1
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Mahajan R, Ravi PR, Khan MS. Optimization of a HPLC-UV bioanalytical method using Box-Behnken design to determine the oral pharmacokinetics of neratinib maleate in Wistar rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5731. [PMID: 37651999 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The current research work reports the development and validation of a sensitive, robust and reproducible bioanalytical method for quantifying neratinib maleate in rat plasma. More than 85% of the drug was extracted from the plasma samples by protein precipitation. The method was optimized using Box-Behnken design, a response surface method. The effect of three critical factors, viz., the pH of the buffer (X1 ), the aqueous phase proportion in the mobile phase (X2 ) and the mobile phase flow rate (X3 ), was studied on two response variables, retention time (Y1 ) and United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) width (Y2 ). With the highest overall desirability function value of 0.943, the obtained optimized method conditions were: X1 = 2.4 ± 0.1; X2 = 66.7 ml, and X3 = 0.85 ml/min. Under the optimized conditions, the values of Y1 and Y2 for a sample containing 1 ppm of the drug were found to be 14.1 min and 0.50 ± 0.003, respectively. Single-dose intravenous bolus (7.5 mg/kg) and oral (15 mg/kg) pharmacokinetic studies were performed to determine the absolute bioavailability of the drug. The optimized bioanalytical method was sensitive enough to capture 95% of the drug eliminated from the body. The absolute oral bioavailability of the drug was 49.30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Mahajan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Medchal District, Telangana, India
| | - Punna Rao Ravi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Medchal District, Telangana, India
| | - Md Shareef Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Medchal District, Telangana, India
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2
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Lee HJ, Lee S, Ryu HY, Shim SM. Safety evaluation of kaempferol glycosides-rich standardized roasted goji berry leaf extract. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 140:105382. [PMID: 36944407 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Goji berry leaf (GL) has been used for medicinal foods for its pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidative and anti-obesity activities. Nevertheless, toxicological information on GL is limited for developing health functional ingredient. The aim of the research was to evaluate the single dose acute, 14-day repeated oral toxicity, and genotoxicity of standardized roasted GL extract (rGL) rich in kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside. Tested rGL was found to be stable as kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, showing 0.7-2.1% of analytical standard variance. According to the single dose toxicity for 14 days, the lethal dose of rGL was determined to be ≥ 2000 mg/kg. Repeated doses of 0-1000 mg/kg of rGL per day for 14 days did not show any toxicity signs or gross pathological abnormalities. No genotoxic signs for the rGL treatment appeared via bacterial reverse mutation up to 5000 μg/plate. There was no significant increase in chromosomal aberration of rGL irrespective of metabolic activation by using CHO-K1 cells (p > 0.05). Regarding carcinogenic toxicity, chromosomal aberrations were not induced at 2000 mg of rGL/kg by using the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test (p > 0.05). Results from the current study suggest that rGL could be used as a functional ingredient to provide various effects with safety assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Somin Lee
- Department of Bio Technology, Korea Conformity Laboratories, 145 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 219998, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeol Ryu
- Department of Bio Technology, Korea Conformity Laboratories, 145 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 219998, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Mi Shim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Raman S, Khan AA, Mahmood S. Nose to brain delivery of selegiline loaded PLGA/lipid nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterisation and brain pharmacokinetics evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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4
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ALSaeedy M, Hasan A, Al-Adhreai A, Alrabie A, Qaba H, Mashrah A, Öncü-Kaya EM. An overview of liquid chromatographic methods for analyzing new generation anti-epileptic drugs. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2022.2134146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed ALSaeedy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Dhamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education-Albaydha, Albaydha University, Albaydha, Yemen
| | - Ahmed Hasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduation School of Health Science, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Arwa Al-Adhreai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Dhamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad of Arts, Science and Commerce, Aurangabad, India
| | - Ali Alrabie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education-Albaydha, Albaydha University, Albaydha, Yemen
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad of Arts, Science and Commerce, Aurangabad, India
| | - Hafsah Qaba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Graduation School of Health Sciences, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Abdulrahman Mashrah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
