Analysis of amantadine in Laminaria Japonica and seawater of Daqin Island by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Amantadine Toxicity in Apostichopus japonicus Revealed by Proteomics

Amantadine exposure can alter biological processes in sea cucumbers, which are an economically important seafood in China. In this study, amantadine toxicity in Apostichopus japonicus was analyzed by oxidative stress and histopathological methods. Quantitative tandem mass tag labeling was used to examine changes in protein contents and metabolic pathways in A. japonicus intestinal tissues after exposure to 100 µg/L amantadine for 96 h. Catalase activity significantly increased from days 1 to 3 of exposure, but it decreased on day 4. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities were inhibited throughout the exposure period. Malondialdehyde contents increased on days 1 and 4 but decreased on days 2 and 3. Proteomics analysis revealed 111 differentially expressed proteins in the intestines of A. japonicus after amantadine exposure compared with the control group. An analysis of the involved metabolic pathways showed that the glycolytic and glycogenic pathways may have increased energy production and conversion in A. japonicus after amantadine exposure. The NF-κB, TNF, and IL-17 pathways were likely induced by amantadine exposure, thereby activating NF-κB and triggering intestinal inflammation and apoptosis. Amino acid metabolism analysis showed that the leucine and isoleucine degradation pathways and the phenylalanine metabolic pathway inhibited protein synthesis and growth in A. japonicus. This study investigated the regulatory response mechanisms in A. japonicus intestinal tissues after exposure to amantadine, providing a theoretical basis for further research on amantadine toxicity.

Comparison of two fluorescence quantitative immunochromatographic assays for the detection of amantadine in chicken muscle

The two sensitive fluorescence quantitative immunochromatographic assays (FQICAs), background fluorescence quenching immunochromatographic assay (bFQICA) and time-resolved fluorescent immunochromatographic assay (TRFICA), play an important role increasingly in rapid detection technology for food safety. Amantadine (AMD), used extensively in virus infections in livestock and poultry, has been prohibited due to hazard concerns over public human health. Therefore, AMD was used as a model molecule in the FQICAs establishment and comparison based on the same bioreagents. The outstanding performance in technical parameters of the two FQICAs indicated that they could provide rapid, precise, reliable technical support for large-scale on-site screening for AMD detection. What's more, the systematic and comprehensive comparison of the two FQICAs would give useful suggestions for scientists and users in monitoring the harmful compounds.

Tandem mass spectrometry of small-molecule antiviral drugs: 3. antiviral agents against herpes, influenza and other viral infections

For the treatment of various viral infections, antiviral drugs may be used. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) operated in selected-reaction monitoring (SRM) mode is the method of choice in quantitative bioanalysis of drugs, e.g., to establish bioavailability, to study pharmacokinetics, and later on possibly for therapeutic drug monitoring. In this study, the fragmentation in MS-MS of small-molecule antiviral drugs against herpes and influenza viruses is reviewed. In this way, insight is gained on the identity of the product ions used in SRM. Fragmentation schemes of antiviral agents are also relevant in the identification of drug metabolites or (forced) degradation products. As information of the fragmentation of antiviral drugs in MS-MS and the identity of the product ions is very much scattered in the scientific literature, it was decided to collect this information and to review it. In this third study, attention is paid to small-molecule antiviral agents used against herpes and influenza virus infections. In addition, some attention is paid to broad-spectrum antiviral agents, that are investigated with respect to their efficacy in challenging virus infections of this century, e.g., involving Ebola, Zika and corona viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, which is causing a world-wide pandemic at this very moment. The review provides fragmentation schemes of ca. 35 antiviral agents. The identity of the product ions used in SRM, i.e., elemental composition and exact-m/z, is tabulated, and more detailed fragmentation schemes are provided.