largely eliminated after degradation by the MFC. In addition, the MFC biofilm showed catabolic versatility to 4-chloronitrobenzene, sulfanilamide, fluoroglycofen, and azoxystrobin. The microbial community analysis revealed that the functional bacteria Sphaerochaeta, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Azoarcus, and Chryseobacterium were major predominant bacteria in the anodic biofilm. Therefore, the MFC offers a promising approach in treating the environmental contaminants due to its abilities of energy capture from waste substances and catabolic versatility to different organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Shenyang Academy of Environmental Science, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Zehua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Daping Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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27
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Hrynko I, Łozowicka B, Kaczyński P. Comprehensive analysis of insecticides in melliferous weeds and agricultural crops using a modified QuEChERS/LC-MS/MS protocol and of their potential risk to honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:16-27. [PMID: 30530215 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The risk of exposure of honey bees to the presence of insecticides in melliferous plants is higher than previously reported. Therefore, monitoring insecticide residues in these plants is of great importance to honey bee safety. A novelty of the present research was the development of an innovative procedure for determination of residues of 142 insecticides in weeds and agricultural crops among melliferous plants. Phacelia, buckwheat, rape, common dandelion, cornflower and clover were selected for testing. Samples were extracted via QuEChERS. Two single sorbents (Z-Sep and Chitosan) and two combinations of sorbents (PSA/C18/ENVI-Carb/MgSO4, PSA/GCB/MgSO4) were tested. The matrix effect was applied as the main criterion for assessment of the method's effectiveness. The best sorbent for preparation of: (i) common dandelion samples was PSA/GCB/MgSO4, (ii) rape, cornflower and clover samples - PSA/C18/ENVI-Carb/MgSO4 sorbent and (iii) phacelia and buckwheat samples - Z-Sep sorbent. The developed procedure was applied for quantification of insecticide residues in 41 melliferous plant samples to estimate exposure of honey bees to pesticides through calculation of the hazard quotient (HQ). In total, 12 different insecticides were detected. The presence of neonicotinoid insecticides was found 7 times. The residues most frequently identified in melliferous plants were deltamethrin, dimethoate, and its metabolite, omethoate. An increased insecticide risk to honey bees was found for 4.9% and 9.8% of samples, for the oral and contact dose, respectively. This is why the hazard of melliferous plant residues was considered elevated for honey bees. The results clearly demonstrated that the approach developed provides reliable, simple and rapid determination of insecticides in melliferous plants, which is of great importance to honey bee safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Hrynko
- Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Chelmonskiego 22, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Chelmonskiego 22, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Chelmonskiego 22, Bialystok, Poland
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Perestrelo R, Silva P, Porto-Figueira P, Pereira JAM, Silva C, Medina S, Câmara JS. QuEChERS - Fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1070:1-28. [PMID: 31103162 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method is a simple and straightforward extraction technique involving an initial partitioning followed by an extract clean-up using dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). Originally, the QuEChERS approach was developed for recovering pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables, but rapidly gained popularity in the comprehensive isolation of analytes from different matrices. According to PubMed, since its development in 2003 up to November 2018, about 1360 papers have been published reporting QuEChERS as extraction method. Several papers have reported different improvements and modifications to the original QuEChERS protocol to ensure more efficient extractions of pH-dependent analytes and to minimize the degradation of labile analytes. This analytical approach shows several advantages over traditional extraction techniques, requiring low sample and solvent volumes, as well as less time for sample preparation. Furthermore, most of the published studies show that the QuEChERS protocol provides higher recovery rate and a better analytical performance than conventional extraction procedures. This review proposes an updated overview of the most recent developments and applications of QuEChERS beyond its original application to pesticides, mycotoxins, veterinary drugs and pharmaceuticals, forensic analysis, drugs of abuse and environmental contaminants. Their pros and cons will be discussed, considering the factors influencing the extraction efficiency. Whenever possible, the performance of the QuEChERS is compared to other extraction approaches. In addition to the evolution of this technique, changes and improvements to the original method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Priscilla Porto-Figueira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A M Pereira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Catarina Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Sonia Medina
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
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Zheng W, Choi J, Abd El‐Aty AM, Yoo K, Park D, Kim S, Kang Y, Hacımüftüoğlu A, Wang J, Shim J, Shin H. Simultaneous determination of spinosad, temephos, and piperonyl butoxide in animal‐derived foods using LC–MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4493. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Min Choi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - A. M. Abd El‐Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineCairo University Giza Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical FacultyAtaturk University Erzurum Turkey
| | - Kyung‐Hee Yoo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Da‐Hee Park
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seong‐Kwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Sun Kang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and TechnologyKonkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmet Hacımüftüoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical FacultyAtaturk University Erzurum Turkey
