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van Wely M, Rooijakkers M, Stens N, El Messaoudi S, Somers T, van Garsse L, Thijssen D, Nijveldt R, van Royen N. Paravalvular regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: incidence, quantification, and prognostic impact. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. IMAGING METHODS AND PRACTICE 2024; 2:qyae040. [PMID: 39045465 PMCID: PMC11195773 DOI: 10.1093/ehjimp/qyae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is the standard of care in aortic stenosis with results comparable to surgical aortic valve replacement. However, paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) is more common after TAVR. With the alteration of devices and implantation techniques, the incidence of moderate or more PVR has declined. Mild PVR is still common in around 30% of TAVR patients in low-risk trials. Progression of AS causes myocardial hypertrophy and varying degrees of diastolic dysfunction which may cause heart failure even in combination with small volumes of PVR. Any degree of PVR is associated with an increased risk of overall and cardiovascular mortality. Predictors of PVR are annular eccentricity, severe calcification of the aortic valve, bicuspid aortic valves, and type of prosthesis where balloon-expandable devices are associated with less PVR. PVR is diagnosed using echocardiography, aortic angiogram with or without videodensitometry, haemodynamic parameters, or cardiac magnetic resonance. PVR can be treated using post-dilation, interventional treatment using a vascular plug, or implantation of a second device. Successful post-dilation depends on balloon size which should at least be equal to or >95% of the mean annulus diameter. Implantation of a second device to reduce PVR is successful in ∼90% of cases, either through lengthening of the sealing skirt in case of inadequate position or through further expansion of the index device. Implantation of a vascular plug can successfully reduce PVR and reduce mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen van Wely
- Department of Cardiology, Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maxim Rooijakkers
- Department of Cardiology, Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Stens
- Department of Cardiology, Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Radboudumc , Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Saloua El Messaoudi
- Department of Cardiology, Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Somers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leen van Garsse
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Thijssen
- Department of Physiology, Radboudumc , Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Nijveldt
- Department of Cardiology, Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels van Royen
- Department of Cardiology, Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bhushan S, Huang X, Li Y, He S, Mao L, Hong W, Xiao Z. Paravalvular Leak After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Its Incidence, Diagnosis, Clinical Implications, Prevention, Management, and Future Perspectives: A Review Article. Curr Probl Cardiol 2022; 47:100957. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Paraggio L, Burzotta F, Graziani F, Aurigemma C, Romagnoli E, Pedicino D, Locorotondo G, Mencarelli E, Lillo R, Bruno P, Laezza D, Giambusso N, Lombardo A, Trani C. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in pure aortic regurgitation: Hemodynamic and echocardiographic findings in bioprosthesis vs. native valve. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2022; 99:1599-1608. [DOI: 10.1002/ccd.30082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lazzaro Paraggio
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma Italia
| | - Francesco Burzotta
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma Italia
| | - Francesca Graziani
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
| | - Cristina Aurigemma
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
| | - Enrico Romagnoli
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
| | - Daniela Pedicino
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
| | - Gabriella Locorotondo
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
| | - Erica Mencarelli
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma Italia
| | - Rosa Lillo
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma Italia
| | - Piergiorgio Bruno
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma Italia
| | - Domenico Laezza
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
| | - Nicole Giambusso
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
| | - Antonella Lombardo
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma Italia
| | - Carlo Trani
- Institute of Cardiology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Roma Italia
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma Italia
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Alkhouli M, Eleid MF, Nishimura RA, Rihal CS. The Role of Invasive Hemodynamics in Guiding Contemporary Transcatheter Valvular Interventions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2021; 14:2531-2544. [PMID: 34887047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2021.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in transcatheter interventions have refueled the interest in utilizing invasive hemodynamics in the catheterization laboratory. The authors review contemporary invasive techniques used to confirm valve disease and guide transcatheter valve interventions. They also discuss the available data and the remaining questions on the role of invasive hemodynamics in current practice and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Alkhouli
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Mackram F Eleid
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rick A Nishimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Charanjit S Rihal
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Kang J, Yun JP, Ki YJ, Lee HS, Han JK, Yang HM, Park KW, Kang HJ, Koo BK, Kim HS. A New Hemodynamic Index Predicting Paravalvular Regurgitation After TAVR: Dicrotic AR Index. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2021; 13:2711-2713. [PMID: 33213757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Paravalvular Leak After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Its Incidence, Diagnosis, Clinical Implications, Prevention, Management, and Future Perspectives: A Review Article. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 47:100957. [PMID: 34364915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Paravalvular leak (PVL) is very common after TAVI and has been reported to have a negative impact on both short- and long-term survival. The current study identified incidence, diagnosis, clinical implications, and prevention, management and future perspectives for post-TAVI paravalvular leak. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and EMBASE, using the MeSH terms and key words "paravalvular leak," "diagnostic criteria," "implication," "influencing factors," and "prevention strategies." Studies were retained for review after meeting strict inclusion criteria that included only prospective studies evaluating Paravalvular leak in patients who had TAVI. Thirty articles were selected for inclusion, incidence of PVL across the studies ranged from 7% to 40%. Many factors have been associated with incidence and increased risk of PVL, including AVC volume, larger annulus dimensions, pre-TAVI transvalvular peak velocity, under sizing of the prosthesis, surgical, and other factors. PVL after TAVI is common and can be predicted by aortic root calcification volume, larger annulus dimensions, and pre-TAVI transvalvular peak velocity, with calcification volume being an independent predictor for PVL. The strength and nature of the association of various degrees of post-TAVI PVL and mortality are still to be further evaluated.