- Department of Food Engineering, Institute of Natural Sciences-Sakarya, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Elif Mine Öncü-Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Salehi S, Nourbakhsh MS, Yousefpour M, Rajabzadeh G, Sahab-Negah S. Chitosan-coated niosome as an efficient curcumin carrier to cross the blood-brain barrier: an animal study. J Liposome Res 2021; 32:284-292. [PMID: 34957899 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2021.2019763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to improve the curcumin bio-stability and brain permeability by loading in bare niosome (BN) and chitosan-coated niosome (ChN). Span 60, tween 60, and cholesterol were optimized as niosome shell components to attain the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE), besides the lowest particle size, using the mixture design method. The resulting optimized BN had a mean diameter of 80 ± 0.2 nm and surface charge of -31 ± 0.1 mv, which changed to 85 ± 0.15 nm and 35 ± 0.12 mv, respectively, after applying the chitosan layer. The EE% in bare niosome were about 80 ± 0.2, which changed to 82 ± 0.21 in ChN. The optimized formulation displayed sustained release, following the Hixson-Crowell model.Wistar rats were subjected to intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of BN and ChN to evaluate the blood-brain barrier permeability of the curcumin. In this regard, ChN significantly increased curcumin concentration in different parts of the liver, plasma, and central nervous system (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and stratum), compared with BN. Altogether, our results showed that ChN could be used as a promising delivery system for the treatment of some neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Salehi
- Faculty of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Mardali Yousefpour
- Faculty of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ghadir Rajabzadeh
- Department of Food Nanotechnology, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sajad Sahab-Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Teharn, Iran
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Meirinho S, Rodrigues M, Fortuna A, Falcão A, Alves G. Liquid chromatographic methods for determination of the new antiepileptic drugs stiripentol, retigabine, rufinamide and perampanel: A comprehensive and critical review. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:405-421. [PMID: 34513117 PMCID: PMC8424363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The new antiepileptic drugs perampanel, retigabine, rufinamide and stiripentol have been recently approved for different epilepsy types. Being them an innovation in the antiepileptics armamentarium, a lot of investigations regarding their pharmacological properties are yet to be performed. Besides, considering their broad anticonvulsant activities, an extension of their therapeutic indications may be worthy of investigation, especially regarding other seizure types as well as other central nervous system disorders. Although different liquid chromatographic (LC) methods coupled with ultraviolet, fluorescence, mass or tandem-mass spectrometry detection have already been developed for the determination of perampanel, retigabine, rufinamide and stiripentol, new and more cost-effective methods are yet required. Therefore, this review summarizes the main analytical aspects regarding the liquid chromatographic methods developed for the analysis of perampanel, retigabine (and its main active metabolite), rufinamide and stiripentol in biological samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Furthermore, the physicochemical and stability properties of the target compounds will also be addressed. Thus, this review gathers, for the first time, important background information on LC methods that have been developed and applied for the determination of perampanel, retigabine, rufinamide and stiripentol, which should be considered as a starting point if new (bio)analytical techniques are aimed to be implemented for these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meirinho
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior (CICS UBI), 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Márcio Rodrigues
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior (CICS UBI), 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda (UDI-IPG), 6300-654, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior (CICS UBI), 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
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Dalvi A, Ravi PR, Uppuluri CT. Rufinamide-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles in Xyloglucan-Based Thermoresponsive In Situ Gel for Direct Nose to Brain Delivery. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:691936. [PMID: 34234679 PMCID: PMC8257053 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.691936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2004, the US FDA approved Rufinamide, an anti-epileptic drug under the brand name Banzel®. In 2015, Banzel® received approval for its use in pediatric patients (ages 1–4 years). Rufinamide shows low oral bioavailability due to a low dissolution rate resulting in less of the drug reaching the brain. This has led to the high dose and dosing frequency of Rufinamide. In this work, using the principle of design of experiments (DoE), we have formulated Rufinamide-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and suspended them in a solution of a thermoresponsive polymer–tamarind seed xyloglucan to form a nasal in situ gel for direct nose to brain delivery of Rufinamide. The nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, and physical stability. The in situ gel formulations were characterized for rheological properties, stability, and in vivo plasma and brain pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetic parameters were computed for aqueous suspension of nanoparticles and in situ gelling formulation for nanoparticles and compared with the pharmacokinetic parameters of an aqueous suspension of plain Rufinamide. The percentage of direct transport efficiency (% DTE) and direct transport percentage (%DTP) values were calculated for all the formulations. The optimized nanoparticle formulation showed a size of 180 ± 1.5 nm, a zeta potential of 38.3 ± 1.5 mV, entrapment efficiency of 75 ± 2.0%, and drug loading of 11 ± 0.3%. The in situ gelling formulation of nanoparticles showed a solution to the gel transition temperature of 32°C. The %DTE values for aqueous suspension of nanoparticles and in situ gelling formulation for nanoparticles were 988.5 and 1177.3 and the %DTP values were 86.06 and 91.5 respectively.