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Product Quality and SafetyInstitute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro‐Product, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing PR China
| | - Jae‐Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life SciencesChonnam National University Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Ho‐Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
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Peng XY, Tang YK, Yang WW, Chen YN, Zhou Y, Yuan Y, Huang YF, Liu L. Occurrence of microcystin-LR in vegetated lagoons used for urban runoff management. Toxicon 2019; 160:23-28. [PMID: 30772435 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytoremediation with aquatic macrophyte has been considered as an eco-friendly technique for controlling harmful cyanobacteria outbreak and proven to be effective. The conventional water quality parameters are frequently measured to evaluate the effectiveness of phytoremediation. However, the concentration of microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) in different vegetated water still remains uncertain. In this study, the contents of MC-LR in four macrophyte-vegetated lagoons were determined by solid phase extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry technology. Results indicated that MC-LR was found in Nymphaea tetragona lagoon (lagoon-S), Vallisneria spiralis lagoon (lagoon-B) and another Vallisneria spiralis lagoon (lagoon-J). Only in lagoon dominated by Pistia stratiotes L. (lagoon-D), MC-LR concentration was undiscovered regardless of seasonal variation. The levels of MC-LR varied seasonally and were affected by the different vegetated aquatic macrophytes. The results suggest that in addition to conventional physicochemical parameters and indicators of water quality, MC-LR levels should be taken into consideration when the effectiveness of phytoremediation is assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Peng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yan-Kui Tang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Yang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yu-Nong Chen
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yin-Feng Huang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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Tu Q, Hickey ME, Yang T, Gao S, Zhang Q, Qu Y, Du X, Wang J, He L. A simple and rapid method for detecting the pesticide fipronil on egg shells and in liquid eggs by Raman microscopy. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhang X, Song Y, Jia Q, Zhang L, Zhang W, Mu P, Jia Y, Qian Y, Qiu J. Simultaneous determination of 58 pesticides and relevant metabolites in eggs with a multi-functional filter by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:81-90. [PMID: 30738613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of 58 pesticides and relevant metabolites in eggs was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) after clean-up with a multi-functional filter (MFF) based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method (QuEChERS). The egg sample was extracted with 5 ml water and 10 ml 1% acetic acid in acetonitrile and then salt out with sodium chloride. The extracted solution was filtered directly through an MFF containing 50 mg PSA, 50 mg C18, and 150 mg magnesium sulphate before UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The clean-up and filter procedures were integrated using the MFF to substantially improve the work efficiency. Good linearity was shown for each analyte, and all the correlation coefficients exceeded 0.99. The recoveries in the eggs at the five spiked levels were 74.4%-115.2%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 15.3%. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 58 pesticides and 8 metabolites in eggs were 0.1-1.0 μg/kg and 0.2-5.0 μg/kg, respectively. The decision limit (CCα) and detection capacity (CCβ) were 3.4-111.1 μg/kg and 6.8-122.1 μg/kg, respectively. This method has also been successfully applied in the determination of actual eggs samples. This developed method is more effective and faster in the monitoring of pesticide residue in eggs compared to the traditional analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xining Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yue Song
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pengqian Mu
- China Asia Pacific Application Support Center, AB SCIEX, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yanbo Jia
- China Asia Pacific Application Support Center, AB SCIEX, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Tu X, Wu S, Liu W, Gao Z, Huang S, Chen W. Sugaring-Out Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection for the Determination of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol B in Royal Jelly. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bargańska Ż, Konieczka P, Namieśnik J. Comparison of Two Methods for the Determination of Selected Pesticides in Honey and Honeybee Samples. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102582. [PMID: 30304845 PMCID: PMC6222677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developed and validated analytical methods for the determination of a wide spectrum of pesticide residues in honey and honeybee samples after the modification of QuEChERS extraction in combination with gas chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were discussed and compared. The developed methods were evaluated regarding the utilized equipment and reagents using Eco-Scale and compared in terms of extraction time, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and versatility, with similar procedures. The results proved that the QuEChERS protocol in combination with LC and GC techniques fulfills the requirements of green analytical chemistry, so it can be used as a tool in environmental monitoring. The recovery was 85–116% for honey and 85.5–103.5% for honeybee samples. The developed methods were successfully applied in monitoring real samples collected from three districts of Pomerania in Poland. Analysis of real samples revealed the presence of the following pesticides: bifenthrin, fenpyroximate, methidathione, spinosad, thiamethoxam, triazophos, metconazole and cypermethrin at levels higher than the MRLs established by the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta Bargańska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Narutowicza 11/12 street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Konieczka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Narutowicza 11/12 street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Narutowicza 11/12 street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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