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Nabgan W, Nabgan B, Ikram M, Jadhav AH, Ali MW, Ul-Hamid A, Nam H, Lakshminarayana P, Kumar A, Bahari MB, Khusnun NF. Synthesis and catalytic properties of calcium oxide obtained from organic ash over a titanium nanocatalyst for biodiesel production from dairy scum. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133296. [PMID: 34914962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production from dairy effluent scum as a sustainable energy source using CaO obtained from organic ash over titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs) as the transesterification nano-catalyst has been studied. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized catalysts were characterized, and the effect of different experimental factors on the biodiesel yield was studied. It was revealed that the CaO-TiO2 nano-catalyst displayed bifunctional properties, has both basic and acid phases, and leads to various effects on the catalyst activity in the transesterification process. These bifunctional properties are critical for achieving simultaneous transesterification of dairy scum oil feedstock. According to the reaction results, the catalyst without and with a low ratio of TNPs showed a low catalytic activity. In contrast, the 3Ca-3Ti nano-catalyst had the highest catalytic activity and a strong potential for reusability, producing a maximum biodiesel yield of 97.2% for a 3 wt% catalyst, 1:20 oil to methanol molar ratio for the dairy scum, and a reaction temperature of 70 °C for a period of 120 min under a 300 kPa pressure. The physical properties of the produced biodiesel are within the EN14214 standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Nabgan
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Bahador Nabgan
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Solar Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Arvind H Jadhav
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, JAIN University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, Karnataka, India.
| | - Mohamad Wijayanuddin Ali
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Anwar Ul-Hamid
- Core Research Facilities, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hyungseok Nam
- Greenhouse Gas Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Dajeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Mahadi B Bahari
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Farahain Khusnun
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Dai YM, Li YY, Chen BY, Chen CC. One-pot synthesis of acid-base bifunctional catalysts for biodiesel production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113592. [PMID: 34479149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acid-base bifunctional heterogeneous solid catalysts, known as the active site with base-acid properties, exhibited relatively good performance on the transesterification for soybean oil for green fuel production. We investigated the use of niobium and three alkali metal oxides (Li, Na, and K) as MyNbOX (M = Li, Na, K) composite as acid-base catalysts for biodiesel production. MyNbOX catalysts were prepared using a simple solid-state reaction, mixing, and grinding niobium dioxide with alkali metal carbonates calcined at 800 °C in air for 4 h. XRD, BET, FE-SEM, TEM and TPD techniques were employed for catalysts characterization. The highest biodiesel yield (98.08%) was achieved under the transesterification condition of 65 °C, 6 h, 24 methanol/oil molar ratio and 2 wt% of LiNbO3 as the catalyst. The results showed that LiNbO3 could be efficiently reused at least 10 cycles with an insignificant reduction in the biodiesel yield. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were further studied and compared with the ASTM and the EN biodiesel specifications. The results showed that the properties of the biodiesel produced complied with the international standard specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Dai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 411, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Yun Li
- Department of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung, 403, Taiwan
| | - Bing Yi Chen
- Department of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung, 403, Taiwan
| | - Chiing-Chang Chen
- Department of Science Education and Application, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung, 403, Taiwan.
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Dhakshinamoorthy A, Jacob M, Vignesh NS, Varalakshmi P. Pristine and modified chitosan as solid catalysts for catalysis and biodiesel production: A minireview. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:807-833. [PMID: 33144253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the readily available polymers with relatively high abundance, biodegradable and sustainable materials with divergent functional groups that are employed in broad range of applications. Chitosan is widely used in many fields like adsorption, drug carrier for therapeutic activity, environmental remediation, drug formulation and among others. One of the unique features of chitosan is that it can be transformed to other forms like beads, films, flakes, sponges and fibres depending upon the applications. This review is aimed at showing the potential applications of chitosan and its modified solids in organic transformations. The number of existing articles is organized based on the nature of materials and subsequently with the types of reactions. After a brief description on the structural features of chitosan, properties, characterization methods including various analytical/microscopic techniques and some of the best practices to be followed in catalysis are also discussed. The next section of this review describes the catalytic activity of native chitosan without any modifications while the subsequent sections provide the catalytic activity of chitosan derivatives, chitosan covalently modified with metal complexes/salts through linkers and chitosan as support for metal nanoparticles (NPs). These sections discuss number of organic reactions that include Knoevenagel condensation, oxidation, reduction, heterocycles synthesis, cross-coupling reactions and pollutant degradation among others. A separate section provides the catalytic applications of chitosan and its modified forms for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through esterification/transesterification reactions. The final section summarizes our views on the future directions of this field in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manju Jacob
- Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagamalai Sakthi Vignesh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021, India
| | - Perumal Varalakshmi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021, India
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Abstract
Investigation was conducted on bauxite mixed with Li2CO3 as alkali metal catalysts for biodiesel production. Bauxite contains a high percentage of Si and Al compounds among products. Because of the high expense of commercial materials (SiO2, Al2O3) that makes them not economical, the method was very recently improved by replacing commercial materials with Si and Al from bauxite. This is one of the easiest methods for preparing heterogeneous transesterification catalysts, through one-pot blending, grinding bauxite with Li2CO3, and heating at 800 °C for 4 h. The prepared solid-base alkali metal catalyst was characterized in terms of its physical and chemical properties using X-ray powder diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The optimal conditions for the transesterification procedure are to mix methanol oil by molar ratio 9:1, under 65 °C, with catalyst amount 3 wt.%. The procedure is suitable for transesterifying oil to fatty acid methyl ester in the 96% range.
