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Ong ES. Urine Metabolites and Bioactive Compounds from Functional Food: Applications of Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37454386 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2235442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds in functional foods, medicinal plants and others are considered attractive value-added molecules based on their wide range of bioactivity. It is clear that an important role is occupied by polyphenol, phenolic compounds and others. Urine is an effective biofluid to evaluate and monitor alterations in homeostasis and other processes related to metabolism. The current review provides a detailed description of the formation of urine in human body, various aspects relevant to sampling and analysis of urinary metabolites before presenting recent developments leveraging on metabolite profiling of urine. For the profiling of small molecules in urine, advancement of liquid chromatography mass tandem spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), establishment of standardized chemical fragmentation libraries, computational resources, data-analysis approaches with pattern recognition tools have made it an attractive option. The profiling of urinary metabolites gives an overview of the biomarkers associated with the diet and evaluates its biological effects. Metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, purine metabolism and others can be evaluated. Finally, a combination of metabolite profiling with chemical standardization and bioassay in functional food and medicinal plants will likely lead to the identification of new biomarkers and novel biochemical insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Shi Ong
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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2
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Deda O, Begou O, Gika H, Theodoridis G, Agapiou A. Optimization of Carob Products Preparation for Targeted LC-MS/MS Metabolomics Analysis. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050645. [PMID: 37233685 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) is an exceptional source of significant bioactive compounds with great economic importance in the Mediterranean region, where it is widely cultivated. Carob fruit is used for the production of a variety of products and commodities such as powder, syrup, coffee, flour, cakes, and beverages. There is growing evidence of the beneficial effects of carob and the products made from it on a range of health problems. Therefore, metabolomics could be used to explore the nutrient-rich compounds of carob. Sample preparation is a crucial step in metabolomics-based analysis and has a great impact on the quality of the data obtained. Herein, sample preparation of carob syrup and powder was optimized, to enable highly efficient metabolomics-based HILIC-MS/MS analysis. Pooled powder and syrup samples were extracted under different conditions by adjusting pH, solvent type, and sample weight to solvent volume ratio (Wc/Vs). The metabolomics profiles obtained were evaluated using the established criteria of total area and number of maxima. It was observed that the Wc/Vs ratio of 1:2 resulted in the highest number of metabolites, regardless of solvent type or pH. Aqueous acetonitrile with a Wc/Vs ratio of 1:2 satisfied all established criteria for both carob syrup and powder samples. However, when the pH was adjusted, basic aqueous propanol 1:2 Wc/Vs and acidic aqueous acetonitrile 1:2 Wc/Vs provided the best results for syrup and powder, respectively. We strongly believe that the current study could support the standardization of the metabolomics sample preparation process to enable more efficient LC-MS/MS carob analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Deda
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Biomic Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Innovation Area of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Olga Begou
- Biomic Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Innovation Area of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thermi, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Helen Gika
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Biomic Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Innovation Area of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Biomic Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Innovation Area of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thermi, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Agapios Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
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3
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Kohler I, Verhoeven M, Haselberg R, Gargano AF. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography – mass spectrometry for metabolomics and proteomics: state-of-the-art and current trends. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Theodoridis G, Pechlivanis A, Thomaidis NS, Spyros A, Georgiou CA, Albanis T, Skoufos I, Kalogiannis S, Tsangaris GT, Stasinakis AS, Konstantinou I, Triantafyllidis A, Gkagkavouzis K, Kritikou AS, Dasenaki ME, Gika H, Virgiliou C, Kodra D, Nenadis N, Sampsonidis I, Arsenos G, Halabalaki M, Mikros E. FoodOmicsGR_RI. A Consortium for Comprehensive Molecular Characterisation of Food Products. Metabolites 2021; 11:74. [PMID: 33513809 PMCID: PMC7911248 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The national infrastructure FoodOmicsGR_RI coordinates research efforts from eight Greek Universities and Research Centers in a network aiming to support research and development (R&D) in the agri-food sector. The goals of FoodOmicsGR_RI are the comprehensive in-depth characterization of foods using cutting-edge omics technologies and the support of dietary/nutrition studies. The network combines strong omics expertise with expert field/application scientists (food/nutrition sciences, plant protection/plant growth, animal husbandry, apiculture and 10 other fields). Human resources involve more than 60 staff scientists and more than 30 