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Zhao Z, Pu Q, Sun T, Huang Q, Tong L, Fan T, Kang J, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Determination of Pralsetinib in Human Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:867-877. [PMID: 38584556 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206290110240326071909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) is widely used for concentration detection of many Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs), including afatinib, crizotinib, and osimertinib. In order to analyze whether pralsetinib takes effect in Rearranged during Transfection (RET)-positive patients with central nervous system metastasis, we aimed to develop a method for the detection of pralsetinib concentrations in human plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) by UPLC-MS/MS. METHODS The method was developed using the external standard method, and method validation included precision, accuracy, stability, extraction recovery, and matrix effect. Working solutions were all obtained based on stock solutions of pralsetinib of 1mg/mL. The plasma/CSF samples were precipitated by acetonitrile for protein precipitation and then separated on an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1×100 mm, 1.8 μm) with a gradient elution using 0.1% formic acid (solution A) and acetonitrile (solution B) as mobile phases at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The tandem mass spectrometry was performed by a triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry system (QTRAPTM 6500+) with an electrospray ion (ESI) source and Analyst 1.7.2 data acquisition system. Data were collected in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) and positive ionization mode. RESULTS A good linear relationship of pralsetinib in both plasma and CSF was successfully established, and the calibration ranges were found to be 1.0-64.0 μg/mL and 50.0ng/mL-12.8 μg/mL for pralsetinib in the plasma and CSF, respectively. Validation was performed, including calibration assessment, selectivity, precision, accuracy, matrix effect, extraction recovery, and stability, and all results have been found to be acceptable. The method has been successfully applied to pralsetinib concentration detection in a clinical sample, and the concentrations have been found to be 475 ng/mL and 61.55 μg/mL in the CSF and plasma, respectively. CONCLUSION We have developed a quick and effective method for concentration detection in both plasma and CSF, and it can be applied for drug monitoring in clinical practice. The method can also provide a reference for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Zhao
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianlun Pu
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tonglin Sun
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liping Tong
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Fan
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyue Kang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Niu ZX, Wang YT, Lu N, Sun JF, Nie P, Herdewijn P. Advances of clinically approved small-molecule drugs for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115868. [PMID: 37844346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer continues to pose a significant challenge as a prominent contributor to global cancer-related mortality. Despite the considerable strides made in therapeutic interventions within the past decade, a substantial population of patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) still face the grim reality of an incurable condition. In the realm of optimal management strategies for individuals afflicted with locally advanced, yet amenable to surgical resection, NSCLC, a therapeutic approach encompassing chemoradiation stands as a fundamental component. Significant strides have been made in the therapeutic landscape of NSCLC during the preceding two decades, facilitating an enhanced comprehension of the underlying disease biology, and mechanisms governing tumor progression, as well as advancements in early detection modalities and multimodal therapeutic interventions. Nevertheless, the overall rates of curative interventions and survival outcomes for NSCLC continue to exhibit a discouragingly low trajectory, particularly in the context of metastatic disease. Hence, the imperative for sustained research endeavors in the realm of novel pharmaceutical agents and combinatorial therapeutic approaches remains paramount, with the overarching objective of broadening the scope of clinical advantages conferred upon a wider demographic of patients, thereby fostering tangible improvements in outcomes pertaining to NSCLC. The primary objective of this review is to provide an all-encompassing examination encompassing the clinical application and synthetic routes of specific drugs, with the explicit aim of disseminating invaluable knowledge that can inform future research and development endeavors focused on NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xi Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China; First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jin-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China.
