1
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Wang P, Cheng T, Pan J. Nucleoside Analogs: A Review of Its Source and Separation Processes. Molecules 2023; 28:7043. [PMID: 37894522 PMCID: PMC10608831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs play a crucial role in the production of high-value antitumor and antimicrobial drugs. Currently, nucleoside analogs are mainly obtained through nucleic acid degradation, chemical synthesis, and biotransformation. However, these methods face several challenges, such as low concentration of the main product, the presence of complex matrices, and the generation of numerous by-products that significantly limit the development of new drugs and their pharmacological studies. Therefore, this work aims to summarize the universal separation methods of nucleoside analogs, including crystallization, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), column chromatography, solvent extraction, and adsorption. The review also explores the application of molecular imprinting techniques (MITs) in enhancing the identification of the separation process. It compares existing studies reported on adsorbents of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the separation of nucleoside analogs. The development of new methods for selective separation and purification of nucleosides is vital to improving the efficiency and quality of nucleoside production. It enables us to obtain nucleoside products that are essential for the development of antitumor and antiviral drugs. Additionally, these methods possess immense potential in the prevention and control of serious diseases, offering significant economic, social, and scientific benefits to the fields of environment, biomedical research, and clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianming Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (P.W.); (T.C.)
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2
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Mehrez M, Romand S, Field B. New perspectives on the molecular mechanisms of stress signalling by the nucleotide guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), an emerging regulator of photosynthesis in plants and algae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1086-1099. [PMID: 36349398 PMCID: PMC10107265 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate (together (p)ppGpp) are found in a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms where they are associated with stress signalling. In this review, we will discuss recent research highlighting the role of (p)ppGpp signalling as a conserved regulator of photosynthetic activity in the chloroplasts of plants and algae, and the latest discoveries that open up new perspectives on the emerging roles of (p)ppGpp in acclimation to environmental stress. We explore how rapid advances in the study of (p)ppGpp signalling in prokaryotes are now revealing large gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of signalling by (p)ppGpp and related nucleotides in plants and algae. Filling in these gaps is likely to lead to the discovery of conserved as well as new plant- and algal-specific (p)ppGpp signalling mechanisms that will offer new insights into the taming of the chloroplast and the regulation of stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mehrez
- Aix‐Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR726513009MarseilleFrance
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Tunis El Manar2092TunisTunisia
| | - Shanna Romand
- Aix‐Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR726513009MarseilleFrance
| | - Ben Field
- Aix‐Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR726513009MarseilleFrance
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3
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Jin H, Lao YM, Zhou J, Cai ZH. Identification of a RelA/SpoT Homolog and Its Possible Role in the Accumulation of Astaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:796997. [PMID: 35222463 PMCID: PMC8863741 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.796997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A RelA/SpoT homolog, HpRSH, was identified in Haematococcus pluvialis. HpRSH was found to catalyze Mg2+-dependent guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) synthesis and Mn2+-dependent ppGpp hydrolysis, respectively. The transcription of HpRSH was significantly upregulated by environmental stresses, such as darkness, high light, nitrogen limitation, and salinity stress. The intracellular ppGpp level was also increased when exposed to these stresses. In addition, the classical initiator of stringent response, serine hydroxamate (SHX), was found to upregulate the transcription of HpRSH and increase the level of ppGpp. Moreover, stringent response induced by SHX or environmental stresses was proven to induce the accumulation of astaxanthin. These results indicated that stringent response regulatory system involved in the regulation of astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis. Furthermore, stringent response was unable to induce astaxanthin accumulation under dark condition. This result implied that stringent response may regulate astaxanthin biosynthesis in a light-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Min Lao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Hua Cai
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Bai K, Chen X, Jiang N, Lyu Q, Li J, Luo L. Extraction and detection of guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate in amino acid starvation cells of Clavibacter michiganensis. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1573-1580. [PMID: 33837930 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) is a small molecule nucleotide alarmone that can accumulate under the amino acid starvation state and trigger the stringent response. This study reported the extraction of ppGpp from the Gram-positive bacteria Clavibacter michiganensis through methods using formic acid, lysozyme, or methanol. Following extraction, ppGpp was detected through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The methanol method showed the highest extraction efficiency for ppGpp among the three methods tested. C. michiganensis cells in exponential growth phase was induced in amino acid starvation by serine hydroxamate (SHX) and used for ppGpp extraction and detection. When using the methanol extraction method, the results showed that ppGpp concentrations in SHX-treated samples were 15.645 nM, 17.656 nM, 20.372 nM, and 19.280 nM at 0 min, 15 min, 30 min and 1 h, respectively, when detected using LC-MS/MS. This is the first report on ppGpp extraction and detection in Clavibacter providing a new idea and approach for nucleotide detection and extraction in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihong Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Laixin Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Erkmen C, Gebrehiwot WH, Uslu B. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC): Latest Applications in the Pharmaceutical Researches. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916666200402101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Significant advances have been occurred in analytical research since the 1970s
by Liquid Chromatography (LC) as the separation method. Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography
(RPLC) method, using hydrophobic stationary phases and polar mobile phases, is the most commonly
used chromatographic method. However, it is difficult to analyze some polar compounds with this
method. Another separation method is the Normal Phase Liquid Chromatography (NPLC), which involves
polar stationary phases with organic eluents. NPLC presents low-efficiency separations and
asymmetric chromatographic peak shapes when analyzing polar compounds. Hydrophilic Interaction
Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) is an interesting and promising alternative method for the analysis of
polar compounds. HILIC is defined as a separation method that combines stationary phases used in the
NPLC method and mobile phases used in the RPLC method. HILIC can be successfully applied to all
types of liquid chromatographic separations such as pharmaceutical compounds, small molecules, metabolites,
drugs of abuse, carbohydrates, toxins, oligosaccharides, peptides, amino acids and proteins.
