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Pintus A, Aragoni MC, Carcangiu G, Caria V, Coles SJ, Dodd E, Giacopetti L, Gimeno D, Lippolis V, Meloni P, Murgia S, Navarro Ezquerra A, Podda E, Urru C, Arca M. Ammonium N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)oxamate (AmPicOxam): A Novel Precursor of Calcium Oxalate Coating for Carbonate Stone Substrates. Molecules 2023; 28:5768. [PMID: 37570738 PMCID: PMC10421195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonium N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)oxamate (AmPicOxam), synthesized from O-methyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)oxamate, was spectroscopically and structurally characterized and assayed as a novel precursor for the protection and consolidation of carbonate stone substrates. An in-depth characterization of treated and untreated biomicritic limestone and white Carrara marble samples was carried out by means of SEM microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, helium pycnometry, determination of water transport properties, and pull-off tests. The improved solubility (1.00 M, 16.5% w/w) of the title compound with respect to ammonium oxalate (0.4 M, 5% w/w) results in the formation of a thicker protective coating of calcium oxalate (CaOx) dihydrate (weddellite) on marble and biomicrite samples after the treatment with 5% and 12% w/w water solutions, producing a reduction in the stone porosity and increased cohesion. Theoretical calculations were carried out at the DFT level to investigate both the electronic structure of the N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)oxamate anion and the hydrolysis reaction leading from AmPicOxam to CaOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pintus
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S. S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.A.); (V.C.); (V.L.); (S.M.); (E.P.); (C.U.)
| | - M. Carla Aragoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S. S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.A.); (V.C.); (V.L.); (S.M.); (E.P.); (C.U.)
| | - Gianfranco Carcangiu
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e Del Clima (ISAC), UOS di Cagliari c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S. S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy;
| | - Veronica Caria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S. S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.A.); (V.C.); (V.L.); (S.M.); (E.P.); (C.U.)
| | - Simon J. Coles
- National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (S.J.C.); (E.D.)
| | - Eleanor Dodd
- National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (S.J.C.); (E.D.)
| | - Laura Giacopetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S. S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.A.); (V.C.); (V.L.); (S.M.); (E.P.); (C.U.)
| | - Domingo Gimeno
- Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Vito Lippolis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S. S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.A.); (V.C.); (V.L.); (S.M.); (E.P.); (C.U.)
| | - Paola Meloni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, CA, Italy;
- Laboratorio Colle di Bonaria, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Ravenna snc, 09125 Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Simone Murgia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S. S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.A.); (V.C.); (V.L.); (S.M.); (E.P.); (C.U.)
| | - Antonia Navarro Ezquerra
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Arquitectura, EPSEB-UPC, Avda. Doctor Marañón, 44-50, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Enrico Podda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S. S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.A.); (V.C.); (V.L.); (S.M.); (E.P.); (C.U.)
- Centro Servizi di Ateneo per la Ricerca (CeSAR), Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S. S. 554 Bivio Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Claudia Urru
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S. S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.A.); (V.C.); (V.L.); (S.M.); (E.P.); (C.U.)
| | - Massimiliano Arca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S. S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.A.); (V.C.); (V.L.); (S.M.); (E.P.); (C.U.)
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He L, Wang L, Liu Y, Yang F, Gao X. Preparation of calcium oxalate film on the surface of historic carbonate stone in a humid environment. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03649a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of acid-resistant calcium oxalate film in a high-humidity environment without changing the original properties and appearance of carbonate stone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- Department of Preservation Technology for Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory for the Preservation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage of Education Ministry, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Preservation Technology for Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory for the Preservation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage of Education Ministry, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Preservation Technology for Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory for the Preservation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage of Education Ministry, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Fuwei Yang
- Department of Preservation Technology for Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory for the Preservation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage of Education Ministry, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
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Abstract
Stone monuments and buildings are susceptible to weathering. Carbonate-based stones are especially vulnerable in acidic environments, whereas magmatic acidic stones are more susceptible to chemical weathering in basic environments. To slow down surface corrosion of limestone and marble artworks/buildings, protective coatings which inhibit calcite dissolution have been proposed. In this work, samples from two stone types with different porosity were treated with ammonium oxalate (AmOx) to create a protective layer of calcium oxalate (CaOx) using the previously developed brushing method. Two different synchrotron microscopy experiments were performed to determine its protective capability. X-ray powder diffraction (SR-μ-XRPD) in transmission geometry allowed visualization of the distributions of calcium carbonate and oxalates along the sample depths. In a second step, X-ray fluorescence (SR-μ-XRF) was used to check the efficiency/integrity of the protective surface coating layer. This was done by measuring the sulfur distribution on the stone surface after exposing the protected stones to sulfuric acid. XRPD showed the formation of a protective oxalate layer with a thickness of 5–15 µm on the less porous stone, while a 20–30 µm thick layer formed on the more porous stone. The XRF study showed that the optimal treatment time depends on the stone porosity. Increasing the treatment time from 1 to 3 h resulted in a decreased efficiency of the protective layer for the low porosity stone. We assume that this is due to the formation of vertical channels (cracks) in the protective layer.
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Aragoni MC, Giacopetti L, Arca M, Carcangiu G, Columbu S, Gimeno D, Isaia F, Lippolis V, Meloni P, Ezquerra AN, Podda E, Rius J, Vallcorba O, Pintus A. Ammonium monoethyloxalate (AmEtOx): a new agent for the conservation of carbonate stone substrates. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06001a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium monoethyloxalate (AmEtOx) is proposed as a consolidanting agent for carbonate stones such as biomicritic limestone and marble, resulting in the formation of a microcrystalline passivating phase of calcium oxalate (whewellite and weddellite).
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Pintus A, Aragoni MC, Carcangiu G, Giacopetti L, Isaia F, Lippolis V, Maiore L, Meloni P, Arca M. Density functional theory modelling of protective agents for carbonate stones: a case study of oxalate and oxamate inorganic salts. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01714j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations allowed investigating the ability of oxalate monoesters and monoamides salts to act as protective agents for carbonate stones, such as marble or limestones, of historical interest in the field of cultural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pintus
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari)
- Italy
| | - M. Carla Aragoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari)
- Italy
| | - Gianfranco Carcangiu
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC) UOS di Cagliari c/o Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari)
- Italy
| | - Laura Giacopetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari)
- Italy
| | - Francesco Isaia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari)
- Italy
| | - Vito Lippolis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari)
- Italy
| | - Laura Maiore
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Sassari
- 07100 Sassari
- Italy
| | - Paola Meloni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica
- Chimica e dei Materiali
- 09123 Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Massimiliano Arca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari)
- Italy
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Maiore L, Aragoni MC, Carcangiu G, Cocco O, Isaia F, Lippolis V, Meloni P, Murru A, Slawin AMZ, Tuveri E, Woollins JD, Arca M. Oxamate salts as novel agents for the restoration of marble and limestone substrates: case study of ammonium N-phenyloxamate. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02505b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of calcareous stone substrates, such as weathered marble and biomicritic limestone, with ammonium N-phenyloxamate results in the deposition of the corresponding monohydrated calcium salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- Italy
| | | | - Gianfranco Carcangiu
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC)
- UOS di Cagliari c/o Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Ombretta Cocco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile
- Ambientale e Architettura
- 09123 Cagliari
- Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Meloni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica
- Chimica e dei Materiali
- 09123 Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Arianna Murru
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile
- Ambientale e Architettura
- 09123 Cagliari
- Italy
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