| | - Peng Nie
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Assessment of In Silico and In Vitro Selpercatinib Metabolic Stability in Human Liver Microsomes Using a Validated LC-MS/MS Method. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062618. [PMID: 36985590 PMCID: PMC10054762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Selpercatinib (SLP; brand name Retevmo®) is a selective and potent RE arranged during transfection (RET) inhibitor. On 21 September 2022, the FDA granted regular approval to SLP (Retevmo, Eli Lilly, and Company). It is considered the only and first RET inhibitor for adults with metastatic or locally advanced solid tumors with RET gene fusion. In the current experiment, a highly specific, sensitive, and fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantifying SLP in human liver microsomes (HLMs) was developed and applied to the metabolic stability evaluation of SLP. The LC-MS/MS method was validated following the bioanalytical methodology validation guidelines outlined by the FDA (linearity, selectivity, matrix effect, accuracy, precision, carryover, and extraction recovery). SLP was detected by a triple quadrupole detector (TQD) using a positive ESI source and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode for mass spectrometric analysis and estimation of analytes ions. The IS-normalized matrix effect and extraction recovery were acceptable according to the FDA guidelines for the bioanalysis of SLP. The SLP calibration standards were linear from 1 to 3000 ng/mL HLMs matrix, with a regression equation (y = 1.7298x + 3.62941) and coefficient of variation (r2 = 0.9949). The intra-batch and inter-batch precision and accuracy of the developed LC-MS/MS method were −6.56–5.22% and 5.08–3.15%, respectively. SLP and filgotinib (FLG) (internal standard; IS) were chromatographically separated using a Luna 3 µm PFP (2) stationary phase (150 × 4.6 mm) with an isocratic mobile phase at 23 ± 1 °C. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.78 ng/mL, revealing the LC-MS/MS method sensitivity. The intrinsic clearance and in vitro t1/2 (metabolic stability) of SLP in the HLMs matrix were 34 mL/min/kg and 23.82 min, respectively, which proposed an intermediate metabolic clearance rate of SLP, confirming the great value of this type of kinetic experiment for more accurate metabolic stability predictions. The literature review approved that the established LC-MS/MS method is the first developed and reported method for quantifying SLP metabolic stability.
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Wang Y, Sparidans RW, Potters S, Şentürk R, Lebre MC, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH. P-Glycoprotein (ABCB1/MDR1) and BCRP (ABCG2) Limit Brain Accumulation and Cytochrome P450-3A (CYP3A) Restricts Oral Exposure of the RET Inhibitor Selpercatinib (RETEVMO). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111087. [PMID: 34832869 PMCID: PMC8617681 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selpercatinib is a targeted, FDA-approved, oral, small-molecule inhibitor for the treatment of rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene mutation-positive cancer. Using genetically modified mouse models, we investigated the roles of the multidrug efflux transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2, the OATP1A/1B uptake transporters, and the drug-metabolizing CYP3A complex in selpercatinib pharmacokinetics. Selpercatinib was efficiently transported by hABCB1 and mAbcg2, but not hABCG2, and was not a substrate of human OATP1A2, -1B1 or -1B3 in vitro. In vivo, brain and testis penetration were increased by 3.0- and 2.7-fold in Abcb1a/1b-/- mice and by 6.2- and 6.4-fold in Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2-/- mice, respectively. Oatp1a/1b deficiency did not alter selpercatinib pharmacokinetics. The ABCB1/ABCG2 inhibitor elacridar boosted selpercatinib brain penetration in wild-type mice to the levels seen in Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2-/- mice. Cyp3a-/- mice showed a 1.4-fold higher plasma AUC0–4h than wild-type mice, which was then 1.6-fold decreased upon transgenic overexpression of human CYP3A4 in liver and intestine. In summary, ABCG2, and especially ABCB1, limit brain and testis penetration of selpercatinib. Elacridar coadministration could mostly reverse these effects, without causing acute toxicity. CYP3A-mediated metabolism can limit selpercatinib oral exposure and hence its tissue concentrations. These insights may be useful in the further clinical development of selpercatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaogeng Wang
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.W.); (M.C.L.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Rolf W. Sparidans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.W.S.); (R.Ş.)
| | - Sander Potters
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Rahime Şentürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.W.S.); (R.Ş.)
| | - Maria C. Lebre
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.W.); (M.C.L.); (J.H.B.)
| | - Jos H. Beijnen
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.W.); (M.C.L.); (J.H.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.W.S.); (R.Ş.)
