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Ji W, Zhang P, Zhou Y, Zhou X, Ma X, Tan T, Cao H. Hydrogel-encapsulated medium chain lipid-modified zeolite imidazole framework-90 as a promising platform for oral delivery of proteins. J Control Release 2024; 367:93-106. [PMID: 38237690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The administration of protein therapeutics through oral means is seen as a convenient and painless experience for patients, making it a significant consideration in the field of drug delivery. Nevertheless, the challenging conditions within the gastrointestinal tract, along with the obstacles to absorption, impede the efficient transportation of proteins. Here, we successfully implemented post-synthetic modifications to attach medium-chain lipids (C10) onto the surface of zeolitic imidazole framework-90 (ZIF-90), then encapsulated the nanoparticles with sodium alginate, resulting in a potential platform for the oral administration of proteins. By means of biomimetic mineralization, ZIF-90 achieves a simple and efficient encapsulation of proteins of varying sizes, while shielding them against degradation by digestive enzymes. Sodium alginate hydrogel protects proteins against gastric acid and helps the cargo to rapidly penetrate the mucus layer. Through a mixed mechanism dominated by micropinocytosis, the C10-conjugated ZIF-90 (ZIF-90-C10) can be uptake by Caco-2 cells with a 200-400% increase and transported through the Golgi apparatus after escaping from lysosomes, exhibiting enhanced uptake in the overall gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, ZIF-90-C10 retains its adenosine triphosphate-responsive release, which drastically lowers the likelihood of accumulation in vivo and allows targeted delivery for disease cells. Our work highlights mid-chain lipid conjugation as a potent approach to enhancing nanoparticle delivery efficiency and a potential strategy for oral delivery of biomacromolecules when combined with pH-responsive gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ji
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yegui Zhou
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiqin Zhou
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiufan Ma
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Hui Cao
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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2
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Chapa-Villarreal FA, Miller M, Rodriguez-Cruz JJ, Pérez-Carlos D, Peppas NA. Self-assembled block copolymer biomaterials for oral delivery of protein therapeutics. Biomaterials 2023; 300:122191. [PMID: 37295223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics have guided a transformation in disease treatment for various clinical conditions. They have been successful in numerous applications, but administration of protein therapeutics has been limited to parenteral routes which can decrease patient compliance as they are invasive and painful. In recent years, the synergistic relationship of novel biomaterials with modern protein therapeutics has been crucial in the treatment of diseases that were once thought of as incurable. This has guided the development of a variety of alternative administration routes, but the oral delivery of therapeutics remains one of the most desirable due to its ease of administration. This review addresses important aspects of micellar structures prepared by self-assembled processes with applications for oral delivery. These two characteristics have not been placed together in previous literature within the field. Therefore, we describe the barriers for delivery of protein therapeutics, and we concentrate in the oral/transmucosal pathway where drug carriers must overcome several chemical, physical, and biological barriers to achieve a successful therapeutic effect. We critically discuss recent research on biomaterials systems for delivering such therapeutics with an emphasis on self-assembled synthetic block copolymers. Polymerization methods and nanoparticle preparation techniques are similarly analyzed as well as relevant work in this area. Based on our own and others' research, we analyze the use of block copolymers as therapeutic carriers and their promise in treating a variety of diseases, with emphasis on self-assembled micelles for the next generation of oral protein therapeutic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola A Chapa-Villarreal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Matthew Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - J Jesus Rodriguez-Cruz
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Diego Pérez-Carlos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA; Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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3
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Rodik RV, Cherenok SO, Postupalenko VY, Oncul S, Brusianska V, Borysko P, Kalchenko VI, Mely Y, Klymchenko AS. Anionic amphiphilic calixarenes for peptide assembly and delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 624:270-278. [PMID: 35660896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Shape-persistent macrocycles enable superior control on molecular self-assembly, allowing the preparation of well-defined nanostructures with new functions. Here, we report on anionic amphiphilic calixarenes of conic shape and their self-assembly behavior in aqueous media for application in intracellular delivery of peptides. Newly synthesized calixarenes bearing four phosphonate groups and two or four long alkyl chains were found to form micelles of ∼ 10 nm diameter, in contrast to an analogue with short alkyl chains. These amphiphilic calixarenes are able to complex model (oligo-lysine) and biologically relevant (HIV-1 nucleocapsid peptide) cationic peptides into small nanoparticles (20-40 nm). By contrast, a control anionic calixarene with short alkyl chains fails to form small nanoparticles with peptides, highlighting the importance of micellar assembly of amphiphilic calixarenes for peptide complexation. Cellular studies reveal that anionic amphiphilic calixarenes exhibit low cytotoxicity and enable internalization of fluorescently labelled peptides into live cells. These findings suggest anionic amphiphilic macrocycles as promising building blocks for the preparation of peptide delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V Rodik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Sergiy O Cherenok
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Viktoriia Y Postupalenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH Cedex, France
| | - Sule Oncul
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH Cedex, France; İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Petro Borysko
- Enamine Ltd, Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vitaly I Kalchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yves Mely
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH Cedex, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 ILLKIRCH Cedex, France.