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Bhushan S, Huang X, Li Y, He S, Mao L, Hong W, Xiao Z. Paravalvular Leak After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Its Incidence, Diagnosis, Clinical Implications, Prevention, Management, and Future Perspectives: A Review Article. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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van Wely M, van der Wulp K, Rooijakkers M, Vart P, Morshuis W, van Royen N, Gehlmann H, Verkroost M, Kievit P, van Garsse L, Geuzebroek G. Aortic Regurgitation Index Ratio Is a Strong Predictor of 1-Year Mortality After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Using Self-Expanding Devices. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 33:923-930. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Modolo R, Chang CC, Onuma Y, Schultz C, Tateishi H, Abdelghani M, Miyazaki Y, Aben JP, Rutten MC, Pighi M, El Bouziani A, van Mourik M, Lemos PA, Wykrzykowska JJ, Brito FS, Sahyoun C, Piazza N, Eltchaninoff H, Soliman O, Abdel-Wahab M, Van Mieghem NM, de Winter RJ, Serruys PW. Quantitative aortography assessment of aortic regurgitation. EUROINTERVENTION 2020; 16:e738-e756. [DOI: 10.4244/eij-d-19-00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kumar A, Sato K, Jobanputra Y, Betancor J, Halane M, George R, Banerjee K, Mohananey D, Menon V, Sammour YM, Krishnaswamy A, Jaber WA, Mick S, Svensson LG, Kapadia SR. Time-Integrated Aortic Regurgitation Index Helps Guide Balloon Postdilation During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement and Predicts Survival. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012430. [PMID: 31269863 PMCID: PMC6662132 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Balloon postdilation (BPD) has emerged as an effective strategy to reduce paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We investigated the utility of a time‐integrated aortic regurgitation index (TIARI) to guide balloon postdilation (BPD) after valve deployment. Methods and Results All consecutive patients who had echocardiography, aortography, and hemodynamic tracings recorded immediately after valve deployment during TAVR were included in the study. Catheter‐derived invasive hemodynamic parameters were calculated offline. Among 157 patients who underwent TAVR, 49 (32%) patients required BPD to reduce significant PVR after valve deployment. Two experienced operators decided whether the patients required BPD for significant PVR. Median TIARI measured immediately after valve deployment was significantly lower in patients who required BPD when compared with patients who did not require BPD (P<0.001). In a multivariable analysis, lower TIARI (odds ratio: 0.81; P=0.003) and higher PVR grade on aortography and echocardiography (P<0.001 for both) were associated with BPD. Adding TIARI to echocardiography and aortographic PVR assessment resulted in a significant increase in global χ2 (P<0.001), an integrated discrimination index of 9% (P=0.002), and combined C‐statistics of 0.99 for predicting BPD. Higher TIARI after valve deployment was associated with better survival (hazard ratio: 0.94, P=0.014), while other hemodynamic and imaging parameters did not predict mortality after TAVR. Conclusions Among patients undergoing TAVR, a TIARI measured immediately after valve deployment adds incremental value to guide BPD over aortography and echocardiography. Higher residual TIARI is associated with better survival after TAVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnav Kumar
- Division of CardiologyAndreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular CenterEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
| | - Kimi Sato
- Heart and Vascular InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOH
| | - Yash Jobanputra
- Heart and Vascular InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOH
| | - Jorge Betancor
- Heart and Vascular InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOH
| | - Mohamed Halane
- Heart and Vascular InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOH
| | - Robin George
- Heart and Vascular InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOH
| | - Kinjal Banerjee
- Heart and Vascular InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOH
| | | | - Vivek Menon
- Heart and Vascular InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOH
| | | | | | - Wael A. Jaber
- Heart and Vascular InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOH
| | - Stephanie Mick
- Heart and Vascular InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOH
| | - Lars G. Svensson
- Heart and Vascular InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOH
| | - Samir R. Kapadia
- Heart and Vascular InstituteCleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandOH
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Attizzani GF, Patel SM, Dangas GD, Szeto WY, Sorajja P, Reardon MJ, Popma JJ, Kodali S, Chenoweth S, Costa MA. Comparison of Local Versus General Anesthesia Following Transfemoral Transcatheter Self-Expanding Aortic Valve Implantation (from the Transcatheter Valve Therapeutics Registry). Am J Cardiol 2019; 123:419-425. [PMID: 30527797 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TF-TAVR) is mostly performed under general anesthesia (GA) in most US centers. We examined in-hospital and 30-day outcomes in patients who underwent TF-TAVR with a self-expanding bioprosthesis using local anesthesia (LA) or GA. Patients from the Transcatheter Valve Therapeutics Registry who underwent TF-TAVR from January 2014 to June 2016 with LA or GA were evaluated. Propensity matching was performed and procedural