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Takase M, Pappoe ANM, Afrifa EA, Miyittah M. High performance heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from non-edible oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yadav AK, Khan ME, Pal A. Kaner biodiesel production through hybrid reactor and its performance testing on a CI engine at different compression ratios. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM 2017; 26:525-532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Vescovi V, Rojas MJ, Baraldo A, Botta DC, Santana FAM, Costa JP, Machado MS, Honda VK, de Lima Camargo Giordano R, Tardioli PW. Lipase-Catalyzed Production of Biodiesel by Hydrolysis of Waste Cooking Oil Followed by Esterification of Free Fatty Acids. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Xu MH, Kuan IC, Deng FY, Lee SL, Kao WC, Yu CY. Immobilization of lipase fromCandida rugosaand its application for the synthesis of biodiesel in a two-step process. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hong Xu
- Department of Bioengineering; Tatung University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - I-Ching Kuan
- Department of Bioengineering; Tatung University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Fu-Yin Deng
- Department of Bioengineering; Tatung University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Ling Lee
- Department of Bioengineering; Tatung University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Kao
- Department of Bioengineering; Tatung University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yang Yu
- Department of Bioengineering; Tatung University; Taipei Taiwan
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Muhammad N, Elsheikh YA, Mutalib MIA, Bazmi AA, Khan RA, Khan H, Rafiq S, Man Z, khan I. An overview of the role of ionic liquids in biodiesel reactions. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dutra Madalozzo A, Sanvido Muniz L, Baron AM, Piovan L, Alexander Mitchell D, Krieger N. Characterization of an immobilized recombinant lipase from Rhizopus oryzae: Synthesis of ethyl-oleate. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fleuri LF, Novelli PK, Delgado CHO, Pivetta MR, Pereira MS, Arcuri MDLC, Capoville BL. Biochemical characterisation and application of lipases produced byAspergillussp. on solid-state fermentation using three substrates. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana F. Fleuri
- São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP; IBB/DQB; District of Rubião Jr., s/n CEP 18618-970 Botucatu SP Brasil
| | - Paula K. Novelli
- São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP; IBB/DQB; District of Rubião Jr., s/n CEP 18618-970 Botucatu SP Brasil
| | - Clarissa H. O. Delgado
- São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP; IBB/DQB; District of Rubião Jr., s/n CEP 18618-970 Botucatu SP Brasil
| | - Mayara R. Pivetta
- São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP; IBB/DQB; District of Rubião Jr., s/n CEP 18618-970 Botucatu SP Brasil
| | - Milene S. Pereira
- São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP; IBB/DQB; District of Rubião Jr., s/n CEP 18618-970 Botucatu SP Brasil
| | - Mariana de L. C. Arcuri
- São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP; IBB/DQB; District of Rubião Jr., s/n CEP 18618-970 Botucatu SP Brasil
| | - Bruna L. Capoville
- São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP; IBB/DQB; District of Rubião Jr., s/n CEP 18618-970 Botucatu SP Brasil
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Zarei A, Amin NAS, Talebian-Kiakalaieh A, Zain NAM. Immobilized lipase-catalyzed transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil: Optimization and modeling. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Optimization of process conditions using response surface methodology for the microwave-assisted transesterification of Jatropha oil with KOH impregnated CaO as catalyst. Chem Eng Res Des 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hama S, Kondo A. Enzymatic biodiesel production: an overview of potential feedstocks and process development. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:386-395. [PMID: 22985827 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The increased global demand for biofuels has prompted the search for alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel production. Given the abundance and cost, waste and nonedible oils have been investigated as potential feedstocks. A recent research interest is the conversion of such feedstocks into biodiesel via enzymatic processes, which have considerable advantages over conventional alkali-catalyzed processes. To expand the viability of enzymatic biodiesel production, considerable effort has been directed toward process development in terms of biodiesel productivity, application to wide ranges of contents of water and fatty acids, adding value to glycerol byproducts, and bioreactor design. A cost evaluation suggested that, with the current enzyme prices, the cost of catalysts alone is not competitive against that of alkalis. However, it can also be expected that further process optimization will lead to a reduced cost in enzyme preparation as well as in downstream processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hama
- Bio-energy Corporation, Research and Development Laboratory, 2-9-7 Minaminanamatsu, Amagasaki 660-0053, Japan