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8
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El Zahar NM, Sutton JM, Bartlett MG. Assessment of brain-to-blood drug distribution using liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5123. [PMID: 33783841 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of already existing and new drugs under development to the brain necessitates passage across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with its tight intercellular junctions, molecular components and transporter systems. Consequently, it is critical to identify the extent of brain permeation and the partitioning across the BBB. The interpretation of brain-to-blood ratios is considered to be a significant and fundamental approach for estimating drug penetration through BBB, the brain-targeting ability and central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics. Among the different bioanalytical techniques, liquid chromatography with various detectors has been widely used for determination of these ratios. This review defines the different approaches for sample preparation, extraction techniques and liquid chromatography procedures concerned with the determination of drugs in blood and brain tissues and the assessment of brain-to-blood levels. These approaches are expanded to cover the analysis of several drug classes such as CNS-acting drugs, chemotherapeutics, antidiabetics, herbal medicinal products, radiopharmaceuticals, antibiotics and antivirals. Accordingly, stability in biological matrices and matrix effects are investigated. The different administration/formulation effects and the possible deviations in these ratios are also disscussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M El Zahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Ras-Sedr, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt
| | - J Michael Sutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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9
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Dalvi AV, Ravi PR, Uppuluri CT, Mahajan RR, Katke SV, Deshpande VS. Thermosensitive nasal in situ gelling systems of rufinamide formulated using modified tamarind seed xyloglucan for direct nose-to-brain delivery: design, physical characterization, and in vivo evaluation. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-020-00505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Stojanović J, Krmar J, Protić A, Svrkota B, Đajić N, Otašević B. Experimental design in HPLC separation of pharmaceuticals. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm71-32480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Design of Experiments (DoE) is an indispensable tool in contemporary drug analysis as it simultaneously balances a number of chromatographic parameters to ensure optimal separation in High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This manuscript briefly outlines the theoretical background of the DOE and provides step-by-step instruction for its implementation in HPLC pharmaceutical practice. It particularly discusses the classification of various design types and their possibilities to rationalize the different stages of HPLC method development workflow, such as the selection of the most influential factors, factors optimization and assessment of the method robustness. Additionally, the application of the DOE-based Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) concept in the LC method development has been summarized. Recent achievements in the use of DOE in the development of stability-indicating LC and hyphenated LC-MS methods have also been briefly reported. Performing of Quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) study enhanced with DOE-based data collection was recomended as a future perspective in description of retention in HPLC system.