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4
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New and novel approaches for enhancing the oral absorption and bioavailability of protein and peptides therapeutics. Ther Deliv 2020; 11:713-732. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of the oral route for macromolecules has gained a lot of attention due to its noninvasive nature, safe and challenging in active research but with limited success. Oral administration poses challenges due to poor solubility, short half-life, quick elimination and the physical, chemical and biological barriers of the gastrointestinal tract. Approaches of past for improving oral absorption, such as enhancers, mucoadhesive delivery and enzyme inhibitors have been taken over by novel approaches like advanced liposomes, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system, nanoparticles and targeted delivery. Eudratech™ Pep, Peptelligence, Rani Pill and Pharm Film are the emerging technologies for delivering oral proteins and peptide. Calcitonin, semaglutide and octreotide are the peptides available in the market for oral delivery as outcomes of these technologies.
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5
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Atta AM, Moustafa YM, Al-Lohedan HA, Ezzat AO, Hashem AI. Methylene Blue Catalytic Degradation Using Silver and Magnetite Nanoparticles Functionalized with a Poly(ionic liquid) Based on Quaternized Dialkylethanolamine with 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane Sulfonate- co-Vinylpyrrolidone. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2829-2842. [PMID: 32095705 PMCID: PMC7034004 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic degradation of organic water pollutants has emerged as a cost- and energy-effective technique to treat wastewater. In this work, new silver and magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared with a protic poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) based on a quaternized diethylethanolamine cation combined with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate-co-vinylpyrrolidone (QAMPSA/VP) as a capping and a reducing agent. The morphology, particle size, surface charge, thermal stability, and magnetic properties of QAMPS/VP-Ag and Fe3O4 NPs were investigated to determine the efficiency of the PIL as a reducing and a capping agent to protect the produced NPs from oxidation or thermal degradation. The activation energy, enthalpy, and entropy of the catalytic degradation of the cationic methylene blue (MB) dye in the presence of QAMPS/VP-Ag and Fe3O4 NPs were determined. The data elucidated that MB was completely degraded in 8 min in the presence of QAMPS/VP-Fe3O4 NPs as a Fenton oxidation catalyst. Moreover, their good magnetic properties allowed their easy separation and reuse for five cycles without losing their magnetic or catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M. Atta
- Surfactants
Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- E-mail:
| | - Yaser M. Moustafa
- Egyptian
Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Hamad A. Al-Lohedan
- Surfactants
Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelrahman O. Ezzat
- Surfactants
Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I. Hashem
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, Ain Shams
University, Abasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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6
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Masson‐Meyers DS, Andrade TAM, Caetano GF, Guimaraes FR, Leite MN, Leite SN, Frade MAC. Experimental models and methods for cutaneous wound healing assessment. Int J Exp Pathol 2020; 101:21-37. [PMID: 32227524 PMCID: PMC7306904 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing studies are intricate, mainly because of the multifaceted nature of the wound environment and the complexity of the healing process, which integrates a variety of cells and repair phases, including inflammation, proliferation, reepithelialization and remodelling. There are a variety of possible preclinical models, such as in mice, rabbits and pigs, which can be used to mimic acute or impaired for example, diabetic and nutrition-related wounds. These can be