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15
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Su CH. Kinetic study of free fatty acid esterification reaction catalyzed by recoverable and reusable hydrochloric acid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 130:522-528. [PMID: 23334006 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic performance and recoverability of several homogeneous acid catalysts (hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids) for the esterification of enzyme-hydrolyzed free fatty acid (FFA) and methanol were studied. Although all tested catalysts drove the reaction to a high yield, hydrochloric acid was the only catalyst that could be considerably recovered and reused. The kinetics of the esterification reaction catalyzed by hydrochloric acid was investigated under varying catalyst loading (0.1-1M), reaction temperature (303-343K), and methanol/FFA molar ratio (1:1-20:1). In addition, a pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model incorporating the above factors was developed. A good agreement (r(2)=0.98) between the experimental and calculated data was obtained, thus proving the reliability of the model. Furthermore, the reusability of hydrochloric acid in FFA esterification can be predicted by the developed model. The recoverable hydrochloric acid achieved high yields of FFA esterification within five times of reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Su
- Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming-Chi University of Technology, No. 84 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan, Taipei 24301, Taiwan, ROC.
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Jiang JJ, Tan CS. Biodiesel production from coconut oil in supercritical methanol in the presence of cosolvent. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Liao CC, Chung TW. Analysis of parameters and interaction between parameters of the microwave-assisted continuous transesterification process of Jatropha oil using response surface methodology. Chem Eng Res Des 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Chang JS. Bioconversion and bioprocess technology for cleaner environment and better life. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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de Sousa JS, Cavalcanti-Oliveira ED, Aranda DAG, Freire DMG. Application of lipase from the physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) to a new hybrid (enzyme/chemical) hydroesterification process for biodiesel production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Huang HJ, Chen CY, Chen HY, Tsai FJ, Chen CYC. Computational screening and QSAR analysis for design of AMP-activated protein kinase agonist. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Adamczak M, Bornscheuer UT, Bednarski W. The application of biotechnological methods for the synthesis of biodiesel. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Magnolol encapsulated by different acyl chain length of liposomes on inhibiting proliferation of smooth muscle cells. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Chen CYC. Pharmacoinformatics approach for mPGES-1 in anti-inflammation by 3D-QSAR pharmacophore mapping. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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De novo design of novel selective COX-2 inhibitors: From virtual screening to pharmacophore analysis. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sivasamy A, Cheah KY, Fornasiero P, Kemausuor F, Zinoviev S, Miertus S. Catalytic applications in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils. CHEMSUSCHEM 2009; 2:278-300. [PMID: 19360707 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200800253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The predicted shortage of fossil fuels and related environmental concerns have recently attracted significant attention to scientific and technological issues concerning the conversion of biomass into fuels. First-generation biodiesel, obtained from vegetable oils and animal fats by transesterification, relies on commercial technology and rich scientific background, though continuous progress in this field offers opportunities for improvement. This review focuses on new catalytic systems for the transesterification of oils to the corresponding ethyl/methyl esters of fatty acids. It also addresses some innovative/emerging technologies for the production of biodiesel, such as the catalytic hydrocracking of vegetable oils to hydrocarbons. The special role of the catalyst as a key to efficient technology is outlined, together with the other important factors that affect the yield and quality of the product, including feedstock-related properties and various system conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Sivasamy
- Area of Pure and Applied Chemistry, International Centre for Science and High Technology-United Nations Industrial Development Organization (ICS-UNIDO), Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy
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Chen CYC. Chemoinformatics and pharmacoinformatics approach for exploring the GABA-A agonist from Chinese herb suanzaoren. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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