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred H. Schinkel
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.W.); (M.C.L.); (J.H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-20-512-2046; Fax: +31-20-5121792
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Wang Y, Sparidans RW, Potters S, Lebre MC, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH. ABCB1 and ABCG2, but not CYP3A4 limit oral availability and brain accumulation of the RET inhibitor pralsetinib. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105850. [PMID: 34450308 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pralsetinib is an FDA-approved oral small-molecule inhibitor for treatment of rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer. We investigated how the efflux transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2, the SLCO1A/1B uptake transporters and the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A influence pralsetinib pharmacokinetics. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vitro, transepithelial pralsetinib transport was assessed. In vivo, pralsetinib (10 mg/kg) was administered orally to relevant genetically modified mouse models. Pralsetinib concentrations in cell medium, plasma samples and organ homogenates were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. KEY RESULTS Pralsetinib was efficiently transported by human (h)ABCB1 and mouse (m)Abcg2, but not hACBG2. In vivo, mAbcb1a/1b markedly and mAbcg2 slightly limited pralsetinib brain penetration (6.3-and 1.8-fold, respectively). Testis distribution showed similar results. Abcb1a/1b;Abcg2-/- mice showed 1.5-fold higher plasma exposure, 23-fold increased brain penetration, and 4-fold reduced recovery of pralsetinib in the small intestinal content. mSlco1a/1b deficiency did not affect pralsetinib oral availability or tissue exposure. Oral coadministration of the ABCB1/ABCG2 inhibitor elacridar boosted pralsetinib plasma exposure (1.3-fold) and brain penetration (19.6-fold) in wild-type mice. Additionally, pralsetinib was a modest substrate of mCYP3A, but not of hCYP3A4, which did not noticeably restrict the oral availability or tissue distribution of pralsetinib. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS SLCO1A/1B and CYP3A4 are unlikely to affect the pharmacokinetics of pralsetinib, but ABCG2 and especially ABCB1 markedly limit its brain and testis penetration, as well as oral availability. These effects are mostly reversed by oral coadministration of the ABCB1/ABCG2 inhibitor elacridar. These insights may be useful in the further clinical development of pralsetinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaogeng Wang
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf W Sparidans
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Potters
- Leiden university, Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria C Lebre
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Retmana IA, Loos NHC, Schinkel AH, Beijnen JH, Sparidans RW. Quantification of KRAS inhibitor sotorasib in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1174:122718. [PMID: 33957355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sotorasib is a KRAS inhibitor with promising anticancer activity in phase I clinical studies. This compound is currently under further clinical evaluation as monotherapy and combination therapy against solid tumors. In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method to quantify sotorasib in mouse plasma and eight tissue-related matrices (brain, liver, spleen, kidney, small intestine, small intestine content, lung, and testis homogenates) was developed and validated. Protein precipitation using acetonitrile was utilized in 96-well format to extract sotorasib and erlotinib (internal standard) from mouse plasma and tissue homogenates. Separation of the analytes was performed on an Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 column by gradient elution of methanol and 0.1% formic acid in water at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. Sotorasib was detected by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with positive electrospray ionization in selected reaction monitoring mode. A linear calibration range of 2-2,000 ng/ml of sotorasib was achieved during the validation. Accuracy values were in the range of 90.7-111.4%, and precision values (intra- and interday) were between 1.7% and 9.2% for all tested levels in all investigated matrices. The method was successfully applied to investigate the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue accumulation of sotorasib in female wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Retmana
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Nancy H C Loos
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Rolf W Sparidans
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Al-Zaqri N, Pooventhiran T, Alharthi FA, Bhattacharyya U, Thomas R. Structural investigations, quantum mechanical studies on proton and metal affinity and biological activity predictions of selpercatinib. J Mol Liq 2020; 325:114765. [PMID: 33746318 PMCID: PMC7957184 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of the lungs and thyroid is particularly difficult to manage and treat. Notably, selpercatinib has recently been suggested as an effective drug to combat these diseases. The entire world is currently tackling the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-19 virus. Numerous pharmaceuticals have been evaluated for the management of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-19 (i.e., COVID-19). In this study, selpercatinib was proposed as a potential inhibitor of different SARS-CoV-19 proteins. Several intriguing effects of the molecule were found during the conducted computational investigations. Selpercatinib could effectively act as a proton sponge and exhibited high proton affinity in solution. Moreover, it was able to form complexes with metal ions in aqueous solutions. Specifically, the compound displayed high affinity towards zinc ions, which are important for the prevention of virus multiplication inside human cells. However, due to their charge, zinc ions are not able to pass the lipid bilayer and enter the cell. Thus, it was determined that selpercatinib could act as an ionophore, effectively transporting active zinc ions into cells. Furthermore, various quantum mechanical analyses, including energy studies, evaluation of the reactivity parameters, examination of the electron localisation and delocalisation properties, as well as assessment of the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and information entropy, were conducted herein. The performed docking studies (docking scores -9.3169, -9.1002, -8.1853 and -8.1222 kcal mol-1) demonstrated that selpercatinib strongly bound with four isolated SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Al-Zaqri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Ibb University, P. O. Box 70270, Ibb, Yemen
| | - T Pooventhiran
- Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanassery, Kerala, India
| | - Fahad A Alharthi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Utsab Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanassery, Kerala, India
| | - Renjith Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanassery, Kerala, India
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