Fabrication of Gd/Eu-codoped SmPO4 nanorods for dual-modal magnetic resonance and bio-optical imaging

Magneto-optical nanosystems for tumor multimodal imaging and therapy in-vivo

Multimodal imaging, which combines the strengths of two or more imaging modalities to provide complementary anatomical and molecular information, has emerged as a robust technology for enhancing diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy, as well as improving treatment monitoring. Moreover, the application of multimodal imaging in guiding precision tumor treatment can prevent under- or over-treatment, thereby maximizing the benefits for tumor patients. In recent years, several intriguing magneto-optical nanosystems with both magnetic and optical properties have been developed, leading to significant breakthroughs in the field of multimodal imaging and image-guided tumor therapy. These advancements pave the way for precise tumor medicine. This review summarizes various types of magneto-optical nanosystems developed recently and describes their applications as probes for multimodal imaging and agents for image-guided therapeutic interventions. Finally, future research and development prospects of magneto-optical nanosystems are discussed along with an outlook on their further applications in the biomedical field.

RGD/CTX-conjugated multifunctional Eu–Gd2O3NRs for targeting detection and inhibition of early tumor

The multifunctional Eu–Gd₂O₃nanorods (NRs) with targeting/limitation of early glioblastoma and enhancements ofin vivoMR and luminescence imaging were fabricated through a hydrothermal-calcination, PEGylation and thiolation conjugation of arginine–glycine–aspartic (RGD) and chlorotoxin (CTX).

Fabrication of RGD-conjugated Gd(OH)3:Eu nanorods with enhancement of magnetic resonance, luminescence imaging and in vivo tumor targeting

The development of multimodal probes with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intraoperative fluorescence imaging is the most challenging task in the field of tumor diagnosis. Herein, a simple one-pot hydrothermal method is used to prepare Eu-doped Gd(OH)₃ nanorods (Gd(OH)₃:Eu NRs) with good fluorescence and the longitudinal relaxivity r₁ value of 4.78 (Gd mM s^-1). After dual-functionalized maleimide-polyethylene glycol-succinimide (Mal-PEG-NHS) macromolecules are coated on the surface of Gd(OH)₃:Eu NRs (PEG-NRs), the results of a lower degradation ratio in newborn calf serum (NCS), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in L929 cells and the hemolytic rate of PEG-NRs show their good cyto-compatibility and longer blood circulation time. Moreover, the actively tumor-targeting properties are endowed to NRs through the conjugation of cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (cRGD) (denoted RGD-NRs). The bio-distributions of RGD-NRs in tumor-bearing nude mice via tail-vein injection indicate that RGD-NRs are specifically taken-up by gliomas. The tests of in vivo T₁-weighted MR imaging via tail-vein injection confirm that RGD-NRs possess a higher positive signal-enhancement ability in gliomas. Besides, the better luminescence imaging of living cells under a fluorescence microscope and the clear in vivo fluorescence imaging further confirm the targeting properties and better in vivo optical imaging behavior of RGD-NRs.