Simple and rapid liquid chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for phenol quantification and its stability in tuberculin purified protein derivative preparations

Eco-friendly spectrophotometric methods for concurrent analysis of phenol, 2-aminophenol, and 4-aminophenol in ternary mixtures and water samples: assessment of environmental sustainability

Recently, there has been a high demand for green procedures in analytical chemistry, particularly those utilizing eco-friendly solvents. In this context, three feasible derivative UV spectrophotometric methods namely, derivative ratio-zero crossing spectra (DRZCS), double divisor ratio spectra (DDRS), and successive derivative subtraction coupled with constant multiplication (SDS-CM) were developed to quantify a ternary mixture of phenol (P), 2-aminophenol (2-AP), and 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in real water samples simultaneously, using ethanol as a solvent. The established methods demonstrated a good linear range, covering 2-60 μg mL-1 for P and 2-50 μg mL-1 for 2-AP and 4-AP, in all approaches with a high correlation coefficient (R2 ≥ 0.9995). In compliance with ICH guidelines, the methods exhibited acceptable precision and accuracy, as indicated by good spike recovery with low relative standard deviations. The eco-friendliness of the UV spectrophotometric approach was assessed using analytical eco-scale (AES), analytical greenness (AGREE), and analytical greenness metrics for sample preparation (AGREEprep). These evaluations confirmed the eco-friendliness of the proposed methods in terms of solvents, energy consumption, and waste generation. The proposed procedure proved to be efficient in quantifying each component in laboratory-synthesized mixtures and real water samples, thanks to its simplicity, accuracy, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness.