Super paramagnetic core–shells anchored onto silica grafted with C8/NH2 nano-particles for ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid phase extraction of imipramine and desipramine from plasma

Green bioanalysis: an innovative and eco-friendly approach for analyzing drugs in biological matrices

Green bioanalytical techniques aim to reduce or eliminate the hazardous waste produced by bioanalytical technologies. A well-organized and practical approach towards bioanalytical method development has an enormous contribution to the green analysis. The selection of the appropriate sample extraction process, organic mobile phase components and separation technique makes the bioanalytical method green. UHPLC-MS is the best option, whereas supercritical fluid chromatography is one of the most effective green bioanalytical procedures. Nevertheless, there remains excellent scope for further research on green bioanalytical methods. This review details the various sample preparation techniques that follow green analytical chemistry principles. Furthermore, it presents green solvents as a replacement for conventional organic solvents and highlights the strategies to convert modern analytical techniques to green methods.

Mussel-Inspired Magnetic Nanoflowers as an Effective Nanozyme and Antimicrobial Agent for Biosensing and Catalytic Reduction of Organic Dyes

Mussel-inspired chemistry has been embodied as a method for acquiring multifunctional nanostructures. In this research, a novel mussel-inspired magnetic nanoflower was prepared through a mussel-inspired approach. Herein, magnetic PDA-Cu nanoflowers (NFs) were assembled via incorporating magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) into mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) and copper phosphate as the organic and inorganic portions, respectively. Accordingly, the flower-like morphology of MNPs PDA-Cu NFs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and copper phosphate. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) data revealed the superparamagnetic behavior of MNPs (40.5 emu/g) and MNPs PDA-Cu NFs (35.4 emu/g). Catalytic reduction of MNPs PDA-Cu NFs was evaluated through degradation of methylene blue (MB). The reduction of MB pursued the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism and first-order kinetics, in which the apparent reduction rate K app of MB was higher than 1.44 min-1 and the dye degradation ability was 100%. MNPs PDA-Cu NFs also showed outstanding recyclability and reduction efficiency, for at least six cycles. Furthermore, the prepared MNPs PDA-Cu NFs demonstrated a peroxidase-like catalytic activity for catalyzing 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a blue oxidized TMB (oxTMB) solution in the presence of H2O2. Antimicrobial assays for MNPs PDA-Cu and PDA-Cu NFs were conducted on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, we demonstrated how the existence of magnetic nanoparticles in PDA-Cu NFs influences the inhibition of an increasing zone. Based on the results, mussel-inspired magnetic nanoflowers appear to have great potential applications, including those relevant to biological, catalysis, and environmental research.

Physical Separation of Amphiprotic-Polar AproticS for Simultaneous Extraction and Clean-up of Clomiphene from Plasma before Liquid Chromatographic Analysis

An efficient and quantitative two phase freezing (TPF) method coupled with high performance liquid chromatography and UV-Vis detector was developed for the extraction, clean up, and determination of clomiphene citrate (CLC) in plasma samples. The separation of two miscible solvents by TPF method permits that the CLC was efficiently removed from proteins and transferred into the relative aprotic dipolar organic phase and in consequence, gave a higher recovery. The TPF method was compared to conventional liquid-liquid extraction and it gave more clean solution with better reproducibility. Linear range, limit of detection, and limit of quantification for CLC in plasma were obtained in the range of 0.06-18, 0.02, and 0.06 µg mL^-1, respectively. The intraday and interday reproducibility for concentration of 1.0 µg mL^-1 (%RSD) were 3.2% and 4.6%, respectively. In addition, the trueness, ruggedness, and reality of TPF were assessment. Finally, several real plasma samples were successfully analyzed using the developed method.

A Comprehensive Review on Developed Pharmaceutical Analysis Methods by Iranian Analysts in 2018

This article summarizes the publishing activities including bioanalytical and pharmaceutical analyses researches carried out in Iran in 2018 in order to connect academic researchers to those in industry, medical care units and hospitals. A wide spectrum of analytical methods has been used to determine and/or evaluate drug levels in the biological samples, based on physical, chemical and biochemical principles. We have compiled a concise survey of the literature covering 125 reports and tabulated the relevant analytical parameters. Chromatographic and electrochemical methods were found to be the technique of choice for many workers and almost 83% studies were performed by using these methods. This is the first annual review of the literature searching in SCOPUS database for published bioanalytical and pharmaceutical analysis researches in Iran.

Recent Advances in the HPLC Analysis of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Bio-Samples

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Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) are a group of the main category of antidepressant drugs, which are commonly prescribed to treat major depressive disorder. Determination of TCA drugs is very important for clinical and forensic toxicology, especially for therapeutic drug monitoring in various biofluids. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a well-established technique for this purpose. A lot of progress has been made in this field since the past 10 years. Novel extraction techniques, and novel materials for sample preparation, novel columns and novel applications of analysis of various biofluids for the determination of TCAs in combination with other drugs are some typical examples. Moreover, advances have been performed in terms of Green Analytical Chemistry principles. Herein, we aim to discuss the developed HPLC methods that were reported in the literature for the time span of 2008-2018.

Applications of Gas Chromatography for the Analysis of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Biological Matrices

Tricyclic antidepressant drugs (TCAs) are a main category of antidepressants, which are until today widely used for the treatment of psychological disorders due to their low cost and their high efficiency. Therefore, there is a great demand for method development for the determination of TCAs in biofluids, especially for therapeutic drug monitoring. Gas chromatography (GC) was the first chromatographic technique implemented for this purpose. With the recent development in the field of sample preparation, many novel GC applications have been developed. Herein, we aim to report the recent application of GC for the determination of tricyclic antidepressants in biofluids. Emphasis is given to novel extraction techniques and novel materials used for sample preparation.