recruits. State-of-the-art technologies and instrumentation is available for the comprehensive mapping of the food composition and available genetic resources, the assessment of the distinct value of foods, and the effect of nutritional intervention on the metabolic profile of biological samples of consumers and animal models. The consortium has the know-how and expertise that covers the breadth of the Greek agri-food sector. Metabolomics teams have developed and implemented a variety of methods for profiling and quantitative analysis. The implementation plan includes the following research axes: development of a detailed database of Greek food constituents; exploitation of "omics" technologies to assess domestic agricultural biodiversity aiding authenticity-traceability control/certification of geographical/genetic origin; highlighting unique characteristics of Greek products with an emphasis on quality, sustainability and food safety; assessment of diet's effect on health and well-being; creating added value from agri-food waste. FoodOmicsGR_RI develops new tools to evaluate the nutritional value of Greek foods, study the role of traditional foods and Greek functional foods in the prevention of chronic diseases and support health claims of Greek traditional products. FoodOmicsGR_RI provides access to state-of-the-art facilities, unique, well-characterised sample sets, obtained from precision/experimental farming/breeding (milk, honey, meat, olive oil and so forth) along with more than 20 complementary scientific disciplines. FoodOmicsGR_RI is open for collaboration with national and international stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.P.); (C.V.); (D.K.)
- Biomic_Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Alexandros Pechlivanis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.P.); (C.V.); (D.K.)
- Biomic_Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (N.S.T.); (A.S.K.); (M.E.D.)
| | - Apostolos Spyros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Constantinos A. Georgiou
- Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Triantafyllos Albanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (T.A.); (I.K.)
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece;
| | - Stavros Kalogiannis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Sindos Campus, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.); (I.S.)
| | - George Th. Tsangaris
- Proteomics Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | | | - Ioannis Konstantinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (T.A.); (I.K.)
| | - Alexander Triantafyllidis
- Biomic_Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (K.G.)
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gkagkavouzis
- Biomic_Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (K.G.)
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia S. Kritikou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (N.S.T.); (A.S.K.); (M.E.D.)
| | - Marilena E. Dasenaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (N.S.T.); (A.S.K.); (M.E.D.)
| | - Helen Gika
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Christina Virgiliou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.P.); (C.V.); (D.K.)
- Biomic_Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Dritan Kodra
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.P.); (C.V.); (D.K.)
- Biomic_Auth, Bioanalysis and Omics Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Nikolaos Nenadis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Sampsonidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Sindos Campus, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.H.); (E.M.)
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Yang Y, Zhang F, Gao S, Wang Z, Li M, Wei H, Zhong R, Chen W. Simultaneous Determination of 34 Amino Acids in Tumor Tissues from Colorectal Cancer Patients Based on the Targeted UHPLC-MS/MS Method. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:4641709. [PMID: 32802550 PMCID: PMC7416278 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4641709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A targeted ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was established and validated for the simultaneous determination of 34 amino acids in tissue samples from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 column (3.0 × 150 mm, 5 μm) with a binary gradient elution system (A, 0.02% heptafluorobutyric acid and 0.2% formic acid in water, v/v; B, methanol). The run time was 10 min. The multiple reaction monitoring mode was chosen with an electrospray ionization source operating in the positive ionization mode for data acquisition. The linear correlation coefficients were >0.99 for all the analytes in their corresponding calibration ranges. The sample was pretreated based on tissue homogenate and protein precipitation with a 100 mg aliquot sample. The average recovery and matrix effect for 34 amino acids and 3 internal standards were 39.00%∼146.95% and 49.45%∼173.63%, respectively. The intra- and interday accuracy for all the analytes ranged from -13.52% to 14.21% (RSD ≤8.57%) and from -14.52% to 12.59% (RSD ≤10.31%), respectively. Deviations of stability under different conditions were within ±15% for all the analytes. This method was applied to simultaneous quantification of 34 amino acids in tissue samples from 94 CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University of CPLA, Shanghai 200003, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The 71st Group Army Hospital of CPLA Army, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University of CPLA, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University of CPLA, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shouhong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University of CPLA, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University of CPLA, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University of CPLA, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University of CPLA, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Renqian Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University of CPLA, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University of CPLA, Shanghai 200003, China
