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Kokilambigai KS, Irina VM, Sheba Mariam KC, Adila K, Kathirvel S. Comprehensive overview of analytical and bioanalytical methodologies for the opioid analgesics - Tramadol and combinations. Anal Biochem 2024; 692:115579. [PMID: 38797485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic opioids like Tramadol are used to treat mild to moderate pain. Its ability to relieve pain is about a tenth that of morphine. Furthermore, Tramadol shares similar effects on serotonin and norepinephrine to several antidepressants known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine and duloxetine. The present review paper discusses the recent developments in analytical methods for identifying drugs in pharmaceutical preparations and toxicological materials, such as blood, saliva, urine, and hair. In recent years, a wide variety of analytical instruments, including capillary electrophoresis, NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, HPTLC, HPLC, LC-MS, GC, GC-MS, and electrochemical sensors, have been used for drug identification in pharmaceutical preparations and toxicological samples. The primary quantification techniques currently employed for its quantification in various matrices are highlighted in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kokilambigai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V M Irina
- Dr. Moopen's College of Pharmacy, Naseera Nagar, Meppadi PO, Wayanad, 673577, Kerala, India
| | - K C Sheba Mariam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National College of Pharmacy, Manassery, Mukkam Post., Kozhikode, 673602, Kerala, India
| | - K Adila
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National College of Pharmacy, Manassery, Mukkam Post., Kozhikode, 673602, Kerala, India
| | - S Kathirvel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National College of Pharmacy, Manassery, Mukkam Post., Kozhikode, 673602, Kerala, India.
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Ali AA, Abdeshafy MM, Abdelkawy K, Elsabaa RM, Elbarbry F. Clinical and Laboratory Factors Related to Seizure and Serotonin Toxicity in Tramadol Intoxication: An Egyptian Study. Clin Drug Investig 2023; 43:963-971. [PMID: 38006536 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-023-01326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with a lower risk of addiction compared to opioids. Tramadol overdose is becoming a health crisis in Egypt and is associated with serious and severe adverse effects. This study aims to identify clinical and laboratory findings associated with tramadol-induced seizure and serotonin toxicity in adult Egyptian patients with tramadol overdose. METHODS This prospective study included adult patients admitted for tramadol overdose with or without symptoms of seizure or serotonin toxicity. Basic demographic information, clinical symptoms, laboratory measurements, and plasma tramadol concentrations were collected. RESULTS A total of 71 patients (79% males) were included in the study. Seizure occurred in 38% of the subjects and was prevalent in male patients with metabolic acidosis or high tramadol concentrations. Serotonin toxicity occurred in 41% of the subjects and was prevalent in patients with hyperthermia, high pulse rate, and high tramadol levels. CONCLUSION Seizure and serotonin toxicity are severe adverse effects of tramadol overdose that occur in high frequency among young Egyptians. High tramadol concentrations in plasma seem to play a key role in prevalence of seizure and serotonin syndrome in tramadol-intoxicated adult Egyptians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Amin Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Khaled Abdelkawy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ramy M Elsabaa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Fawzy Elbarbry
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, 222 SE 8th Ave., Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
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Zafar K, Wasim M, Fatima B, Hussain D, Mehmood R, Najam-Ul-Haq M. Quantification of tramadol and serotonin by cobalt nickel tungstate in real biological samples to evaluate the effect of analgesic drugs on neurotransmitters. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10239. [PMID: 37353529 PMCID: PMC10290146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, CoNiWO4 nanocomposite was used as an electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of tramadol and serotonin. The nanocomposite was synthesized using a hydrothermal method and characterized via XRD, SEM, TGA, Zeta, UV, and FTIR. The sensor was developed by depositing CoNiWO4-NPs onto the glassy carbon electrode surface. Tramadol and serotonin were detected by employing cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronoamperometry. Analytes were detected at different pH, concentrations, and scan rates. The prepared sensor showed a 0-60 µM linear range, with a LOD of 0.71 µM and 4.29 µM and LOQ of 14.3 µM and 2.3 µM for serotonin and tramadol, respectively. Finally, the modified electrode (CoNiWO4-GCE) was applied to determine tramadol and serotonin in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wasim
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Batool Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Dilshad Hussain
