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Xi Z, Zhang R, Kiessling F, Lammers T, Pallares RM. Role of Surface Curvature in Gold Nanostar Properties and Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:38-50. [PMID: 37249042 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanostars (AuNSs) are nanoparticles with intricate three-dimensional structures and shape-dependent optoelectronic properties. For example, AuNSs uniquely display three distinct surface curvatures, i.e. neutral, positive, and negative, which provide different environments to adsorbed ligands. Hence, these curvatures are used to introduce different surface chemistries in nanoparticles. This review summarizes and discusses the role of surface curvature in AuNS properties and its impact on biomedical and chemical applications, including surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, contrast agent performance, and catalysis. We examine the main synthetic approaches to generate AuNSs, control their morphology, and discuss their benefits and drawbacks. We also describe the optical characteristics of AuNSs and discuss how these depend on nanoparticle morphology. Finally, we analyze how AuNS surface curvature endows them with properties distinctly different from those of other nanoparticles, such as strong electromagnetic fields at the tips and increased hydrophilic environments at the indentations, together making AuNSs uniquely useful for biosensing, imaging, and local chemical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqian Xi
- Biohybrid Nanomedical Materials Group, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Rui Zhang
- Biohybrid Nanomedical Materials Group, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Roger M Pallares
- Biohybrid Nanomedical Materials Group, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
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2
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Wu Y, Han S, Li Y, Shen W. Fabrication of monodisperse gold-copper nanocubes and AuCu-cuprous sulfide heterodimers by a step-wise polyol reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:136-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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Spirin MG, Brichkin SB, Lizunova AA, Razumov VF. Synthesis of Gold Nanorods in a Binary Mixture of Cationic Surfactants. COLLOID JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x22010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Wen C, Wang L, Liu L, Shen XC, Chen H. Surface-enhanced Raman probes based on gold nanomaterials for in vivo diagnosis and imaging. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200014. [PMID: 35178878 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has received considerable attention from researchers due to its high molecular specificity, high sensitivity, non-invasive and multiplexing. Recently, various metal substrates have been exploited for SERS analysis and imaging. Among them, gold nanomaterials are important SERS substrates with outstanding surface plasmon resonance effects, structural adjustability and good biocompatibility, making them widely used in biomedical diagnosis and clinical fields. In this minireview, we discuss the latest progress about the application of gold-based nanomaterials as SERS probes in biomedical research, primarily for in vivo disease diagnosis and imaging. This review mainly includes the basic shapes and morphologies of gold based SERS probes, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), gold nanorods (AuNRs), gold nanostars (AuNSs), as well as other gold nanostructures. Finally, a brief outlook for the future development of SERS technique in the context of efficient diagnostics and therapy guidance is provided. We hope that this minireview will facilitate the design and future development of Surface-enhanced Raman probes based on gold nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Liu
- Guangxi Normal University, chemistry, CHINA
| | | | - Hua Chen
- Guangxi Normal University, school of chemistry, 15 Yucai Road, 541004, Guilin, CHINA
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5
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Schwaminger SP, Bauer D, Fraga-García P. Gold-iron oxide nanohybrids: insights into colloidal stability and surface-enhanced Raman detection. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6438-6445. [PMID: 36133489 PMCID: PMC9416941 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00455g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are acquiring an ever increasing role in analytical technologies for enhanced applications such as signalling of hazardous dyes. One challenge for the synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials is to control their shape, size and properties. The colloidal and interfacial properties of initial nanoparticles are decisive for the formation, growth and characteristics of nanohybrids. Our objective is to combine the advantages of iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic separation with nanoscale gold for a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect which could be used e.g. for improved detection of dye molecules. We synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (∼10 nm) with a high saturation magnetization of around 80 Am2 kg-1 and coupled nanoscale gold to these particles. The focus was set in testing multiple approaches to combine these two materials with the goal of understanding and discussing the effect of the colloidal stability of iron oxide nanoparticles on the properties of the hybrid material. Stability is a seldom addressed issue; however, it plays a critical role for guaranteeing a homogeneous distribution of the gold on the iron oxide surface. We characterized the produced materials with UV/Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy, and their capability to enhance Raman signals is investigated. The seed-mediated growth method of oleate and PEG-stabilized magnetic particles yielded the best enhancement of Raman scattering for identification of the dye Rhodamin 6G. This approach can be used to couple gold nanoparticles to other surfaces and microfluidic devices. The presented method might pave the way to further applications in diagnostics or also in environmental approaches and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Schwaminger
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Munich Boltzmannstr. 15 Garching Germany
| | - David Bauer
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Munich Boltzmannstr. 15 Garching Germany
| | - Paula Fraga-García
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Munich Boltzmannstr. 15 Garching Germany
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6
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López-Lorente ÁI. Recent developments on gold nanostructures for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy: Particle shape, substrates and analytical applications. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1168:338474. [PMID: 34051992 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful technique for sensitive analysis which is attracting great attention in the last decades. In this review, different gold nanostructures that have been exploited for SERS analysis are described, ranging from gold nanospheres to anisotropic and complex-shaped gold nanostructures, in which the presence of high aspect ratio features leads to an increment of the electromagnetic field at the surface of the nanomaterial, resulting in enhanced SERS response. In addition to the shape of the nanostructure, the interparticle nanogaps play a prominent role in the SERS efficiency. In this sense, different approaches such as nanoaggregation and formation of assemblies and ordered structures lead to the creation of the so-called hot spots. SERS measurements may be performed in solution, while usually the nanostructures are deposited building a SERS substrate, which can be created via attachment of chemically prepared gold nanostructures, as well as via top-down physical methods. Among the classical supports for creating the SERS substrates, in the last years there is a trend towards the development of flexible supports based on polymers as well as paper. Finally, some recent applications of gold nanostructures-based SERS substrates within the analytical field are discussed to spotlight the potential of this technique in real-world analytical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela I López-Lorente
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica IUNAN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.
