1
|
Pookmanee W, Thongthip S, Mungthin M, Sukasem C, Tankanitlert J, Chariyavilaskul P, Wittayalertpanya S. An increase in urinary primaquine and a reduction in urinary primaquine-5,6-orthoquinone in the Thai population with CYP2D6 reduced enzyme function. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24351. [PMID: 38293439 PMCID: PMC10827494 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Primaquine is metabolized by the cytochrome P450-2D6 enzyme (CYP2D6) to an active primaquine-5,6-orthoquinone (POQ). No relationships of CYP2D6 polymorphisms with the pharmacokinetics of primaquine and POQ were reported in the Thai population. Methods We evaluated the genetic distribution of CYP2D6 in 345 Thai army populations together with the pharmacokinetic profiles of primaquine and POQ in plasma and urine (n = 44, descriptive data are presented in median (range)). All dose-related pharmacokinetic parameters were normalized by primaquine dose per body weight before statistical analysis. Results CYP2D6*10 was the allele observed with the highest frequency (56.62%) corresponding to CYP2D6*10/*10 (32.94%) and CYP2D6*1/*10 (27.94%) genotypes. CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers (CYP2D6 IM) were found in 44.41% of the cohort and had an increase in the cumulative amount of primaquine excreted (CAE) in urine compared to normal metabolizers of CYP2D6 (CYP2D6 NM); (CYP2D6 IM vs. CYP2D6 NM: 2444 (1697-3564) vs. 1757 (1092-2185) μg/mg/kg, p = 0.039), a reduction in urine CAE of POQ (CYP2D6 IM vs CYP2D6 NM: 115 (46-297) vs. 318 (92-498) μg/mg/kg, p = 0.047) and a reduction in the POQ/primaquine CAE ratio in urine (CYP2D6 IM vs. CYP2D6 NM: 0.06 (0.01-0.11) vs. 0.16 (0.06-0.26), p = 0.009). No significant differences were found in the pharmacokinetic profiles of plasma primaquine and POQ. Conclusions The CYP2D6 polymorphisms influenced the changes in primaquine and POQ that were noticeable in the urine, supporting the role of the CYP2D6 gene testing before drug administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waritda Pookmanee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Depot Division, Royal Thai Army Medical Department, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Thongthip
- Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Clinical Research Center under the Royal Patronage, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonlaphat Sukasem
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, The Preventive Genomics & Family Check-up Services Center, Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Pajaree Chariyavilaskul
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supeecha Wittayalertpanya
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao HN, Hu X, Tian Z, Gonzalez M, Rideout CA, Peter KT, Dodd MC, Kolodziej EP. Transformation Products of Tire Rubber Antioxidant 6PPD in Heterogeneous Gas-Phase Ozonation: Identification and Environmental Occurrence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5621-5632. [PMID: 36996351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
6PPD, a tire rubber antioxidant, poses substantial ecological risks because it can form a highly toxic quinone transformation product (TP), 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ), during exposure to gas-phase ozone. Important data gaps exist regarding the structures, reaction mechanisms, and environmental occurrence of TPs from 6PPD ozonation. To address these data gaps, gas-phase ozonation of 6PPD was conducted over 24-168 h and ozonation TPs were characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The probable structures were proposed for 23 TPs with 5 subsequently standard-verified. Consistent with prior findings, 6PPDQ (C18H22N2O2) was one of the major TPs in 6PPD ozonation (∼1 to 19% yield). Notably, 6PPDQ was not observed during ozonation of 6QDI (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-quinonediimine), indicating that 6PPDQ formation does not proceed through 6QDI or associated 6QDI TPs. Other major 6PPD TPs included multiple C18H22N2O and C18H22N2O2 isomers, with presumptive N-oxide, N,N'-dioxide, and orthoquinone structures. Standard-verified TPs were quantified in roadway-impacted environmental samples, with total concentrations of 130 ± 3.2 μg/g in methanol extracts of tire tread wear particles (TWPs), 34 ± 4 μg/g-TWP in aqueous TWP leachates, 2700 ± 1500 ng/L in roadway runoff, and 1900 ± 1200 ng/L in roadway-impacted creeks. These data demonstrate that 6PPD TPs are likely an important and ubiquitous class of contaminants in roadway-impacted environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Nina Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Ximin Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Melissa Gonzalez
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Craig A Rideout