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Najam-Ul-Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
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Destere A, Merino D, Bonesso L, Lavrut T, Bernasconni A, Garraffo R, Gérard AO, Drici MD. A HPLC-DAD method to facilitate large-scale therapeutic drug monitoring of dalbavancin. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1222:123694. [PMID: 37060815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Dalbavancin, a long-acting lipoglycopeptide antibiotic targeting susceptible Gram-positive bacteria, is WHO critically important antibiotic, increasingly used in critical situations such as osteoarticular infections. To ensure its effectiveness and its safety, the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of dalbavancin is strongly recommended. In the absence of an available minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) recommends a breakpoint of 0.125 mg/L for Staphylococcus aureus, corresponding to a trough target concentration of 25 mg/L. Nowadays, the TDM is usually performed using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry. However, this expensive and specialized equipment and reagents may be difficult to acquire for non-specialized laboratories. The use of HPLC coupled with diode array detector (DAD) facilitates TDM with a lower cost, while preserving the reliability of the results. Our aim was to provide a sensitive and specific method, relying on HPLC-DAD for extending the TDM of dalbavancin beyond non-specialized labs, therefore maximizing its efficiency and Benefit/risk ratio. Our method complied with the European Medicines Agency guidelines of bioanalytical validation. Irrespective of the concentrations of dalbavancin, the coefficient of variation < 10% confirmed the reliability of this analytical method, with a calibration curve ranging from 5 to 100 mg/L. No interferences nor carryover was observed. Our HPLC-DAD method, combined with a simple extraction, provides a widely usable, inexpensive and easy-to-implement new asset for the TDM of Dalbavancin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Destere
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, Côte d'Azur University Medical Center, Nice, France
| | - Diane Merino
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, Côte d'Azur University Medical Center, Nice, France
| | - Laurent Bonesso
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, Côte d'Azur University Medical Center, Nice, France
| | - Thibaud Lavrut
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, Côte d'Azur University Medical Center, Nice, France
| | - Anaïs Bernasconni
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, Côte d'Azur University Medical Center, Nice, France
| | - Rodolphe Garraffo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, Côte d'Azur University Medical Center, Nice, France
| | - Alexandre O Gérard
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, Côte d'Azur University Medical Center, Nice, France
| | - Milou-Daniel Drici
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Center, Côte d'Azur University Medical Center, Nice, France.
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Jain R, Jain B, Chauhan V, Deswal B, Kaur S, Sharma S, A S Abourehab M. Simple determination of dichlorvos in cases of fatal intoxication by gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123582. [PMID: 36586343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dichlorvos (DDVP) is an organophosphorous insecticide which is classified as "highly hazardous" Class 1B chemical by World Health Organization (WHO) and largely misused for the purpose of self-poisoning in developing countries. Forensic toxicology laboratories are routinely encountering cases of pesticide poisoning due to their fatal intoxication. Herein; a method is described based on vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-DLLME) coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for the determination of an organophosphorous insecticide; dichlorvos (DDVP) in human autopsy samples (blood, stomach content and liver). Under the optimum conditions, the method was found to be linear in the range of 0.5-10 µg mL-1 and 1.5-10 µg g-1 for blood and tissue samples, respectively. Limit of quantification was set at 0.55 µg mL-1 and 1.1 µg g-1 for blood and tissue samples, respectively. Intraday and inter-day precisions were less than 8 and 12 %, respectively. Good recoveries in the range of 86-95 % were obtained for the proposed procedure. The method has been satisfactorily applied for the determination of DDVP in autopsy samples from two different cases received in our laboratory. In comparison to previous methods; the proposed method is relatively short, high sample throughput, inexpensive and adheres to the principles of green analytical chemistry (GAC) for determination of DDVP in human autopsy samples. The method can be adopted in forensic toxicological laboratories for analysis of DDVP in autopsy samples. In addition, the green character of the proposed method was evaluated using ComplexGAPI procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Jain
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Plot #2, Sector 36-A, Dakshin Marg, Chandigarh 160036, India.
