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Behrendt F, Gottschaldt M, Schubert US. Surface functionalized cryogels - characterization methods, recent progress in preparation and application. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39021096 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00315b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Cryogels are polymeric materials with a sponge-like microstructure and have attracted significant attention in recent decades. Research has focused on their composition, fabrication techniques, characterization methods as well as potential or existing fields of applications. The use of functional precursors or functionalizing ligands enables the preparation of cryogels with desired properties such as biocompatibility or responsivity. They can also exhibit adsorptive properties or can be used for catalytical purposes. Although a very brief overview about several functional (macro-)monomers and functionalizing ligands has been provided by previous reviewers for certain cryogel applications, so far there has been no particular focus on the evaluation of the functionalization success and the characterization methods used. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of different characterization methods most recently used for the evaluation of cryogel functionalization. Furthermore, new functional (macro-)monomers and subsequent cryogel functionalization strategies are discussed, based on synthetic polymers, biopolymers and a combination of both. This review highlights the importance of the functionalization aspect in cryogel research in order to produce materials with tailored properties for certain applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Behrendt
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Albert-Einstein-Straße 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Yan X, Wei F, Gou J, Ji M, Hamouda HI, Xue C, Zheng H. Cryogel with Modular and Clickable Building Blocks: Toward the Ultimate Ideal Macroporous Medium for Bacterial Separation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15959-15970. [PMID: 38954479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The lack of practical platforms for bacterial separation remains a hindrance to the detection of bacteria in complex samples. Herein, a composite cryogel was synthesized by using clickable building blocks and boronic acid for bacterial separation. Macroporous cryogels were synthesized by cryo-gelation polymerization using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and allyl glycidyl ether. The interconnected macroporous architecture enabled high interfering substance tolerance. Nanohybrid nanoparticles were prepared via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization and immobilized onto cryogel by click reaction. Alkyne-tagged boronic acid was conjugated to the composite for specific bacteria binding. The physical and chemical characteristics of the composite cryogel were analyzed systematically. Benefitting from the synergistic, multiple binding sites provided by the silica-assisted polymer, the composite cryogel exhibited excellent affinity toward S. aureus and Salmonella spp. with capacities of 91.6 × 107 CFU/g and 241.3 × 107 CFU/g in 0.01 M PBS (pH 8.0), respectively. Bacterial binding can be tuned by variations in pH and temperature and the addition of monosaccharides. The composite was employed to separate S. aureus and Salmonella spp. from spiked tap water, 40% cow milk, and sea cucumber enzymatic hydrolysate, which resulted in high bacteria separation and demonstrated remarkable potential in bacteria separation from food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266500, PR China
| | - Fayi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266500, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266500, PR China
| | - Mingbo Ji
- Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Hamed I Hamouda
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266500, PR China
| | - Changhu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266500, PR China
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Bioresources for Nutrition and Health Innovation, Qingdao 266100, China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Hongwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266500, PR China
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Bioresources for Nutrition and Health Innovation, Qingdao 266100, China
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Ma Y, Xiang Y, Li X, Zhang D, Chen Q. Recombinant streptococcal protein G-modified metal-organic framework ZIF-8 for the highly selective purification of immunoglobulin G from human serum. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1288:342175. [PMID: 38220305 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A novel solid phase extractant His-rSPG@ZIF-8 was prepared by covalently coupling recombinant streptococcal protein G (His-rSPG) with ZIF-8. The His-rSPG@ZIF-8 composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Due to the specific binding between the immunoglobulin binding region of His-rSPG and the Fc region of immunoglobulin G (IgG), the His-rSPG@ZIF-8 composite demonstrated exceptional selectivity in adsorbing IgG. In Britton-Robinson buffer (BR buffer) with a salt concentration of 500 mmol L-1 (0.04 mol L-1, pH 8.0), the His-rSPG@ZIF-8 composite exhibited a remarkable adsorption efficiency of 99.8 % for 0.05 mg of the composite on 200 μL of IgG solution (100 μg mL-1). The adsorption behavior of the His-rSPG@ZIF-8 composite aligns with the Langmuir adsorption model, and the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity is 1428.6 mg g-1. The adsorbed IgG molecules were successfully eluted using a SDS solution (0.5 %, m/m), resulting in a recovery rate of 91.2 %. Indeed, the His-rSPG@ZIF-8 composite was successfully utilized for the isolation and purification of IgG from human serum samples. The obtained IgG exhibited high purity, as confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis. Additionally, LC-MS/MS analysis was employed to identify the human serum proteins following the adsorption and elution process using the His-rSPG@ZIF-8 composite material. The results revealed that the recovered solution contained an impressive content of immunoglobulin, accounting for 62.4 % of the total protein content. Furthermore, this process also led to the significant enrichment of low abundance proteins such as Serpin B4 and Cofilin-1. Consequently, the His-rSPG@ZIF-8 composite holds great promise for applications such as IgG purification and immunoassays. At the same time, it expands the application of metal-organic frameworks in the field of proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Science and Technology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China.
