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Laha S, Roy M, Chakraborty S. Electrokinetics of Erosive Seepage through Deformable Porous Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12878-12887. [PMID: 38865164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Channelization and branching patterns frequently appear in porous structures as a result of fluid-flow-mediated erosion, which causes spatiotemporal changes in the medium. However, most studies on electrokinetic effects in porous media focus on the overall impact of the electric field on electrical double-layer formation in micropores and its influence on ionic transport, without addressing the spatiotemporal erosive characteristics and resulting porosity distribution. In this study, we explore the interplay between flow-induced shear stress and an external electric field on the dynamic evolution of porosity in deformable porous media using semi-analytical modeling. Our numerical simulations accurately predict the differences in porosity and erosive development when the electric field aligns with or opposes the flow, highlighting the importance of the direction of the external stimulus and not just its magnitude. Our findings establish a foundation for electric-field-mediated control of porous media properties and explain electrokinetic transport by considering dynamic porosity variations as a result of erosive deformation, an aspect previously unaddressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampad Laha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Manideep Roy
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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2
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Aizawa A, Banno T, Asakura K. Bifurcation and Transposition of the Wicking Front of Binary Solutions Infiltrating into Chromatography Paper Associated with Their Evaporation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16731-16739. [PMID: 37963320 PMCID: PMC10688430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonequilibrium fluid patterns, such as Marangoni contraction, coffee rings, and tears of wine, are generated in binary solutions spread on a substrate during their evaporation. In this study, we observed another type of nonequilibrium behavior exhibited by binary solutions as they infiltrate porous materials and undergo evaporation. A binary solution comprising hexane and ethanol was brought into contact with the chromatography paper to facilitate infiltration into the paper's pores. Because the experimental setup was in an open environment, infiltration and evaporation occurred simultaneously. The wicking front exhibited an initial rapid advancement, followed by subsequent receding and readvancing. Additionally, the bifurcation of the wicking front after the onset of its readvancement was confirmed by monitoring the temporal evolution of the spatial luminance distribution and temperature distribution on the surface of the chromatography paper. Chromatographic development of a hydrophilic dye was conducted in this experimental setup in an open environment. Additionally, it was confirmed that the receding and readvancing of the wicking front represented the transposition of the bifurcated wicking fronts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiko Aizawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Taisuke Banno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kouichi Asakura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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3
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Laha S, Kar S, Chakraborty S. Cellular aggregation dictates universal spreading behaviour of a whole-blood drop on a paper strip. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 640:309-319. [PMID: 36867927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The complex spreading dynamics of blood on paper matrix is likely to be quantitatively altered with variations in the fractional occupancy of red blood cells in the whole blood (haematocrit). Here, we presented an apparently surprising observation that a finite volume blood drop undergoes a universal time-dependent spreading on a filter paper strip that is virtually invariant with its hematocrit level within physiologically healthy regime, though distinctively distinguishable from the spreading laws of blood plasma and water. EXPERIMENTS Our hypothesis was ascertained by performing controlled wicking experiments on filter papers of different grades. Spreading of human blood samples of different haematocrit levels ranging between 15% and 51% and the plasma separated from therein were traced by combined high-speed imaging and microscopy. These experiments were complemented with a semi-analytical theory to decipher the key physics of interest. RESULTS Our results unveiled the exclusive influence of the obstructing cellular aggregates in the randomly distributed hierarchically structured porous pathways and deciphered the role of the networked structures of the various plasma proteins that induced hindered diffusion. The resulting universal signatures of spontaneous dynamic spreading, delving centrally on the fractional reduction in the interlaced porous passages, provide novel design basis for paper-microfluidic kits in medical diagnostics and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampad Laha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Shantimoy Kar
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Wang Y, Ye D, Zhu X, Yang Y, Qin C, Chen R, Liao Q. Spontaneous Imbibition in Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices: Experiments and Numerical Simulations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2677-2685. [PMID: 35168321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have quickly been an excellent choice for point-of-care diagnostic platforms ever since they appeared. Because capillary force is the main driving force for the transport of analytes in μPADs, low spontaneous imbibition rates may limit the detection sensitivity. Therefore, quantitative understanding of internal spontaneous capillary flow progress is requisite for designing sensitive and accurate μPADs. In this work, experimental and numerical studies have been performed to investigate the capillary flow in a typical filter paper. We use light-transmitting imaging technology to study wetting saturation changes in the paper. Our experimental results show an obvious transition of a saturated wetting front into an unsaturated wetting front as the imbibition proceeds. We find that the single-phase Darcy model considerably overestimates the temporal wetting penetration depths. Alternatively, we use the Richards equation together with the two-phase flow material properties that are obtained from the image-based pore-network modeling of the filter paper. Moreover, we have considered a dynamic term in the capillary pressure due to strong wetting dynamics in spontaneous imbibition. As a result, the numerical predictions of spontaneous imbibition in the paper are significantly improved. Our studies provide insights into the development of a quantitative spontaneous imbibition model for μPADs applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Dingding Ye