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7
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Shi M, Wang Z. Valence, Size, and Shape Control of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Electron-Assisted Reduction. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3904-3912. [PMID: 33021084 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An electron-assisted strategy was developed to prepare gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) at room temperature. Glow discharge plasma as electron source was successfully used to control the valence state, size, and shape of AuNPs. Stable Au(I) was obtained in 3 min by plasma, and Au(I) was reduced to zero valence with the increase in treatment time. An increase in the amount of Au did not induce an increase in particle size. A narrow size distribution was also achieved. The narrowest size distribution was observed at 9 min at 600 V. AuNPs grew slowly under glow discharge plasma, which slightly changed the mean size of AuNPs. Moreover, the average size of AuNPs was smaller under alkaline conditions. The initial pH of the solution can affect the nucleation and growth of AuNPs and further affect their particle size. Spherical AuNPs, hexagonal AuNPs, rectangular AuNPs, flower-shaped AuNPs, and Au nanorods were easily obtained within 30 min by adding different additives. The hexagonal AuNPs exhibited the largest current response toward caffeine and showed a good linear range (0.1-1000 μM) with a low detection limit (0.064 μM), because their high-energy planes can increase the electron transfer rate and improve electrocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, National Engineering Research Centre of Industry Crystallization Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, National Engineering Research Centre of Industry Crystallization Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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Spirin MG, Brichkin SB, Yushkov ES, Razumov VF. Effect of Surfactants on Shape of Gold Nanoparticles. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143920050148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Marelli M, Bossola F, Spinetti G, Sangalli E, Santo VD, Psaro R, Polito L. Microfluidic Synthesis of Hybrid TiO 2-Anisotropic Gold Nanoparticles with Visible and Near-Infrared Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38522-38529. [PMID: 32805968 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), with their unique physical and optical properties, are emerging as smart and key nanomaterials and are being exploited in many crucial fields. To further improve their range of action, anisotropic AuNPs have been coupled with semiconductors, mainly TiO2 (titania), receiving great interest as powerful platforms both in biomedicine and in catalytic applications. Such hybrid nanoparticles show new properties that arise from the synergic action of the components and rely on NP size, morphology, and arrangement. Therefore, continuous advances in design and fabrication of new hybrid titania@gold NPs (TiO2@AuNPs) are urgent and highly desirable. Here, we propose an effective protocol to produce multibranched AuNPs covered by a controlled TiO2 thin layer, exploiting a one-pot microfluidic process. The proposed method allows the in-flow and reliable synthesis of titania-functionalized-anisotropic gold nanoparticles by avoiding the use of toxic surfactants and controlling the titania shell formation. TiO2@AuNPs have been fully characterized in terms of morphology, stability, and biocompatibility, and their activity in photocatalysis has been tested and verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Marelli
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Filippo Bossola
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Via C. Golgi 19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Gaia Spinetti
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Elena Sangalli
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, Milan 20138, Italy
| | | | - Rinaldo Psaro
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Via C. Golgi 19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, Milan 20138, Italy
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Yu X, Zhong Y, Sun Y, Chen Y. Controllable Preparation of Plasmonic Gold Nanostars for Enhanced Photothermal and SERS Effects. Chem Res Chin Univ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-020-0049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Wu D, Chen Y, Hou S, Fang W, Duan H. Intracellular and Cellular Detection by SERS-Active Plasmonic Nanostructures. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2432-2441. [PMID: 30957950 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), with greatly amplified fingerprint spectra, holds great promise in biochemical and biomedical research. In particular, the possibility of exciting a library of SERS probes and differentially detecting them simultaneously has stimulated widespread interest in multiplexed biodetection. Herein, recent progress in developing SERS-active plasmonic nanostructures for cellular and intracellular detection is summarized. The development of nanosensors with tailored plasmonic and multifunctional properties for profiling molecular and pathological processes is highlighted. Future challenges towards the routine use of SERS technology in quantitative bioanalysis and clinical diagnostics are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, P.R. China.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Yonghao Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Shuai Hou
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Wenjun Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Duan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
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12
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Atta S, Beetz M, Fabris L. Understanding the role of AgNO 3 concentration and seed morphology in the achievement of tunable shape control in gold nanostars. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:2946-2958. [PMID: 30693922 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07615d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanostars are one of the most fascinating anisotropic nanoparticles. The morphology of a nanostar can be controlled by changing various synthetic parameters; however, the detailed growth mechanism is still not fully understood. Herein, we investigate this process in six-branched nanostars, focusing first on the properties of a single crystalline seed, which evolves to include penta-twinned defects as the gateway to anisotropic growth into the 6-branched morphology. In particular, we report on a high-yield seed-mediated protocol for the synthesis of these particles with high dimensional monodispersity in the presence of Triton-X, ascorbic acid, and AgNO3. Detailed spectroscopic and microscopic analyses have allowed the identification of several key intermediates in the growth process, revealing that it proceeds via penta-twinned intermediate seeds. Importantly, we report the first experimental evidence tracking the location of silver with sub-nanometer resolution and prove its role as a stabilizing agent in these highly branched nanostructures. Our results indicate that metallic silver on the spikes stabilizes the nanostar morphology and the remaining silver, present when AgNO3 is added at a high concentration, deposits on the core and between the bases of neighboring spikes. Importantly, we also demonstrate the possibility of achieving dimensional monodispersity, reproducibility, and tunability in colloidal gold nanostars that are substantially higher than those previously reported, which could be leveraged to carry out holistic computational-experimental studies to understand, predict, and tailor their plasmonic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Atta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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13
