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Xu K, Sun H, Wang K, Quan Y, Qiao Z, Hu Y, Li C. The Quantification of Spike Proteins in the Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines of the Prototype, Delta, and Omicron Variants by LC-MS. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11051002. [PMID: 37243106 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing variant vaccines or multivalent vaccines is a feasible way to address the epidemic as the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) posed an increased risk to global public health. The spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was usually used as the main antigen in many types of vaccines to produce neutralizing antibodies against the virus. However, the spike (S) proteins of different variants were only differentiated by a few amino acids, making it difficult to obtain specific antibodies that can distinguish different VOCs, thereby challenging the accurate distinction and quantification of the variants using immunological methods such as ELISA. Here, we established a method based on LC-MS to quantify the S proteins in inactivated monovalent vaccines or trivalent vaccines (prototype, Delta, and Omicron strains). By analyzing the S protein sequences of the prototype, Delta, and Omicron strains, we identified peptides that were different and specific among the three strains and synthesized them as references. The synthetic peptides were isotopically labeled as internal targets. Quantitative analysis was performed by calculating the ratio between the reference and internal target. The verification results have shown that the method we established had good specificity, accuracy, and precision. This method can not only accurately quantify the inactivated monovalent vaccine but also could be applied to each strain in inactivated trivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Hence, the LC-MS method established in this study can be applied to the quality control of monovalent and multivalent SARS-CoV-2 variation vaccines. By enabling more accurate quantification, it will help to improve the protection of the vaccine to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwei Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huang Sun
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., No. 21, Tianfu St., Daxing Biomedicine Industrial Base of Zhongguancun Science Park, Daxing District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kaiqin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yaru Quan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhizhong Qiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yaling Hu
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., No. 21, Tianfu St., Daxing Biomedicine Industrial Base of Zhongguancun Science Park, Daxing District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Changgui Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
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Truong PL, Yin Y, Lee D, Ko SH. Advancement in COVID-19 detection using nanomaterial-based biosensors. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20210232. [PMID: 37323622 PMCID: PMC10191025 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has exemplified how viral growth and transmission are a significant threat to global biosecurity. The early detection and treatment of viral infections is the top priority to prevent fresh waves and control the pandemic. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified through several conventional molecular methodologies that are time-consuming and require high-skill labor, apparatus, and biochemical reagents but have a low detection accuracy. These bottlenecks hamper conventional methods from resolving the COVID-19 emergency. However, interdisciplinary advances in nanomaterials and biotechnology, such as nanomaterials-based biosensors, have opened new avenues for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of pathogens in the field of healthcare. Many updated nanomaterials-based biosensors, namely electrochemical, field-effect transistor, plasmonic, and colorimetric biosensors, employ nucleic acid and antigen-antibody interactions for SARS-CoV-2 detection in a highly efficient, reliable, sensitive, and rapid manner. This systematic review summarizes the mechanisms and characteristics of nanomaterials-based biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Moreover, continuing challenges and emerging trends in biosensor development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuoc Loc Truong
- Laser and Thermal Engineering LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringGachon UniversitySeongnamKorea
| | - Yiming Yin
- New Materials InstituteDepartment of MechanicalMaterials and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboChina
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guSeoulKorea
| | - Daeho Lee
- Laser and Thermal Engineering LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringGachon UniversitySeongnamKorea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guSeoulKorea
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU‐IAMD)/Institute of Engineering ResearchSeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guSeoulKorea
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Wang Y, Hu X, Long Z, Adams E, Li J, Xu M, Liang C, Ning B, Hu C, Zhang Y. Proteomic analysis of Penicillin G acylases and resulting residues in semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463365. [PMID: 35907366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin G acylase (PGA), as a key enzyme, is increasingly used in the commercial production of semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics (SSBAs). With the substitution of conventional chemical synthesis by emerging bioconversion processes, more and more PGAs fermented from different types of strains such as Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC 11105), Achromobacter sp. CCM 4824 and Providencia rettgeri (ATCC 31052) have been used in this kind of enzymatic processes. As an intermediate reaction catalyst, PGA protein and its presence in the final products may cause a potential risk of human allergic reaction and bring challenges for both quality and process controls. To achieve qualitative and quantitative analysis of PGAs and their residues in SSBAs, a tryptic digestion coupled with liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and proposed because of advantages like high selectivity and sensitivity. A suitable filter aided sample preparation (FASP) method was also used to remove matrix interference and to enrich the target PGA retained in the ultrafiltration membrane for an efficient enzymatic hydrolysis and subsequent accurate MS detection. Finally, twelve batches of PGAs from eight companies were identified and categorized into two types of strains (E. coli and Achromobacter sp. CCM 4824) using proteomic analysis. In total nine batches of five types of SSBAs (amoxicillin, cephalexin, cefprozil, cefdinir and cefaclor) from eight manufacturers were selected for investigation. Trace levels of PGA residual proteins ranging from 0.01 to 0.44 ppm were detected in six batches of different SSBAs which were far lower than the safety limit of 35 ppm reported by DSM, a manufacturer with expertise in the production of SSBAs by enzymatic processes. The developed FASP with LC-MS/MS method is superior to traditional protein assays in terms of selectivity, sensitivity and accuracy. Moreover, it could provide in-depth analysis of amino acid sequences and signature peptides contributing to assignment of the strain sources of PGAs. This method could become a promising and powerful tool to monitor enzymatic process robustness and reliability of this kind of SSBAs manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Zhen Long
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Erwin Adams
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Mingzhe Xu
- Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Chenggang Liang
- Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Baoming Ning
- Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Changqin Hu
- Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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