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Chaozhong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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Hertaeg MJ, Kesarwani V, McLiesh H, Walker J, Corrie SR, Garnier G. Wash-free paper diagnostics for the rapid detection of blood type antibodies. Analyst 2021; 146:6970-6980. [PMID: 34657939 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of specific antibodies in patient plasma is an essential part of many diagnostic procedures and is critical for safe blood transfusion. Current techniques require laboratory infrastructure and long turnaround times which limits access to those nearby tertiary healthcare providers. Addressing this challenge, a novel and rapid paper-based antibody test is reported. We validate antibody detection with reverse blood typing using IgM antibodies and then generalise the validity by adapting to detect SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) antibodies in patient serum samples. Reagent red blood cells (RBC) are first combined with the patient plasma containing the screened antibody and a droplet of the mixture is then deposited onto paper. The light intensity profile is analyzed to identify test results, which can be detected by eye and/or with image processing to allow full automation. The efficacy of this test to perform reverse blood typing is demonstrated and the performance and sensitivity of this test using different paper types and RBC reagents was investigated using clinical samples. As an example of the flexibility of this approach, we labeled the RBC reagent with an antibody-peptide conjugate to detect SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) antibodies in patient serum samples. This concept could be generalized to any agglutination-based antibody diagnostics with blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hertaeg
- BioPRIA, The Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Vidhishri Kesarwani
- BioPRIA, The Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, Australia.,Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Heather McLiesh
- BioPRIA, The Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Julia Walker
- BioPRIA, The Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Simon R Corrie
- BioPRIA, The Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, Australia.,Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- BioPRIA, The Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Rath D, Toley BJ. Modeling-Guided Design of Paper Microfluidic Networks: A Case Study of Sequential Fluid Delivery. ACS Sens 2021; 6:91-99. [PMID: 33382580 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices are popular for their ability to automate multistep assays for chemical or biological sensing at a low cost, but the design of paper microfluidic networks has largely relied on experimental trial and error. A few mathematical models of flow through paper microfluidic devices have been developed and have succeeded in explaining experimental flow behavior. However, the reverse engineering problem of designing complex paper networks guided by appropriate mathematical models is largely unsolved. In this article, we demonstrate that a two-dimensional paper network (2DPN) designed to sequentially deliver three fluids to a test zone on the device can be computationally designed and experimentally implemented without experimental trial and error. This was accomplished by three new developments in modeling flow through paper networks: (i) coupling of the Richards equation of flow through porous media to the species transport equation, (ii) modeling flow through assemblies of multiple paper materials (test membrane and wicking pad), and (iii) incorporating limited-volume fluid sources. We demonstrate the application of this model in the optimal design of a paper-based signal-enhanced immunoassay for a malaria protein, PfHRP2. This work lays the foundation for the development of a computational design toolbox to aid in the design of paper microfluidic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharitri Rath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C V Raman Avenue, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Bhushan J. Toley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C V Raman Avenue, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
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Hertaeg MJ, Tabor RF, McLiesh H, Garnier G. A rapid paper-based blood typing method from droplet wicking. Analyst 2021; 146:1048-1056. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based diagnostics are leading the field of low-cost, point of care analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Hertaeg
- BioPRIA and Department of Chemical Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Rico F. Tabor
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Heather McLiesh
- BioPRIA and Department of Chemical Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- BioPRIA and Department of Chemical Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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Browne C, Garnier G, Batchelor W. Moulding of micropatterned nanocellulose films and their application in fluid handling. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 587:162-172. [PMID: 33360889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Well-controlled micropatterned nanocellulose films are able to be fabricated via spray coating onto a micropatterned impermeable moulded surface. The micropattern size is able control the directionality of wicking fluid flow. EXPERIMENTS Using photolithography and etching techniques, silicon moulds with channel widths of 5-500 µm and depths of 6, 12 and 18 µm were fabricated. Micropatterned nanocellulose sheets were formed by spray coating nanofibre suspensions onto the moulds. We also investigate the effect the dimensions of these micropatterned nanocellulose films have on wicking fluids. FINDINGS Micropatterns were imparted on the surface of nanocellulose films which resulted in three well-defined regimes of conformation with the moulds: full, partial and no conformation. These regimes were driven by the aspect ratio (channel depth/width) of the moulds. Achieved channel widths and depths were compared to those possible with other micropattern fabrication techniques. The directionality of the wicking water droplets can be controlled with the micropatterned channel. Channels within the full conformation regime resulted in increased directionality of fluid flow compared with those not within this regime. This research demonstrates the industrially scalable process of spray coating has potential to serve as the foundation for a new generation of paper-based microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Browne
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Gil Garnier
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Warren Batchelor
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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9
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Hertaeg MJ, Tabor RF, Berry JD, Garnier G. Radial Wicking of Biological Fluids in Paper. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8209-8217. [PMID: 32574068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyze stain growth kinetics from droplets of biological fluids such as blood, plasma, and protein solutions on paper both experimentally and numerically. The primary difference of biological fluids from a simple fluid is a significant wetting/dewetting hysteresis in paper. This becomes important in later stages of droplet wicking, after the droplet has been completely absorbed into paper. This is shown by anomalous power dependence of area with time in the later stages of radial wicking. At early stages, current numerical wicking models can predict stain growth of biological fluids. However, at later stages, the introduction of hysteresis complicates modeling significantly. We show that the cause of the observed hysteresis is due to contact angle effects and that this is the dominant mechanism that leads to the anomalous stain growth kinetics measured uniquely in biological fluids. Results presented will streamline the design process of paper-based diagnostics, allowing a modeling approach instead of a trial and error method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hertaeg
- BioPRIA and Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Joseph D Berry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- BioPRIA and Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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