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Makkar RR, Thourani VH, Mack MJ, Kodali SK, Kapadia S, Webb JG, Yoon SH, Trento A, Svensson LG, Herrmann HC, Szeto WY, Miller DC, Satler L, Cohen DJ, Dewey TM, Babaliaros V, Williams MR, Kereiakes DJ, Zajarias A, Greason KL, Whisenant BK, Hodson RW, Brown DL, Fearon WF, Russo MJ, Pibarot P, Hahn RT, Jaber WA, Rogers E, Xu K, Wheeler J, Alu MC, Smith CR, Leon MB. Five-Year Outcomes of Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:799-809. [PMID: 31995682 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1910555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are scant data on long-term clinical outcomes and bioprosthetic-valve function after transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR) as compared with surgical aortic-valve replacement in patients with severe aortic stenosis and intermediate surgical risk. METHODS We enrolled 2032 intermediate-risk patients with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis at 57 centers. Patients were stratified according to intended transfemoral or transthoracic access (76.3% and 23.7%, respectively) and were randomly assigned to undergo either TAVR or surgical replacement. Clinical, echocardiographic, and health-status outcomes were followed for 5 years. The primary end point was death from any cause or disabling stroke. RESULTS At 5 years, there was no significant difference in the incidence of death from any cause or disabling stroke between the TAVR group and the surgery group (47.9% and 43.4%, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95 to 1.25; P = 0.21). Results were similar for the transfemoral-access cohort (44.5% and 42.0%, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.20), but the incidence of death or disabling stroke was higher after TAVR than after surgery in the transthoracic-access cohort (59.3% vs. 48.3%; hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.71). At 5 years, more patients in the TAVR group than in the surgery group had at least mild paravalvular aortic regurgitation (33.3% vs. 6.3%). Repeat hospitalizations were more frequent after TAVR than after surgery (33.3% vs. 25.2%), as were aortic-valve reinterventions (3.2% vs. 0.8%). Improvement in health status at 5 years was similar for TAVR and surgery. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with aortic stenosis who were at intermediate surgical risk, there was no significant difference in the incidence of death or disabling stroke at 5 years after TAVR as compared with surgical aortic-valve replacement. (Funded by Edwards Lifesciences; PARTNER 2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01314313.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj R Makkar
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Vinod H Thourani
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Michael J Mack
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Susheel K Kodali
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Samir Kapadia
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - John G Webb
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Sung-Han Yoon
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Alfredo Trento
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Lars G Svensson
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Howard C Herrmann
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Wilson Y Szeto
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - D Craig Miller
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Lowell Satler
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - David J Cohen
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Todd M Dewey
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Vasilis Babaliaros
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Mathew R Williams
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Dean J Kereiakes
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Alan Zajarias
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Kevin L Greason
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Brian K Whisenant
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Robert W Hodson
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - David L Brown
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - William F Fearon
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Mark J Russo
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Rebecca T Hahn
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Wael A Jaber
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Erin Rogers
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Ke Xu
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Jaime Wheeler
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Maria C Alu
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Craig R Smith
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
| | - Martin B Leon
- From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (R.R.M., S.-H.Y., A.T.), Stanford University, Stanford (D.C.M., W.F.F.), and Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine (E.R., K.X., J.W.) - all in California; the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Piedmont Heart Institute (V.H.T.), and Emory University (V.B.) - both in Atlanta; Baylor Scott and White Healthcare, Plano (M.J.M., D.L.B.), and Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas (T.M.D.) - both in Texas; Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital (S.K.K., R.T.H., M.C.A., C.R.S., M.B.L.) and NYU Langone Medical Center (M.R.W.) - both in New York; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.K., L.G.S., W.A.J.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC (J.G.W.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (P.P.) - both in Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (H.C.H., W.Y.S.); Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (L.S.); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (D.J.C.); Christ Hospital, Cincinnati (D.J.K.); Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis (A.Z.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (K.L.G.); Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City (B.K.W.); Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR (R.W.H.); and Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ (M.J.R.)
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