and clinical outcomes compared up to 30 days. A total of 11,006 patients were included (GA: 8,239 [74.9%] and LA: 2,767 [25.1%]). After propensity matching (n = 1,988 matched sets), device success was similar (94.5% vs 94.6%, p = 0.905). No differences in in-hospital stroke (2.7% vs 2.3%, p = 0.413) or paravalvular regurgitation grade (p = 0.113) were noted. Fewer LA patients were converted to open heart surgery (0.2% vs 0.6%, p = 0.076) or experienced an in-hospital major vascular complication (0.7% vs 1.4%, p = 0.026). Intensive care unit time (40.1 ± 58.4 vs 50.9 ± 72.1 hours, p < 0.001) and postprocedure length of stay (4.1 ± 3.6 vs 5.0 ± 4.5 days, p < 0.001) were significantly shorter with LA. In-hospital and 30-day all-cause mortality were lower in the LA cohort compared to the GA cohort ([1.1% vs 2.7%, p < 0.001] and [2.1% vs 3.9%, p = 0.001]). In conclusion, in the largest series of self-expanding bioprostheses for TF-TAVR, these propensity-matched cohorts demonstrate that LA is an acceptable alternative to GA with comparable success, lower safety outcomes, complications rates, and in-hospital and 30-day all-cause mortality.
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Makki N, Ghao X, Whitson B, Shreenivas S, Crestanello J, Lilly S. Slope of left ventricular filling as an index of valvular and paravalvular regurgitation in native and prosthetic aortic valves. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 92:1397-1403. [DOI: 10.1002/ccd.27684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Makki
- Department of CardiologyOhio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbus Ohio43210
| | - Xu Ghao
- Department of CardiologyOhio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbus Ohio43210
| | - Bryan Whitson
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryOhio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio43210
| | | | - Juan Crestanello
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryOhio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio43210
| | - Scott Lilly
- Department of CardiologyOhio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbus Ohio43210
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Schoechlin S, Brennemann T, Allali A, Ruile P, Jander N, Allgeier M, Gick M, Richardt G, Neumann FJ, Abdel-Wahab M. Hemodynamic classification of paravalvular leakage after transcatheter aortic valve implantation compared with angiographic or echocardiographic classification for prediction of 1-year mortality. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 91:E56-E63. [DOI: 10.1002/ccd.27384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schoechlin
- Department of Cardiology & Angiology II; University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen; Germany
| | - Tim Brennemann
- Department of Cardiology & Angiology II; University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen; Germany
| | - Abdelhakim Allali
- Department of Cardiology; Heart Center Bad Segeberg, Segeberger Kliniken; Germany
| | - Philip Ruile
- Department of Cardiology & Angiology II; University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen; Germany
| | - Nikolaus Jander
- Department of Cardiology & Angiology II; University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen; Germany
| | - Martin Allgeier
- Department of Cardiology & Angiology II; University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen; Germany
| | - Michael Gick
- Department of Cardiology & Angiology II; University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen; Germany
| | - Gert Richardt
- Department of Cardiology; Heart Center Bad Segeberg, Segeberger Kliniken; Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Neumann
- Department of Cardiology & Angiology II; University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen; Germany
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Cardiology; Heart Center Bad Segeberg, Segeberger Kliniken; Germany
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Harjai KJ, Grines CL, Paradis JM, Kodali S. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: The year in review 2016. J Interv Cardiol 2017; 30:105-113. [PMID: 28256067 DOI: 10.1111/joic.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) continued to make major strides in 2016, simultaneously expanding its application to lower risk patients as well as more technically challenging subsets of patients with aortic stenosis (AS). The two major accomplishments this year were the establishment of TAVR as the preferred treatment strategy over surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in intermediate risk patients, and initial signals that TAVR and SAVR may be clinically equivalent in low-risk populations. Meanwhile, there is continued expansion of TAVR to challenging clinical subsets (bicuspid aortic valve [BAV], patients with concomitant advanced coronary artery disease [CAD], and failed surgical bioprostheses), and encouraging initial experiences with newer transcatheter heart valve systems. This paper summarizes the major research studies published on TAVR in 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore J Harjai
- Geisinger Clinic, Pearsall Heart Hospital, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
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Sinning JM. Searching for the Golden Formula: Less Is More, or Not? JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9:1069-71. [PMID: 27131443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Malte Sinning
- Heart Center Bonn, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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