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Michael C Dodd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khan W, Wang YH, Chaurasiya ND, Nanayakkara NPD, Bandara Herath HM, Harrison KA, Dale G, Stanford DA, Dahl EP, McChesney JD, Gul W, ElSohly MA, Jollow D, Tekwani BL, Walker LA. Comparative metabolism and tolerability of racemic primaquine and its enantiomers in human volunteers during 7-day administration. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1104735. [PMID: 36726785 PMCID: PMC9885159 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1104735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Primaquine (PQ) is an 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial, active against dormant Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites and P. falciparum mature gametocytes. PQ is currently used for P. vivax radical cure and prevention of malaria transmission. PQ is a racemic drug and since the metabolism and pharmacology of PQ's enantiomers have been shown to be divergent, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the comparative tolerability and metabolism of PQ with respect to its two enantiomers in human volunteers in a 7 days' treatment schedule. Fifteen subjects with normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDn) completed four arms, receiving each of the treatments, once daily for 7 days, in a crossover fashion, with a 7-14 days washout period in between: R-(-) enantiomer (RPQ) 22.5 mg; S-(+) enantiomer (SPQ) 22.5 mg; racemic PQ (RSPQ) 45 mg, and placebo. Volunteers were monitored for any adverse events (AEs) during the study period. PQ and metabolites were quantified in plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) by UHPLC-UV-MS/MS. Plasma PQ was significantly higher in SPQ treatment group than for RPQ. Carboxy-primaquine, a major plasma metabolite, was much higher in the RPQ treated group than SPQ; primaquine carbamoyl glucuronide, another major plasma metabolite, was derived only from SPQ. The ortho-quinone metabolites were also detected and showed differences for the two enantiomers in a similar pattern to the parent drugs. Both enantiomers and racemic PQ were well tolerated in G6PDn subjects with the 7 days regimen; three subjects showed mild AEs which did not require any intervention or discontinuation of the drug. The most consistent changes in G6PDn subjects were a gradual increase in methemoglobin and bilirubin, but these were not clinically important. However, the bilirubin increase suggests mild progressive damage to a small fraction of red cells. PQ enantiomers were also individually administered to two G6PD deficient (G6PDd) subjects, one heterozygous female and one hemizygous male. These G6PDd subjects showed similar results with the two enantiomers, but the responses in the hemizygous male were more pronounced. These studies suggest that although the metabolism profiles of individual PQ enantiomers are markedly different, they did not show significant differences in the safety and tolerability in G6PDn subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Washim Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Narayan D. Chaurasiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - N. P. Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - H. M. Bandara Herath
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Kerri A. Harrison
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Gray Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Donald A. Stanford
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Eric P. Dahl
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | | | - Waseem Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories Inc., Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States,ElSohly Laboratories Inc., Oxford, MS, United States,Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - David Jollow
- Professor Emeritus, Department Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, United States,*Correspondence: Babu L. Tekwani, ; Larry A. Walker,
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States,*Correspondence: Babu L. Tekwani, ; Larry A. Walker,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khan W, Wang YH, Chaurasiya ND, Nanayakkara NPD, Herath HMB, Harrison KA, Dale G, Stanford DA, Dahl EP, McChesney JD, Gul W, ElSohly MA, Khan SI, Fasinu PS, Khan IA, Tekwani BL, Walker LA. Comparative single dose pharmacokinetics and metabolism of racemic primaquine and its enantiomers in human volunteers. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 45:100463. [PMID: 35709685 PMCID: PMC9789533 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Primaquine (PQ) is a racemic drug used in treatment of malaria for six decades. Recent studies suggest that the two enantiomers of PQ are differentially metabolized in animals, and this results in different pharmacological and toxicological profiles. The current study characterizes the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, metabolism and tolerability of the individual enantiomers of PQ in healthy human volunteers with normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity. Two cohorts (at two dose levels), each with 18 subjects, participated in three study arms in a crossover fashion: a single dose of the (-)-R enantiomer (RPQ), a single