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Shi R, Liu X, Ying Y. Facing Challenges in Real-Life Application of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering: Design and Nanofabrication of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates for Rapid Field Test of Food Contaminants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6525-6543. [PMID: 28920678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is capable of detecting a single molecule with high specificity and has become a promising technique for rapid chemical analysis of agricultural products and foods. With a deeper understanding of the SERS effect and advances in nanofabrication technology, SERS is now on the edge of going out of the laboratory and becoming a sophisticated analytical tool to fulfill various real-world tasks. This review focuses on the challenges that SERS has met in this progress, such as how to obtain a reliable SERS signal, improve the sensitivity and specificity in a complex sample matrix, develop simple and user-friendly practical sensing approach, reduce the running cost, etc. This review highlights the new thoughts on design and nanofabrication of SERS-active substrates for solving these challenges and introduces the recent advances of SERS applications in this area. We hope that our discussion will encourage more researches to address these challenges and eventually help to bring SERS technology out of the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Shi
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , China
| | - Xiangjiang Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , China
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , China
- Zhejiang A&F University , 88 Huanchengdong Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 311300 , China
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14
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Zhou T, Liu T, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Wang F, Wang X, Liu S, Zhang H, Wang S, Ma J. Investigation on catalytic properties of au nanorods with different aspect ratios by kinetic and thermodynamic analysis. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Garcia-Leis A, Rivera-Arreba I, Sanchez-Cortes S. Morphological tuning of plasmonic silver nanostars by controlling the nanoparticle growth mechanism: Application in the SERS detection of the amyloid marker Congo Red. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Anisotropic gold nanoparticles: Preparation and applications in catalysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(16)62475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Branch number matters: Promoting catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol over gold nanostars by raising the number of branches and coating with mesoporous SiO2. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 477:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Ye S, Benz F, Wheeler MC, Oram J, Baumberg JJ, Cespedes O, Christenson HK, Coletta PL, Jeuken LJC, Markham AF, Critchley K, Evans SD. One-step fabrication of hollow-channel gold nanoflowers with excellent catalytic performance and large single-particle SERS activity. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14932-14942. [PMID: 27352044 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04045d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hollow metallic nanostructures have shown potential in various applications including catalysis, drug delivery and phototherapy, owing to their large surface areas, reduced net density, and unique optical properties. In this study, novel hollow gold nanoflowers (HAuNFs) consisting of an open hollow channel in the center and multiple branches/tips on the outer surface are fabricated for the first time, via a facile one-step synthesis using an auto-degradable nanofiber as a bifunctional template. The one-dimensional (1D) nanofiber acts as both a threading template as well as a promoter of the anisotropic growth of the gold crystal, the combination of which leads to the formation of HAuNFs with a hollow channel and nanospikes. The synergy of favorable structural/surface features, including sharp edges, open cavity and high-index facets, provides our HAuNFs with excellent catalytic performance (activity and cycling stability) coupled with large single-particle SERS activity (including ∼30 times of activity in ethanol electro-oxidation and ∼40 times of single-particle SERS intensity, benchmarked against similar-sized solid gold nanospheres with smooth surfaces, as well as retaining 86.7% of the initial catalytic activity after 500 cycles in ethanol electro-oxidation). This innovative synthesis gives a nanostructure of the geometry distinct from the template and is extendable to fabricating other systems for example, hollow-channel silver nanoflowers (HAgNFs). It thus provides an insight into the design of hollow nanostructures via template methods, and offers a versatile synthetic strategy for diverse metal nanomaterials suited for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjie Ye
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and Leeds Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Felix Benz
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - May C Wheeler
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Joseph Oram
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Oscar Cespedes
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Hugo K Christenson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Patricia Louise Coletta
- Leeds Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Lars J C Jeuken
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alexander F Markham
- Leeds Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Kevin Critchley
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Stephen D Evans
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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