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Sommerfeld-Klatta K, Zielińska-Psuja B, Karaźniewcz-Łada M, Główka FK. New Methods Used in Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Monitoring of the First and Newer Generations of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs). Molecules 2020; 25:E5083. [PMID: 33147810 PMCID: PMC7663638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The review presents data from the last few years on bioanalytical methods used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of the 1st-3rd generation and the newest antiepileptic drug (AEDs) cenobamate in patients with various forms of seizures. Chemical classification, structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic data and therapeutic ranges for total and free fractions and interactions were collected. The primary data on bioanalytical methods for AEDs determination included biological matrices, sample preparation, dried blood spot (DBS) analysis, column resolution, detection method, validation parameters, and clinical utility. In conclusion, the most frequently described method used in AED analysis is the LC-based technique (HPLC, UHPLC, USLC) combined with highly sensitive mass detection or fluorescence detection. However, less sensitive UV is also used. Capillary electrophoresis and gas chromatography have been rarely applied. Besides the precipitation of proteins or LLE, an automatic SPE is often a sample preparation method. Derivatization was also indicated to improve sensitivity and automate the analysis. The usefulness of the methods for TDM was also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sommerfeld-Klatta
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.-K.); (B.Z.-P.)
| | - Barbara Zielińska-Psuja
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.-K.); (B.Z.-P.)
| | - Marta Karaźniewcz-Łada
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Franciszek K. Główka
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland;
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12
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Improved Achiral and Chiral HPLC-UV Analysis of Ruxolitinib in Two Different Drug Formulations. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, two new reversed-phase (RP) HPLC-UV methods enabling the quantitative achiral and chiral analysis of ruxolitinib in commercial tablets (containing 20 mg of active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) and not commercially available galenic capsules (with 5 mg of API) are described. For the achiral method based on the use of a water/acetonitrile [70:30, v/v; with 0.1% (v) formic acid] eluent, a “research validation” study was performed mostly following the “International Council for Harmonization” guidelines. All the system suitability parameters were within the acceptance criteria: tailing factor, between 1.7 and 2.0; retention factor, 2.2; number of theoretical plates, >9000. The linearity curve showed R2 = 0.99 (Rxv2 = 0.99), while trueness (expressed as recovery) was between 96.3 and 106.3%. Coefficient of variations (CVs) (repeatability: CVw and intermediate precision: CVIP) did not exceed 1.3% and 2.9%, respectively. Moreover, the use of the enantiomeric Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phases operated under similar RP eluent conditions as for the achiral analyses, and the “inverted chirality columns approach (ICCA)” allowed us to establish that the enantiomeric purity of ruxolitinib is retained upon reformulation from tablets to capsules. The two developed methods can allow accurate determinations of ruxolitinib in drug formulations for medical use.
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Saini S, Sharma T, Patel A, Kaur R, Tripathi SK, Katare OP, Singh B. QbD-steered development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for quantification of ferulic acid: Rational application of chemometric tools. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1155:122300. [PMID: 32771967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes the systematic development of a simple, rapid, sensitive, robust, effective and cost-effective reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for quantitative analysis of ferulic acid using analytical quality by design paradigms. Initially, apt wavelength for the analysis of ferulic acid was selected employing principal component analysis as the chemometric tool. An Ishikawa fishbone diagram was constructed to delineate various plausible variables influencing analytical target profile, viz. peak area, theoretical plate count, retention time and peak tailing as the critical analytical attributes. Risk assessment using risk estimation matrix and factor screening studies employing Taguchi design aided in demarcating two critical method parameters, viz. mobile phase ratio and flow rate affecting critical analytical attributes. Subsequently, the optimum operational conditions of the liquid chromatographic method were delineated using face-centred composite design. Multicollinearity among the chosen factors for optimization was analyzed by the magnitude of variance inflation factor optimized analytical design space, providing optimum method performance, was earmarked using numerical and graphical optimization and corroborated using Monte Carlo simulations. Validation, as per the ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, ratified the efficiency and sensitivity of the developed novel analytical method of ferulic acid in the mobile phase and the human plasma matrix. The optimal method used a mobile phase, comprising of acetonitrile: water (47:53% v/v, pH adjusted to 3.0 with glacial acetic acid), at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min-1, at a λmax of 322 nm using a C18 column. Use of principal component analysis unearthed the suitable wavelength for analysis, while analytical quality by design approach, along with Monte Carlo simulations, facilitated the identification of influential variables in obtaining the "best plausible" validated chromatographic solution for efficient quantification of ferulic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumant Saini
