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Chhajed M, Verma C, Maji PK. Recent advances in hydrophobic nanocellulose aerogels for oil spill applications: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116024. [PMID: 38219295 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
In a rapidly growing world, petroleum is used extensively in various industries, and the extraction, processing, and transportation of petroleum generates large amounts of petroleum-containing wastewater. Conventional oil/water separation methodologies are often ineffective and costly. Nanocellulose-based aerogels (NA) have emerged as a possible solution to this problem. However, hydrophobic modification is required for effective use in oil/water separation. This review on materials commonly used in these processes and outlines the requirements for adsorbent materials and methods for creating unique lipophilic surfaces. New trends in hydrophobization methods for NA are also discussed. Additionally, it includes the development of composite nanocellulose aerogels (CNAs) and cellulose based membrane specially developed for oil/water (o/w) separation considering different separation requirements. This analysis also examines how CNAs have evolved by introducing special properties that facilitate oil collection or make the adsorbent recyclable. We also discuss the difficulties in creating effective NAs for these important applications in a changing society, as well as the difficulties in creating oil recovery equipment for oil spill cleanup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Chhajed
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, U.P., India
| | - Chhavi Verma
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, U.P., India
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, U.P., India.
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2
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Li C, Liu Q, Zhang G, Lin L, Ostrikov K(K. Rapid synthesis of MTES-derived silica aerogel monoliths in Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/water solvent system by ambient pressure drying. POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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3
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Advanced superhydrophobic and multifunctional nanocellulose aerogels for oil/water separation: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 300:120242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fashandi M, Karamikamkar S, Leung SN, Naguib HE, Hong J, Liang B, Park CB. Synthesis, structures and properties of hydrophobic Alkyltrimethoxysilane-Polyvinyltrimethoxysilane hybrid aerogels with different alkyl chain lengths. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:720-734. [PMID: 34628328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Alkyltrimethoxysilane (ATMS) is among most widely used silane coupling agents. These commercially available, reasonably priced chemicals are often utilized to improve the compatibility of inorganic surfaces with organic coatings. With three hydrolysable moieties, ATMS is an outstanding candidate for solving the hydrophilicity, moisture sensitivity and high cost of silica aerogels. However, ATMS has a non-hydrolysable alkyl chain that undergoes cyclization reactions. The alkyl chain prevents ATMS from being incorporated in aerogel structures. Polyvinyltrimethoxysilane (PVTMS) is a silica precursor that offers two types of crosslinking to the final aerogel product. This strong doubly-crosslinked network can potentially suppress the cyclization reactions of ATMS and include it in aerogel structure. EXPERIMENTS PVTMS was used with ATMS having different alkyl lengths (3-16 carbons) and loadings (25 or 50 wt%) as the silica precursors. Acid and base catalysts were used to perform hydrolysis and condensation reactions on the mixture and ATMS:PVTMS aerogels were obtained via supercritical drying. FINDINGS The incorporation of ATMS in the aerogels was approved by different characterization methods. Results showed that ATMS:PVTMS aerogels possess hydrophobicity (θ ∼ 130°), moisture resistance, varying surface area (44-916 m2·g-1), meso/microporous structure and thermal insulation properties (λ ∼ 0.03 W·m-1K-1). These samples also showed excellent performance in oil and organic solvent adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Fashandi
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Solmaz Karamikamkar
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Siu N Leung
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Hani E Naguib
- Smart Polymers & Composites Lab, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jiang Hong
- Project Services and External Development Department, Jiangsu JITRI Advanced Polymer Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd. 21F, Tengfei Building A, 88 Jiangmiao Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Bingqing Liang
- Project Services and External Development Department, Jiangsu JITRI Advanced Polymer Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd. 21F, Tengfei Building A, 88 Jiangmiao Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada.