induced by many different techniques, with excision or incision being the most common. After determining a suitable model for a study, investigators need to select appropriate and reproducible methods that will allow the monitoring of the wound progression over time. The assessment can be performed by non-invasive protocols such as wound tracing, photographic documentation (including image analysis), biophysical techniques and/or by invasive protocols that will require wound biopsies. In this article, we provide an overview of some of the most often needed and used: (a) preclinical/animal models including incisional, excisional, burn and impaired wounds; (b) methods to evaluate the healing progression such as wound healing rate, wound analysis by image, biophysical assessment, histopathological, immunological and biochemical assays. The aim is to help researchers during the design and execution of their wound healing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S. Masson‐Meyers
- Marquette University School of DentistryMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Division of DermatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineRibeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of Sao PauloRibeirao PretoSao PauloBrazil
| | - Thiago A. M. Andrade
- Division of DermatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineRibeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of Sao PauloRibeirao PretoSao PauloBrazil
- Graduate Program of Biomedical SciencesUniversity Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation (FHO)ArarasSao PauloBrazil
| | - Guilherme F. Caetano
- Division of DermatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineRibeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of Sao PauloRibeirao PretoSao PauloBrazil
- Graduate Program of Biomedical SciencesUniversity Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation (FHO)ArarasSao PauloBrazil
| | - Francielle R. Guimaraes
- Division of DermatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineRibeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of Sao PauloRibeirao PretoSao PauloBrazil
- University Center of Associated Schools of Education (UNIFAE)São João da Boa VistaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Marcel N. Leite
- Division of DermatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineRibeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of Sao PauloRibeirao PretoSao PauloBrazil
| | - Saulo N. Leite
- Division of DermatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineRibeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of Sao PauloRibeirao PretoSao PauloBrazil
- University Center of the Educational Foundation Guaxupe (UNIFEG)GuaxupeMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Marco Andrey C. Frade
- Division of DermatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineRibeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of Sao PauloRibeirao PretoSao PauloBrazil
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7
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Han Y, Gao Z, Chen L, Kang L, Huang W, Jin M, Wang Q, Bae YH. Multifunctional oral delivery systems for enhanced bioavailability of therapeutic peptides/proteins. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:902-922. [PMID: 31649842 PMCID: PMC6804447 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In last few years, therapeutic peptides/proteins are rapidly growing in drug market considering their higher efficiency and lower toxicity than chemical drugs. However, the administration of therapeutic peptides/proteins is mainly limited in parenteral approach. Oral therapy which was hampered by harsh gastrointestinal environment and poorly penetrating epithelial barriers often results in low bioavailability (less than 1%-2%). Therefore, delivery systems that are rationally designed to overcome these challenges in gastrointestinal tract and ameliorate the oral bioavailability of therapeutic peptides/proteins are seriously promising. In this review, we summarized various multifunctional delivery systems, including lipid-based particles, polysaccharide-based particles, inorganic particles, and synthetic multifunctional particles that achieved effective oral delivery of therapeutic peptides/proteins.