dose of the (+)-S enantiomer (SPQ), and a single dose of racemic PQ (RSPQ). PQ and its key metabolites carboxyprimaquine (cPQ) and PQ-N-carbamoyl glucuronide (PQ-N-CG) were analyzed. Clear differences were observed in PK and metabolism of the two enantiomers. Relative PQ exposure was higher with SPQ as compared to RPQ. PQ maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve were higher for SPQ, while the apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance were higher for RPQ. Metabolism of the two enantiomers showed dramatic differences: plasma PQ-N-CG was derived solely from SPQ, while RPQ was much more efficiently converted to cPQ than was SPQ. Cmax of cPQ and PQ-N-CG were 10 and 2 times higher, respectively, than the parent drugs. The study demonstrates that the PK properties of PQ enantiomers show clear differences, and metabolism is highly enantioselective. Such differences in metabolism suggest potentially distinct toxicity profiles in multi-dose regimens, especially in G6PD-deficient subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Washim Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Narayan D. Chaurasiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - NP Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - HM Bandara Herath
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Kerri A. Harrison
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Gray Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Donald A. Stanford
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Eric P. Dahl
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | | | - Waseem Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, MS, 38655, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA,Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA,ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, MS, 38655, USA
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Pius S. Fasinu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA,Departments of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA,Corresponding author. (B.L. Tekwani)
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA,Corresponding author. (L.A. Walker)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fasinu PS, Chaurasiya ND, Dhammika Nanayakkara NP, Wang Y, Bandara Herath HMT, Avula B, McChesney JD, Jollow D, Walker LA, Tekwani BL. Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of primaquine enantiomers in mice. Malar J 2022; 21:33. [PMID: 35123453 PMCID: PMC8817607 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Primaquine (PQ) has been used for the radical cure of relapsing Plasmodium vivax malaria for more than 60 years. PQ is also recommended for prophylaxis and prevention of transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. However, clinical utility of PQ has been limited due to toxicity in individuals with genetic deficiencies in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). PQ is currently approved for clinical use as a racemic mixture. Recent studies in animals as well as humans have established differential pharmacological and toxicological properties of the two enantiomers of PQ. This has been attributed to differential metabolism and pharmacokinetics of individual PQ enantiomers. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the comparative pharmacokinetics (PK), tissue distribution and metabolic profiles of the individual enantiomers in mice.
Methods
Two groups of 21 male Albino ND4 Swiss mice were dosed orally with 45 mg/kg of S-(+)-PQ and R-(−)PQ respectively. Each of the enantiomers was comprised of a 50:50 mixture of 12C- and 13C- stable isotope labelled species (at 6 carbons on the benzene ring of the quinoline core). Three mice were euthanized from each group at different time points (at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 h) and blood was collected by terminal cardiac bleed. Liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys and brain were removed, extracted and analysed using UPLC/MS. The metabolites were profiled by tandem mass (MS/MS) fragmentation profile and fragments with 12C–13C twin peaks. Non-compartmental analysis was performed using the Phoenix WinNonLin PK software module.
Results
The plasma AUC0-last (µg h/mL) (1.6 vs. 0.6), T1/2 (h) (1.9 vs. 0.45), and Tmax (h) (1 vs. 0.5) were greater for SPQ as compared to RPQ. Generally, the concentration of SPQ was higher in all tissues. At Tmax, (0.5–1 h in all tissues), the level of SPQ was 3 times that of RPQ in the liver. Measured Cmax of SPQ and RPQ in the liver were about 100 and 40 times the Cmax values in plasma, respectively. Similar observations were recorded in other tissues where the concentration of SPQ was higher compared to RPQ (2× in the spleen, 6× in the kidneys, and 49× in the lungs) than in the plasma. CPQ, the major metabolite, was preferentially generated from RPQ, with higher levels in all tissues (> 10× in the liver, and 3.5× in the plasma) than from SPQ. The PQ-o-quinone was preferentially formed from the SPQ (> 4× compared to RPQ), with higher concentrations in the liver.