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Han C, Deng J, Wang K, Luo G. Continuous-flow synthesis of polymethylsilsesquioxane spheres in a microreaction system. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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6
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Hsieh YT, Lin YF, Liu WR. Enhancing the Water Resistance and Stability of CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Quantum Dots for Light-Emitting-Diode Applications through Encapsulation in Waterproof Polymethylsilsesquioxane Aerogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:58049-58059. [PMID: 33300781 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Highly stable all-inorganic perovskite quantum dot/polymethylsilsesquioxane aerogel (CsPbBr3/PMSQ AG) composites were first produced using two-step hot-injection and encapsulation processes by embedding green-emitting CsPbBr3 PQDs into modified hydrophobic mesoporous silica AGs. The unique structure of the composites not only considerably enhances the chemical stability of CsPbBr3 PQDs against moisture, humidity, and blue-light irradiation in air but also prevents anion exchange reactions during light-emitting diode (LED) manufacturing processes. In addition, the composition-optimized CsPbBr3/PMSQ AG exhibited excellent stability when soaked in water for more than 14 days and retained half of its initial intensity. Finally, white LED devices were fabricated by combining a blue-emitting GaN-based chip, green-emitting CsPbBr3/PMSQ AG, and red-emitting K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Center for Circular Economy, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuan City, Taiwan 32023, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Feng Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Center for Circular Economy, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuan City, Taiwan 32023, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ren Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Center for Circular Economy, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuan City, Taiwan 32023, Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Shen Q, Li X, Xie H, Nie C. Facile synthesis of ternary flexible silica aerogels with coarsened skeleton for oil–water separation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42297-42304. [PMID: 35516755 PMCID: PMC9057917 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07906e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the skeleton morphology on the properties of flexible silica aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Qianqian Shen
- School of Materials and Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Xuesha Li
- School of Materials and Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Hongmei Xie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yangtze Normal University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Chaoyin Nie
- School of Materials and Energy
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- China
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Wang HL, Hsu CY, Wu KC, Lin YF, Tsai DH. Functional nanostructured materials: Aerosol, aerogel, and de novo synthesis to emerging energy and environmental applications. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bi Y, Zhu J, Xie Z, Ren H. Uniformly Structured Methyltrimethoxysilane-Based Silica Aerogels with Enhanced Mechanical Property by Surfactant-Free Fabrication. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x19500170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The uniformity, elasticity and hydrophobicity of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS)-based silica aerogels, which were prepared by using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the solvent, were investigated. The as-prepared silica aerogels were characterized by means of scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, contact angle/interface system and electronic universal testing machine. The hydrophobicity of the MTMS-based silica aerogels could be adjusted by tuning the MTMS/DMSO molar ratios. The water contact angle of the MTMS-based silica aerogels could be as high as 160.2∘, suggesting its superhydrophobic property. It was found that all the MTMS-based silica aerogels had the typical three-dimensional porous structure. The failure strain of MTMS-based silica aerogels could be as high as 66.14%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutie Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Science Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology and Research Center of Laser Fusion, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Science Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology and Research Center of Laser Fusion, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Zikai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Science Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology and Research Center of Laser Fusion, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Science Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology and Research Center of Laser Fusion, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
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Wang J, Wang H. Facile synthesis of flexible mesoporous aerogel with superhydrophobicity for efficient removal of layered and emulsified oil from water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 530:372-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Flame-retardant superhydrophobic coating derived from fly ash on polymeric foam for efficient oil/corrosive water and emulsion separation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 525:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Zhu X, Tian Y, Li F, Liu Y, Wang X, Hu X. Preparation and application of magnetic superhydrophobic polydivinylbenzene nanofibers for oil adsorption in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:22911-22919. [PMID: 29858992 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic materials have an excellent performance in oil adsorption. In this study, a novel magnetic polydivinylbenzene (PDVB) nanofiber was synthesized by the method of cation polymerization to adsorb oil from water. The magnetic PDVB was hollow nanofiber with Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded in its structure. The synthesis condition was optimized that the ratio of divinylbenzene (DVB) to boron fluoride ethyl ether (BFEE) was 10:1 (v/v), and the Fe3O4 dosage was 0.175 g/g