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8
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Hale SJM, Perrins RD, Garcı A CE, Pace A, Peral U, Patel KR, Robinson A, Williams P, Ding Y, Saito G, Rodriguez MÁ, Perera I, Barrientos A, Conlon K, Damment S, Porter J, Coulter T. DM1 Loaded Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles Display Significant Efficacy and Improved Tolerability in Murine Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:703-713. [PMID: 30582799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with poor prognosis and limited options for treatment. Life expectancy after diagnosis is short; the currently available treatments are not well tolerated and have limited clinical benefit. There is a clear unmet clinical need for the development of new treatments. In this study, ultrasmall, 2 nm gold core nanoparticles (MidaCore) conjugated with the potent maytansine analogue DM1 (MTC-100038) were assessed as a systemic nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. The platform improved overall tolerability of DM1, permitting ∼3-fold higher levels of drug to be administered compared to free drug. Dose for dose, MTC-100038 also facilitated delivery of ∼2.0-fold higher ( p = 0.039) levels of DM1 to the tumor compared to free DM1. MTC-100038 produced significant efficacy (tumor growth index ∼102%; p = <0.0001), in several murine xenograft models of HCC, and was superior to both free DM1 and the current standard of care, sorafenib. Furthermore, MTC-100038 displayed potent (nM) in vitro activity in various HCC primary patient derived cell lines and across various other different cancer cell types. These data demonstrate the potential of MidaCore nanoparticles to enhance tumor delivery of cytotoxic drugs and indicate MTC-100038 is worthy of further investigation as a potential treatment for HCC and other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J M Hale
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Perrins
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | | | - Alessandro Pace
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Usoa Peral
- Midatech Pharma Espana , Parque Tecnológico Ibaizabal Bidea, 800-2a plta , 48160 , Derio , Bizakaia , Spain
| | - Ketan R Patel
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Angela Robinson
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Phil Williams
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Yao Ding
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Saito
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodriguez
- Midatech Pharma Espana , Parque Tecnológico Ibaizabal Bidea, 800-2a plta , 48160 , Derio , Bizakaia , Spain
| | - Ibon Perera
- Midatech Pharma Espana , Parque Tecnológico Ibaizabal Bidea, 800-2a plta , 48160 , Derio , Bizakaia , Spain
| | - Africa Barrientos
- Midatech Pharma Espana , Parque Tecnológico Ibaizabal Bidea, 800-2a plta , 48160 , Derio , Bizakaia , Spain
| | - Kelly Conlon
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Steve Damment
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - John Porter
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
| | - Tom Coulter
- Midatech Pharma Plc , 65 Park Drive, Innovation Drive , Milton , Abingdon OX14 4RQ , United Kingdom
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9
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Szutkowski K, Kołodziejska Ż, Pietralik Z, Zhukov I, Skrzypczak A, Materna K, Kozak M. Clear distinction between CAC and CMC revealed by high-resolution NMR diffusometry for a series of bis-imidazolium gemini surfactants in aqueous solutions. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38470-38482. [PMID: 35559094 PMCID: PMC9090568 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07081d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation behavior in the transition region was studied for a series of dicationic surfactants 3,3′-[α,ω-(dioxaalkane)]bis(1-dodecylimidazolium)dichlorides with varied spacer length from two to twelve carbon atoms. We employed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance diffusometry and Bayesian DOSY analysis to obtain the aggregate size distribution in the transition region. The critical concentrations CC were independently obtained from surface tension, electric conductivity, UV-Vis and NMR methods. The micelle aggregation numbers were estimated from the self-diffusion coefficients and were independently confirmed using steady-state fluorescence quenching. The morphology of the aggregates was characterized by small-angle scattering of synchrotron radiation and molecular dynamics simulations. The obtained CC values are identified as critical aggregation concentrations CAC. A broad transition region was observed, and stable micelles were obtained at much higher concentrations than CAC. The accurate CMC values could not be identified for the systems in the study. We indicated that the distribution of aggregate size becomes small and the system becomes homogeneous at much larger concentrations than CAC (typically 15–20 mM). The existence of a slow exchange between two environments, an aggregate and aqueous environment, was confirmed by 1H NMR and 2D HSQC NMR spectroscopy. The aggregation behavior in the transition region was studied for a series of dicationic surfactants 3,3′-[α,ω-(dioxaalkane)]bis(1-dodecylimidazolium)dichlorides with varied spacer length from two to twelve carbon atoms.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosma Szutkowski
- NanoBioMedical Centre
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- PL61614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Żaneta Kołodziejska
- Department of Macromolecular Physics
- Faculty of Physics
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- PL61614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Zuzanna Pietralik