Objective:
This paper provides a general overview of the recent application of HILIC in the pharmaceutical
research in the different sample matrices such as pharmaceutical dosage form, plasma, serum,
environmental samples, animal origin samples, plant origin samples, etc. Also, this review focuses on
the most recent and selected papers in the drug research from 2009 to the submission date in 2020,
dealing with the analysis of different components using HILIC.
Results and Conclusion:
The literature survey showed that HILIC applications are increasing every
year in pharmaceutical research. It was found that HILIC allows simultaneous analysis of many compounds
using different detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Erkmen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara,Turkey
| | | | - Bengi Uslu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara,Turkey
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Jin H, Lao YM, Ying KZ, Zhou J, Cai ZH. Stringent Response Regulates Stress Resistance in Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:511801. [PMID: 33281752 PMCID: PMC7688982 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.511801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are serious environmental issues in global freshwater ecosystems. Nitrogen limitation is one of the most important strategies to control cyanobacterial blooms. However, recent researches showed that N limitation does not effectively control the bloom; oppositely, N limitation induces N-fixing cyanobacterial blooms. The mechanism underlying this ecological event is elusive. In this study, we found that N limitation enhances stress tolerance of Microcystis aeruginosa by triggering stringent response (SR), one of the most important bacterial adaptive responses to environmental stresses. Initiation of SR exerted protective effects on the cells against salt and oxidative stresses by promoting colony formation, maintaining membrane integrity, increasing photosynthetic performance, reducing ROS production, upregulating stress-related genes, etc. These protections possibly help M. aeruginosa maintain their population number during seasonal N limitation. As SR has been proven to be involved in nitrogen fixing under N limitation conditions, the potential role of SR in driving the shift and succession of cyanobacterial blooms was discussed. Our findings provide cellular evidence and possible mechanisms that reducing N input is ineffective for bloom control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Min Lao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Zhen Ying
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Hua Cai
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Imholz NCE, Noga MJ, van den Broek NJF, Bokinsky G. Calibrating the Bacterial Growth Rate Speedometer: A Re-evaluation of the Relationship Between Basal ppGpp, Growth, and RNA Synthesis in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574872. [PMID: 33042085 PMCID: PMC7527470 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.574872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecule guanosine tetraphophosphate (ppGpp) is most commonly considered an alarmone produced during acute stress. However, ppGpp is also present at low concentrations during steady-state growth. Whether ppGpp controls the same cellular targets at both low and high concentrations remains an open question and is vital for understanding growth rate regulation. It is widely assumed that basal ppGpp concentrations vary inversely with growth rate, and that the main function of basal ppGpp is to regulate transcription of ribosomal RNA in response to environmental conditions. Unfortunately, studies to confirm this relationship and to define regulatory targets of basal ppGpp are limited by difficulties in quantifying basal ppGpp. In this Perspective we compare reported concentrations of basal ppGpp in E. coli and quantify ppGpp within several strains using a recently developed analytical method. We find that although the inverse correlation between ppGpp and growth rate is robust across strains and analytical methods, absolute ppGpp concentrations do not absolutely determine RNA synthesis rates. In addition, we investigated the consequences of two separate RNA polymerase mutations that each individually reduce (but do not abolish) sensitivity to ppGpp and find that the relationship between ppGpp, growth rate, and RNA content of single-site mutants remains unaffected. Both literature and our new data suggest that environmental conditions may be communicated to RNA polymerase via an additional regulator. We conclude that basal ppGpp is one of potentially several agents controlling ribosome abundance and DNA replication initiation, but that evidence for additional roles in controlling macromolecular synthesis requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C E Imholz
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Marek J Noga
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Niels J F van den Broek
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Gregory Bokinsky
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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Quantification of guanosine triphosphate and tetraphosphate in plants and algae using stable isotope-labelled internal standards. Talanta 2020; 219:121261. [PMID: 32887152 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine tetraphosphate (G4P) and guanosine pentaphosphate (G5P) are signalling nucleotides found in bacteria and photosynthetic eukaryotes that are implicated in a wide-range of processes including stress acclimation, developmental transitions and growth control. Measurements of G4P/G5P levels are essential for studying the diverse roles of these nucleotides. However, G4P/G5P quantification is particularly challenging in plants and algae due to lower cellular concentrations, compartmentalization and high metabolic complexity. Despite recent advances the speed and accuracy of G4P quantification in plants and algae can still be improved. Here, we report a new approach for rapid and accurate G4P quantification which relies on the use of synthesized stable isotope-labelled as internal standards. We anticipate that this approach will accelerate research into the function of G4P signaling in plants, algae and other organisms.
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Haas TM, Qiu D, Häner M, Angebauer L, Ripp A, Singh J, Koch HG, Jessen-Trefzer C, Jessen HJ. Four Phosphates at One Blow: Access to Pentaphosphorylated Magic Spot Nucleotides and Their Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14496-14506. [PMID: 32502348 PMCID: PMC7684580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
complex phosphorylation pattern of natural and modified pentaphosphorylated
magic spot nucleotides is generated in a highly efficient way. A cyclic
pyrophosphoryl phosphoramidite (cPyPA) reagent is used to introduce
four phosphates on nucleosides regioselectively in a one-flask key
transformation. The obtained magic spot nucleotides are used to develop
a capillary electrophoresis UV detection method, enabling nucleotide
assignment in complex bacterial extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Haas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Danye Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Häner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Angebauer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Ripp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Koch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Jessen-Trefzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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