| | - Bharti Jain
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Plot #2, Sector 36-A, Dakshin Marg, Chandigarh 160036, India; Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Vimukti Chauhan
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Plot #2, Sector 36-A, Dakshin Marg, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Bhawna Deswal
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Plot #2, Sector 36-A, Dakshin Marg, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Sukhminder Kaur
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Plot #2, Sector 36-A, Dakshin Marg, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Mohammad A S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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Boroujerdi R, Paul R. Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Psychoactive Drugs. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132250. [PMID: 35808086 PMCID: PMC9267978 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sensors developed from nanomaterials are increasingly used in a variety of fields, from simple wearable or medical sensors to be used at home to monitor health, to more complicated sensors being used by border customs or aviation industries. In recent times, nanoparticle-based sensors have begun to revolutionize drug-detection techniques, mainly due to their affordability, ease of use and portability, compared to conventional chromatography techniques. Thin graphene layers provide a significantly high surface to weight ratio compared to other nanomaterials, a characteristic that has led to the design of more sensitive and reliable sensors. The exceptional properties of graphene coupled with its potential to be tuned to target specific molecules have made graphene-based sensors one of the most popular and well-researched sensing materials of the past two decades with applications in environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and industries. Here, we present a review of developments in the applications of graphene-based sensors in sensing drugs such as cocaine, morphine, methamphetamine, ketamine, tramadol and so forth in the past decade. We compare graphene sensors with other sensors developed from ultrathin two-dimensional materials, such as transition-metal dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitrate, and MXenes, to measure drugs directly and indirectly, in various samples.
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Advanced Functionalized CeO 2/Al 2O 3 Nanocomposite Sensor for Determination of Opioid Medication Tramadol Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081373. [PMID: 35458081 PMCID: PMC9025318 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exceptional characteristics of cerium oxide (CeO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoscales have inspired significant attention to those nanocomposites as possible electroactive resources for applications of sensing and biosensing. METHODS In this research, an innovative new factionalized CeO2/Al2O3 nanocomposite membrane sensor was presented to assess tramadol hydrochloride (TRD) in marketable products. RESULTS Tramadol-phosphomolybdate (TRD-PM) was formed by mixing tramadol hydrochloride and phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) in the attendance of polymeric matrix and o-nitrophenyloctyl ether solvent mediator. With 1.0 × 10-10-1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1 as a range of linearity and EmV = (57.567 ± 0.2) log [TRD] + 676.29 as a regression equation, the functionalized sensor using TRD-PM-CeO2/Al2O3 nanocomposite showed great selectivity and sensitivity for the discriminating and measurement of TRD. Using the regression equation EmV = (52.143 ± 0.4) log [TRD] + 431.45, the unmodified coated wire sensor of TRD-PM, on the other hand, showed a Nernstian response between 1.0 × 10-6 and 1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1, Using the methodology's specified guidelines, the proposed improved potentiometric system was validated against several criteria. CONCLUSION The suggested method is suitable for the determination of TRD in its products.
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Yoo O, Tang EKY, Salman S, Nguyen MN, Sommerfield D, Sommerfield A, Khan N, von Ungern Sternberg BS, Lim LY. A randomised controlled trial of a novel tramadol chewable tablet: pharmacokinetics and tolerability in children. Anaesthesia 2022; 77:438-448. [PMID: 35083739 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tramadol is a bitter atypical opioid analgesic drug and is prescribed to treat postoperative pain in children. However, in many countries there is no licensed paediatric tramadol formulation available. We have formulated a novel chewable chocolate-based drug delivery system for the administration of tramadol to children. This pilot, single-centre, open-label, randomised clinical study assessed the taste tolerability and comparative population pharmacokinetics of the novel tramadol chewable tablet against a compounded tramadol hydrochloride oral liquid, at a dose of 1 mg.kg-1 . A 5-point facial hedonic scale was used by the children, parents and nurses to assess tolerability. One hundred and forty-one children aged 3-16 years were given tramadol 30 min before general anaesthesia. Blood samples were taken following the induction of anaesthesia and for up to 5 h following tramadol administration. Tramadol and its active metabolite O-desmethyltramadol were analysed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A population pharmacokinetic model was built using non-linear mixed effects modelling. The relative bioavailability for the tablet was 1.25 times higher (95%CI 1.16-1.35) than for tramadol hydrochloride oral liquid, while the absorption rate constant for the tablet was significantly lower (1.97 h-1 vs. 3.34 h-1 , p < 0.001). Larger inter-individual variability in absorption rates were observed with the liquid tramadol. The tramadol chewable tablet was more acceptable in taste to children when assessed by the children, parents and nurses (all p < 0.001). We conclude that the novel tramadol chewable tablet has favourable acceptability and more reliable relative bioavailability in children compared with tramadol hydrochloride oral liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yoo
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - E K Y Tang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - S Salman
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, PathWest, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - M N Nguyen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - D Sommerfield
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth's Children Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - A Sommerfield
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth's Children Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Peri-operative Medicine Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - N Khan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - B S von Ungern Sternberg
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth's Children Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - L Y Lim
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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