of DVB. The material showed an excellent oil adsorption performance in wastewater, and the oil concentration could be reduced from 2000 to 92.2 mg/L within 5 min. The magnetic PDVB had relatively high adsorption capacity (12 g/g) for oil, which could be attributed to its super hydrophobicity and one-dimensional nanostructure with high crosslinking degree. The isotherm study indicated that the magnetic PDVB adsorbed oil was an asymmetric or multilayer adsorption process. The material could be regenerated by simple squeeze and maintain its adsorption capacity after it has been used for 10 recycles. In real coking wastewater, the magnetic PDVB kept a good oil adsorption performance without the interference of various pollutants, indicating a wide prospect in practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobiao Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feifei Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yapeng Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Yao B, Zhang X, Yang F, Li C, Sun G, Zhang G, Mu Z. Morphology-controlled synthesis of polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) microsphere and its applications in enhancing the thermal properties and flow improving ability of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Lei C, Li J, Sun C, Yang H, Xia T, Hu Z, Zhang Y. A Co-Precursor Approach Coupled with a Supercritical Modification Method for Constructing Highly Transparent and Superhydrophobic Polymethylsilsesquioxane Aerogels. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040797. [PMID: 29601481 PMCID: PMC6017923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) aerogels obtained from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) are well-known high-performance porous materials. Highly transparent and hydrophobic PMSQ aerogel would play an important role in transparent vacuum insulation panels. Herein, the co-precursor approach and supercritical modification method were developed to prepare the PMSQ aerogels with high transparency and superhydrophobicity. Firstly, benefiting from the introduction of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) in the precursor, the pore structure became more uniform and the particle size was decreased. As the TMOS content increased, the light transmittance increased gradually from 54.0% to 81.2%, whereas the contact angle of water droplet decreased from 141° to 99.9°, ascribed to the increase of hydroxyl groups on the skeleton surface. Hence, the supercritical modification method utilizing hexamethyldisilazane was also introduced to enhance the hydrophobic methyl groups on the aerogel’s surface. As a result, the obtained aerogels revealed superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 155°. Meanwhile, the developed surface modification method did not lead to any significant changes in the pore structure resulting in the superhydrophobic aerogel with a high transparency of 77.2%. The proposed co-precursor approach and supercritical modification method provide a new horizon in the fabrication of highly transparent and superhydrophobic PMSQ aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoshuai Lei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Composite Materials, Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China.
| | - Junning Li
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Composite Materials, Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China.
| | - Chencheng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Composite Materials, Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China.
| | - Hailong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Composite Materials, Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Composite Materials, Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China.
| | - Zijun Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Composite Materials, Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China.
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Vareda JP, Maximiano P, Cunha LP, Ferreira AF, Simões PN, Durães L. Effect of different types of surfactants on the microstructure of methyltrimethoxysilane-derived silica aerogels: A combined experimental and computational approach. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 512:64-76. [PMID: 29054008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Wu X, Yin W, Hou J, Wang S, Feng K, Wang X. Adsorption and reduction of hexavalent chromium on magnetic greigite (Fe3S4)-CTAB: leading role of Fe(ii) and S(−ii). RSC Adv 2018; 8:31568-31574. [PMID: 35548252 PMCID: PMC9085568 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a facile one-step route was used to synthesize a novel magnetic mesoporous greigite (Fe3S4)-CTAB composite, which was utilized to remove hexavalent chromium (Cr(vi)). The optimized Fe3S4-CTAB0.75 composite with a CTAB dosage of 0.75 g possessed the maximum specific surface, showing the highest Cr(vi) adsorption capacity of 330.03 mg g−1. The mechanism analysis revealed that Fe(ii) and S(−ii) were critical for the reduction of Cr(vi). CTAB can promote the removal of Cr(vi) by Fe3S4-CTAB composites, possibly due to increased S(−ii) concentration, better dispersion of nanoparticles, and greater zeta potential. Besides, there is mild effect of Fe0 on Cr(vi) removal, which is confirmed by the disappearance of the Fe0 peak from the XPS analysis. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model could explain the Cr(vi) removal processes well. The adsorption of Cr(vi) at different initial concentrations was more consistent with a Langmuir isotherm. The existence of H+ was beneficial for Cr(vi) removal by Fe3S4-CTAB0.75. Our work confirmed that the obtained Fe3S4-CTAB0.75 composites exhibit considerable potential for Cr(vi) removal from aqueous solution. The presence of CTAB can promote the removal of hexavalent chromium from the Fe3S4-CTAB surface.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- China
| | - Yiting Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- China
| | - Xiaoge Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- China
| | - Weiqin Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- China
| | - Jianhua Hou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization
- Nanjing 210095
| | - Shengsen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization
- Nanjing 210095
| | - Ke Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization
- Nanjing 210095
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization
- Nanjing 210095
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