Conclusion
These studies show that in mice, PQ enantiomers are differentially biodistributed and metabolized, which may contribute to differential pharmacologic and toxicity profiles of PQ enantiomers. The findings on higher levels of PQ-o-quinone in liver and RBCs compared to plasma and preferential generation of this metabolite from SPQ are consistent with the higher anti-malarial efficacy of SPQ observed in the mouse causal prophylaxis test, and higher haemolytic toxicity in the humanized mouse model of G6PD deficiency. Potential relevance of these findings to clinical use of racemic PQ and other 8-aminoquinolines vis-à-vis need for further clinical evaluation of individual enantiomers are discussed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ling C, Shi Q, Wei Z, Zhang J, Hu J, Pei J. Rapid analysis of quinones in complex matrices by derivatization-based wooden-tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 237:122912. [PMID: 34736649 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Quinones are important components participating in various biological processes as well as hazardous substances to human health. Rapid determination of quinones in environmental samples and biofluids is the basis for assessing their health effect. Here, we presented a rapid, straightforward, highly sensitive and environmental-friendly wooden-tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) method for the determination of quinones in PM2.5, urine and serum. An amine group "tag" was introduced to the quinone structure through in situ derivatization with cysteamine to improve ionization efficiency of quinones in wooden-tip ESI-MS. The toothpicks were treated by sharpening and acidification with HNO3. Experimental parameters, including sample volume, spray voltage, and spray solvent composition were optimized to be 1 μL, 3.5 kV, and ACN/CH3COOC2H5 (v/v, 9:1), respectively. The limits of detection for the determination of 1,4-benzoquinone, methyl-p-benzoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone and 1,4-anthraquinone in ACN under the optimal conditions were 1.00, 0.96, 0.13, 0.16 ng (1.00, 0.96, 0.13, 0.16 μg/mL, sample volume, 1 μL), respectively. This approach was successfully applied to the determination of 1,4-naphthoquinone and 1,4-anthraquinone in complex matrices, including PM2.5, urine and serum without or with minimal sample preparation (LOD range: 0.22-1.48 ng).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ling
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, PR China
| | - Qiaofang Shi
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, PR China
| | - Zhanpeng Wei
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, PR China
| | - Junjie Hu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, PR China
| | - Jiying Pei
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, PR China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Nanning, Guangxi, 530000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pookmanee W, Thongthip S, Tankanitlert J, Mungthin M, Sukasem C, Wittayalertpanya S. Simplified and Rapid Determination of Primaquine and 5,6-Orthoquinone Primaquine by UHPLC-MS/MS: Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144357. [PMID: 34299634 PMCID: PMC8304466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The method for the determination of primaquine (PQ) and 5,6-orthoquinone primaquine (5,6-PQ), the representative marker for PQ active metabolites, via CYP2D6 in human plasma and urine has been validated. All samples were extracted using acetonitrile for protein precipitation and analyzed using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) system. Chromatography separation was carried out using a Hypersil GOLDTM aQ C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, particle size 1.9 μm) with a C18 guard column (4 × 3 mm) flowed with an isocratic mode of methanol, water, and acetonitrile in an optimal ratio at 0.4 mL/min. The retention times of 5,6-PQ and PQ in plasma and urine were 0.8 and 1.6 min, respectively. The method was validated according to the guideline. The linearity of the analytes was in the range of 25–1500 ng/mL. The matrix effect of PQ and 5,6-PQ ranged from 100% to 116% and from 87% to 104% for plasma, and from 87% to 89% and from 86% to 87% for urine, respectively. The recovery of PQ and 5,6-PQ ranged from 78% to 95% and form 80% to 98% for plasma, and from 102% to from 112% to 97% to 109% for urine, respectively. The accuracy and precision of PQ and 5,6-PQ in plasma and urine were within the acceptance criteria. The samples should be kept in the freezer (−80 °C) and analyzed within 7 days due to the metabolite stability. This validated UHPLC-MS/MS method was beneficial for a pharmacokinetic study in subjects receiving PQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waritda Pookmanee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Thongthip
- Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Clinical Research Center Under the Royal Patronage, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Jeeranut Tankanitlert
- Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (J.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Chonlaphat Sukasem
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, The Preventive Genomics & Family Check-up Services Center, Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Supeecha Wittayalertpanya
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-8-1421-9164
| |
Collapse
|