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Teenu Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Asha Patel
- Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Ranjot Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - S K Tripathi
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - O P Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Pyaram A, Rampilla M, Deore J, Sengupta P. Challenges and Strategies for Quantification of Drugs in the Brain: Current Scenario and Future Advancement. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:93-105. [PMID: 32687414 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1791041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The site of action of centrally acting drugs lies inside the brain and therefore, needs to reach the brain to exert their therapeutic efficacy. Discovery and development process of such types of drugs demands their quantification in brain to establish the dose, study pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and optimize the overall efficacy. Moreover, some drugs of other categories also have potential to cross blood-brain barrier resulting in various adverse events by acting centrally. However, the collection of a matrix to analyze the amount of drugs present in brain is highly challenging. In this review, we have summarized different bioanalytical strategies to quantitate drugs inside the brain. A detailed discussion on various in vivo and in vitro techniques for monitoring drugs inside the brain has been incorporated. In addition, various sampling techniques have been discussed in brief with case studies. Therefore, this review can guide the researcher to choose appropriate bioanalytical techniques for analyzing drugs in brain depending upon the specific need and quantification threshold considering the commonly associated difficulties of the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Pyaram
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, INDIA
| | - Madhuri Rampilla
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, INDIA
| | - Jayshri Deore
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, INDIA
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, INDIA
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15
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Huh HW, Song HY, Na YG, Kim M, Han M, Pham TMA, Lee H, Suh J, Lee SJ, Lee HK, Cho CW. Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation of Veratraldehyde and Its Metabolite Veratric Acid in Rat Plasma: An Application for a Pharmacokinetic Study. Molecules 2020; 25:E2800. [PMID: 32560470 PMCID: PMC7357115 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and rapid UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of veratraldehyde and its metabolite veratric acid in rat plasma. Cinnamaldehyde was used as an internal standard (IS) and the one-step protein precipitation method with 0.2% formic acid in acetonitrile (mobile phase B) was used for the sample extraction. Reversed C18 column (YMC-Triart C18 column, 50 mm × 2.0 mm, 1.9 µm) was used for chromatographic separation and was maintained at 30 °C. The total run time was 4.5 min and the electrospray ionization in positive mode was used with the transition m/z 167.07 → 139.00 for veratraldehyde, m/z 183.07 → 139.00 for veratric acid, and m/z 133.00 → 55.00 for IS. The developed method exhibited good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9977), and the lower limits of quantification ranged from 3 to 10 ng/mL for the two analytes. Intra-day precision and accuracy parameters met the criteria (within ±15%) during the validation. The bioanalytical method was applied for the determination of veratraldehyde and veratric acid in rat plasma after oral and percutaneous administration of 300 and 600 mg/kg veratraldehyde. Using the analytical methods established in this study, we can confirm the absorption and metabolism of veratraldehyde in rats for various routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Wook Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Hee-Yong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Young-Guk Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Minki Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Mingu Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Thi Mai Anh Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Hyeonmin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Jungkyu Suh
- Woojung Bio Inc., 145, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Korea; (J.S.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Seok-Jong Lee
- Woojung Bio Inc., 145, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Korea; (J.S.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Hong-Ki Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Cheong-Weon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
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Ameeduzzafar, El-Bagory I, Alruwaili NK, Imam SS, Alomar FA, Elkomy MH, Ahmad N, Elmowafy M. Quality by design (QbD) based development and validation of bioanalytical RP-HPLC method for dapagliflozin: Forced degradation and preclinical pharmacokinetic study. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1667820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameeduzzafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim El-Bagory
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil K. Alruwaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadhel Ahmed Alomar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H. Elkomy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Elmowafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Egypt
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