- Department of Macromolecular Physics
- Faculty of Physics
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- PL61614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Igor Zhukov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- PL02106 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Andrzej Skrzypczak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- Poznań University of Technology
- PL60965 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Katarzyna Materna
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- Poznań University of Technology
- PL60965 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics
- Faculty of Physics
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- PL61614 Poznań
- Poland
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10
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Amphiphilic gemini pyridinium-mediated incorporation of Zn(II)meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin into water-soluble gold nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 158:602-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Luty-Błocho M, Wojnicki M, Fitzner K. Gold Nanoparticles Formation via Au(III) Complex Ions Reduction with l
-Ascorbic Acid. INT J CHEM KINET 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Luty-Błocho
- AGH University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals; al. A. Mickiewicza 30; 30-059 Krakow Poland
| | - M. Wojnicki
- AGH University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals; al. A. Mickiewicza 30; 30-059 Krakow Poland
| | - K. Fitzner
- AGH University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals; al. A. Mickiewicza 30; 30-059 Krakow Poland
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12
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Gemini pyridinium amphiphiles for the synthesis and stabilization of gold nanoparticles for drug delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 502:172-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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Limón D, Jiménez‐Newman C, Rodrigues M, González‐Campo A, Amabilino DB, Calpena AC, Pérez‐García L. Cationic Supramolecular Hydrogels for Overcoming the Skin Barrier in Drug Delivery. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:585-598. [PMID: 28794954 PMCID: PMC5542755 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A cationic bis-imidazolium-based amphiphile was used to form thermoreversible nanostructured supramolecular hydrogels incorporating neutral and cationic drugs for the topical treatment of rosacea. The concentration of the gelator and the type and concentration of the drug incorporated were found to be factors that strongly influenced the gelling temperature, gel-formation period, and overall stability and morphology. The incorporation of brimonidine tartrate resulted in the formation of the most homogeneous material of the three drugs explored, whereas the incorporation of betamethasone resulted in a gel with a completely different morphology comprising linked particles. NMR spectroscopy studies proved that these gels kept the drug not only at the interstitial space but also within the fibers. Due to the design of the gelator, drug release was up to 10 times faster and retention of the drug within the skin was up to 20 times more effective than that observed for commercial products. Experiments in vivo demonstrated the rapid efficacy of these gels in reducing erythema, especially in the case of the gel with brimonidine. The lack of coulombic attraction between the gelator-host and the guest-drug seemed particularly important in highly effective release, and the intermolecular interactions operating between them were found to lie at the root of the excellent properties of the materials for topical delivery and treatment of rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Limón
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química TerapèuticaUniversitat de BarcelonaAv. Joan XXIII 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UBUniversitat de BarcelonaAv Joan XXIII, S/N08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Claire Jiménez‐Newman
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química TerapèuticaUniversitat de BarcelonaAv. Joan XXIII 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mafalda Rodrigues
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química TerapèuticaUniversitat de BarcelonaAv. Joan XXIII 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UBUniversitat de BarcelonaAv Joan XXIII, S/N08028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Arántzazu González‐Campo
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)Campus de la UAB08193, BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
| | - David B. Amabilino
- School of ChemistryThe University of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of NottinghamTriumph RoadNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
| | - Ana C. Calpena
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UBUniversitat de BarcelonaAv Joan XXIII, S/N08028BarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i FisicoquímicaUniversitat de BarcelonaAv. Joan XXIII 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Lluïsa Pérez‐García
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química TerapèuticaUniversitat de BarcelonaAv. Joan XXIII 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UBUniversitat de BarcelonaAv Joan XXIII, S/N08028BarcelonaSpain
- Current address: School of PharmacyThe University of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
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14