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7
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Lioupi A, Nenadis N, Theodoridis G. Virgin olive oil metabolomics: A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1150:122161. [PMID: 32505112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics involvement in the study of foods is steadily growing. Such a rise is a consequence of the increasing demand in the food sector to address challenges regarding the issues of food safety, quality, and authenticity in a more comprehensive way. Virgin olive oil (VOO) is a key product of the Mediterranean diet, with a globalized consumer interest as it may be associated with various nutritional and health benefits. Despite the strict legislation to protect this high added-value agricultural commodity and offer guarantees to consumers and honest producers, there are still analytical issues needing to be further addressed. Thus, this review aims to present the efforts made using targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches, namely nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry-based techniques (mainly LC/GC-MS) combined with multivariate statistical analysis. Case-studies focusing on geographical/varietal classification and detection of adulteration are discussed with regards to the identification of possible markers. The advantages and limitations of each of the aforementioned techniques applied to VOO analysis are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Lioupi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece; FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh Node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nenadis
- FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh Node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece; FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, AUTh Node, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Kokkinofta R, Yiannopoulos S, Stylianou MA, Agapiou A. Use of Chemometrics for Correlating Carobs Nutritional Compositional Values with Geographic Origin. Metabolites 2020; 10:E62. [PMID: 32050624 PMCID: PMC7074360 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carobs unique compositional and biological synthesis enables their characterization as functional foods. In the present study, 76 samples derived from fruit and seeds of carobs, with origin from the countries of the Mediterranean region (Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Jordan and Palestine) were analyzed for their nutritional composition, in order to identify potential markers for their provenance and address the carobs' authenticity issue. Moisture, ash, fat, proteins, sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose), dietary fibers and minerals (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) were estimated following official methods. Due to the large number of data (76 samples × 17 parameters × 7 countries), chemometric techniques were employed to process them and extract conclusions. The samples of different geographical origin were discriminated with 79% success in total. The carobs from Cyprus, Italy and Spain were correctly classified without error. The main discriminators were found to be the dietary fibers, the carbohydrates and Cu, Zn and Mn, which emphasize their specific nutritional added value to the product and the country of origin impact. The results suggest that the proposed analytical approach is a powerful tool that enables the discrimination of carobs based on their country of origin. This research contributes to authenticity of carobs, adding value to local products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marinos A. Stylianou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Agapios Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Deda O, Virgiliou C, Orfanidis A, Gika HG. Study of Fecal and Urinary Metabolite Perturbations Induced by Chronic Ethanol Treatment in Mice by UHPLC-MS/MS Targeted Profiling. Metabolites 2019; 9:E232. [PMID: 31623107 PMCID: PMC6836053 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) as a consequence of ethanol chronic consumption could lead to hepatic cirrhosis that is linked to high morbidity and mortality. Disease diagnosis is still very challenging and usually clear findings are obtained in the later stage of ALD. The profound effect of ethanol on metabolism can be depicted using metabolomics; thus, the discovery of novel biomarkers could shed light on the initiation and the progression of the ALD, serving diagnostic purposes. In the present study, Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry HILIC-MS/MS based metabolomics analyisis of urine and fecal samples of C57BL/6 mice of both sexes at two sampling time points was performed, monitoring the effect of eight-week ethanol consumption. The altered hepatic metabolism caused by ethanol consumption induces extensive biochemical perturbations and changes in gut microbiota population on a great scale. Fecal samples were proven to be a suitable specimen for studying ALD since it was more vulnerable to the metabolic changes in comparison to urine samples. The metabolome of male mice was affected on a greater scale than the female metabolome due to ethanol exposure. Precursor small molecules of essential pathways of energy production responded to ethanol exposure. A meaningful correlation between the two studied specimens demonstrated the impact of ethanol in endogenous and symbiome metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Deda
- Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (KEDEK), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Christina Virgiliou
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (KEDEK), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Amvrosios Orfanidis
- Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (KEDEK), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Helen G Gika
- Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (KEDEK), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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