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Maciel KS, Mól PCG, Verissimo LAA, Minim VPR, Minim LA. Synthesis and characterization of supermacroporous cryogel with immobilized p-aminobenzenesulfonamide as affinity ligand for the purification of lactoperoxidase from whey. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200639. [PMID: 36459687 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study proposed the development of a monolithic supermacroporous affinity column for direct capture of lactoperoxidase, a glycoprotein present in milk, whey, and colostrum, with several applications due to its wide antimicrobial activity. A poly(acrylamide)-based cryogel was produced by radical co-polymerization of monomers in frozen aqueous solution and activated with p-aminobenzenesulfonamide as a ligand for specific interaction with the lactoperoxidase. The axial liquid dispersion coefficients at different liquid flow rates were determined by measuring residence time distributions using the tracer pulse-response method. The axial dispersion coefficient was low and the height equivalent to theoretical plate was not dependent on the flow velocity. The adsorptive capacity of affinity cryogel was studied as a function of flow velocity and the best condition was 0.9 cm/min. The response surface methodology was applied to optimize the capture of the enzyme, as a function of pH and salt concentration. Higher purification factor value was found at a salt concentration of 80 mmol/L and pH of 8.0 (p < 0.05). There was no influence of the variables under study on the yield (p > 0.05). The results indicated that affinity cryogel is a promising chromatography support for the use in high-throughput one-step purification of lactoperoxidase from whey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Silva Maciel
- Federal University of Viçosa, Department of Food Technology, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luis Antonio Minim
- Federal University of Viçosa, Department of Food Technology, Viçosa, Brazil
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Zhang T, Liu C, Zheng H, Han X, Lin H, Cao L, Sui J. The specific biopanning of single-domain antibody against haptens based on a functionalized cryogel. J Mol Recognit 2023; 36:e2999. [PMID: 36225143 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phage display technology is commonly applied for high-throughput screening of single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), and the problem of non-specific adsorption caused by carrier proteins seriously affects the biopanning of single-domain antibodies specific to haptens. In this paper, enrofloxacin (ENR)-functionalized cryogels were prepared by the ethylenediamine (EDA) and carbodiimide methods for application in the biopanning of ENR-specific phages. To improve the efficiency of biopanning, double blocking, a wash solution flow rate of 1 mL/min, and phage pre-incubation were applied to the biopanning process through single-factor experiments. Results of flat colony counting showed that the phage output of AG-ENR cryogels was 15 times higher than that of AG cryogels for the same input amount. And seven complete sequences of ENR-specific shark sdAbs were obtained by monoclonal phage ELISA and sequence alignment. All these results indicate that functionalized cryogels could be used as a novel and efficient method for phage biopanning for single-domain antibodies to haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Zhang
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongwei Zheng
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangning Han
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Limin Cao
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxin Sui
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Altunbaş C, Aslan A, Kuşat K, Sahiner M, Akgöl S, Sahiner N. Synthesis and Characterization of a New Cryogel Matrix for Covalent Immobilization of Catalase. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080501. [PMID: 36005102 PMCID: PMC9407055 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages of cryogels for enzyme immobilization applications include their mechanical and chemical robustness, ease of production, superior porosity, and low cost. Currently, many researchers are exploring porous material-based systems for enzyme immobilization that are more efficient and economically viable. Here, poly(2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-allyl glycidyl ether) (p(HEMA-co-AGE)) cryogel matrices were synthesized via the free radical cryopolymerization method to be employed as the support material. For the immobilization of the catalase enzyme onto the p(HEMA-co-AGE) cryogel matrix (catalase@p(HEMA-co-AGE), the best possible reaction conditions were determined by altering parameters such as pH, catalase initial concentration, and flow rate. The maximum catalase immobilization amount onto the p(HEMA-co-AGE) cryogel was found to be 48 mg/g cryogel. To determine the advantages of the cryogel matrix, e.g., the stability and reusability of the cryogel matrix, the adsorption–desorption cycles for the catalase enzyme were repeated five times using the same cryogel matrix. At the end of the reusability tests, it was found that the cryogel was very stable and maintained its adsorption capacity with the recovery ratio of 93.8 ± 1.2%. Therefore, the p(HEMA-co-AGE) cryogel matrix affords repeated useability, e.g., up to five times, without decreasing its catalase binding capacities significantly and has promising potential for many industrial applications. Cryogels offer clear distinctive advantages over common materials, e.g., micro/nano particles, hydrogels, films, and composites for these applications. At present, many researchers are working on the design of more effective and economically feasible, porous material-based systems for enzyme immobilization
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Altunbaş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aslan
- Department of Leather Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Kevser Kuşat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35390, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Sahiner
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Sinan Akgöl
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
- Correspondence: (S.A.); or (N.S.)
| | - Nurettin Sahiner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences & Arts, Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center (NANORAC), Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Correspondence: (S.A.); or (N.S.)
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