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Limón D, Jiménez-Newman C, Calpena AC, González-Campo A, Amabilino DB, Pérez-García L. Microscale coiling in bis-imidazolium supramolecular hydrogel fibres induced by the release of a cationic serine protease inhibitor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:4509-4512. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09392b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A gemini dicationic amphiphile forms gels with a serine protease inhibitor, which could be used in a new approach to the treatment of Rosacea, and the release of the drug causes remarkable gel fibre coiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Limón
- Departament de Farmacologia
- Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Claire Jiménez-Newman
- Departament de Farmacologia
- Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Ana C. Calpena
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Departament de Farmàcia
| | | | - David B. Amabilino
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- UK
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
| | - Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Departament de Farmacologia
- Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
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15
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Safari M, Kamari Y, Ghiaci M, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Mirian M. Synthesis and characterization of insulin/zirconium phosphate@TiO 2 hybrid composites for enhanced oral insulin delivery applications. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 43:862-870. [PMID: 27489129 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1220573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a series of composites of insulin (Ins)/zirconium phosphate (ZrP) were synthesized by intercalation method, then, these composites were coated with TiO2 by sol-gel method to prepare Ins/ZrP@TiO2 hybrid composites and the drug release of the composites was investigated by using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Ins/ZrP (10, 30, 60 wt%) composites were prepared by intercalation of insulin into the ZrP layers in water. Then Ins/ZrP composites were coated with different amounts of TiO2 (30, 50, 100 wt %) by using titanium tetra n-butoxide, as precursor. Formation of intercalated Ins/ZrP and Ins/ZrP@TiO2 hybrid composites was characterized by FT-IR, FE-SEM, BET and XRD analysis. Zeta potential of the optimized Ins/ZrP@TiO2 hybrid composite was determined -27.2 mV. Cytotoxic effects of the optimized Ins/ZrP@TiO2 hybrid composite against HeLa and Hek293T cell lines were evaluated using MTT assay and the results showed that designed drug delivery system was not toxic in biological environment. Compared to the Ins/ZrP composites, incorporation of TiO2 coating enhanced the drug entrapment considerably, and reduced the drug release. The Ins/ZrP composites without TiO2 coating released the whole drug after 30 min in pH 7.4 (phosphate buffer solution) while the TiO2-coated composites released the entrapped drug after 20 h. In addition to increasing the shelf life of hormone, this nanoencapsulation and nanocoating method can convert the insulin utilization from injection to oral and present a painless and more comfortable treatment for diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Safari
- a Department of Chemistry , Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Younes Kamari
- a Department of Chemistry , Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Mehran Ghiaci
- a Department of Chemistry , Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- b Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran.,c Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Mina Mirian
- d Department of Biothechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
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Rodrigues M, Russo L, Aguiló E, Rodríguez L, Ott I, Pérez-García L. Au(i) N-heterocyclic carbenes from bis-imidazolium amphiphiles: synthesis, cytotoxicity and incorporation onto gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21621d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bis-imidazolium amphiphiles capable of forming Au(i) N-heterocyclic carbenes and gold nanoparticles for potential cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Rodrigues
- Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnología UB (IN2UB)
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - L. Russo
- Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnología UB (IN2UB)
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - E. Aguiló
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - L. Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - I. Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - L. Pérez-García
- Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnología UB (IN2UB)
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
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Łuczak J, Paszkiewicz M, Krukowska A, Malankowska A, Zaleska-Medynska A. Ionic liquids for nano- and microstructures preparation. Part 2: Application in synthesis. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 227:1-52. [PMID: 26520242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely applied to prepare metal nanoparticles and 3D semiconductor microparticles. Generally, they serve as a structuring agent or reaction medium (solvent), however it was also demonstrated that ILs can play a role of a co-solvent, metal precursor, reducing as well as surface modifying agent. The crucial role and possible types of interactions between ILs and growing particles have been presented in the Part 1 of this review paper. Part 2 of the paper gives a comprehensive overview of recent experimental studies dealing with application of ionic liquids for preparation of metal and semiconductor based nano- and microparticles. A wide spectrum of preparation routes using ionic liquids is presented, including precipitation, sol-gel technique, hydrothermal method, nanocasting and ray-mediated methods (microwave, ultrasound, UV-radiation and γ-radiation). It was found that ionic liquids formed of a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium [BMIM] combined with tetrafluoroborate [BF4], hexafluorophosphate [PF6], and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [Tf2N] are the most often used ILs in the synthesis of nano- and microparticles, due to their low melting temperature, low viscosity and good transportation properties. Nevertheless, examples of other IL classes with intrinsic nanoparticles stabilizing abilities such as phosphonium and ammonium derivatives are also presented. Experimental data revealed that structure of ILs (both anion and cation type) affects the size and shape of formed metal particles, and in some cases may even determine possibility of particles formation. The nature of the metal precursor determines its affinity to polar or nonpolar domains of ionic liquid, and therefore, the size of the nanoparticles depends on the size of these regions. Ability of ionic liquids to form varied extended interactions with particle precursor as well as other compounds presented in the reaction media (water, organic solvents etc.) provides nano- and microstructures with different morphologies (0D nanoparticles, 1D nanowires, rods, 2D layers, sheets, and 3D features of molecules). ILs interact efficiently with microwave irradiation, thus even small amount of IL can be employed to increase the dielectric constant of nonpolar solvents used in the synthesis. Thus, combining the advantages of ionic liquids and ray-mediated methods resulted in the development of new ionic liquid-assisted synthesis routes. One of the recently proposed approaches of semiconductor particles preparation is based on the adsorption of semiconductor precursor molecules at the surface of micelles built of ionic liquid molecules playing a role of a soft template for growing microparticles.
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Limón D, Amirthalingam E, Rodrigues M, Halbaut L, Andrade B, Garduño-Ramírez ML, Amabilino DB, Pérez-García L, Calpena AC. Novel nanostructured supramolecular hydrogels for the topical delivery of anionic drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 96:421-36. [PMID: 26409201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A bis-imidazolium-based amphiphilic molecule was used to form novel supramolecular gels in ethanol-water mixtures. The proportion of solvents, the concentration of gellant and the temperature are factors that strongly influence the gelling process. The physical gels that are formed comprise entangled fibers of around 100nm in diameter, able to incorporate anionic drugs, whose morphology varies depending on the drug they incorporate. These hydrogels are soft and therefore optimum for skin application. They show good stability when compared to previously reported gels. Suitable drug release and skin permeation profiles were obtained, and, moreover, they seem to promote the retention of the drug inside the skin. Finally, effective in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was observed, especially with the indomethacin-incorporated gel, which indicates that these supramolecular hydrogels are a good option for the delivery of poor water soluble drugs for the treatment of acute inflammation or other skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Limón
- Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ezhil Amirthalingam
- Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mafalda Rodrigues
- Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lyda Halbaut
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXI, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berenice Andrade
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Garduño-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - David B Amabilino
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Universitari, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana C Calpena
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXI, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Rodrigues M, Genç A, Arbiol J, Amabilino DB, Pérez-García L. In situ template synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a bis-imidazolium amphiphile-based hydrogel. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 446:53-8. [PMID: 25656559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Gemini-type bis-imidazolium amphiphiles are able to stabilize gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and also form hydrogels. It should be possible to obtain GNPs synthesized within these hydrogels and stabilized by the bis-imidazolium molecules. EXPERIMENTS Hydrogels containing a gold salt were formed using 1,3-bis[(3-octadecyl-1-imidazolio)methyl]benzene dibromide. After aging of the gel, upon addition of the reducing agent in a solvent the formation of GNPs was assessed. The gel was characterised and the GNPs were observed using High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). FINDINGS Monodisperse GNPs with an average size of ca. 5 nm and well defined icosahedral geometry were formed in situ using the bis-imidazolium amphiphile-based hydrogel as template. Furthermore the gelator is also the stabilizing ligand of the GNPs, allowing the recovery of the GNP by disassembling the gel without aggregation of the inorganic colloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Rodrigues
- Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Aziz Genç
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Universitari, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Universitari, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David B Amabilino
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Universitari, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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