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Sun Y, Lu X, Huang Y, Wang G. Microwave-Solvothermal Synthesis of Mesoporous CeO 2/CNCs Nanocomposite for Enhanced Room Temperature NO 2 Detection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:812. [PMID: 38786769 PMCID: PMC11124451 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensors are pivotal in upholding environmental integrity and human health, necessitating heightened sensitivity and exceptional selectivity. Despite the prevalent use of metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) for NO2 detection, extant solutions exhibit shortcomings in meeting practical application criteria, specifically in response, selectivity, and operational temperatures. Here, we successfully employed a facile microwave-solvothermal method to synthesize a mesoporous CeO2/CNCs nanocomposite. This methodology entails the rapid and comprehensive dispersion of CeO2 nanoparticles onto helical carbon nanocoils (CNCs), resulting in augmented electronic conductivity and an abundance of active sites within the composite. Consequently, the gas-sensing sensitivity of the nanocomposite at room temperature experienced a notable enhancement. Moreover, the presence of cerium oxide and the conversion of Ce3+ and Ce4+ ions facilitated the generation of oxygen vacancies in the composites, thereby further amplifying the sensing performance. Experimental outcomes demonstrate that the nanocomposite exhibited an approximate 9-fold increase in response to 50 ppm NO2 in comparison to pure CNCs at room temperature. Additionally, the CeO2/CNCs sensor displayed remarkable selectivity towards NO2 when exposed to gases such as NH3, CO, SO2, CO2, and C2H5OH. This straightforward microwave-solvothermal method presents an appealing strategy for the research and development of intelligent sensors based on CNCs nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Sun
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Boulevard, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Xiaoying Lu
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yanchen Huang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Guoping Wang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Boulevard, Shenzhen 518060, China;
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2
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Saber G, El-Dissouky A, Badie G, Ebrahim S, Shokry A. Capped ZnO quantum dots with a tunable photoluminescence for acetone detection. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16453-16470. [PMID: 37274405 PMCID: PMC10233348 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetone is a dangerous material that poses a major risk to human health. To protect against its harmful impacts, a fluorescent biosensor 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane capped ZnO quantum dots (APTES/ZnO QDs) was investigated to detect low concentrations of acetone. Numerous techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), zeta potential, UV-vis absorption, and photoluminescence (PL), are used to thoroughly verify the successful synthesis of pristine ZnO QDs and APTES/ZnO QDs. The HRTEM micrograph showed that the average size distributions of ZnO QDs and APTES/ZnO QDs were spherical forms of 2.6 and 1.2 nm, respectively. This fluorescent probe dramatically increased its sensitivity toward acetone with a wide linear response range of 0.1-18 mM and a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9987. The detection limit of this sensing system for acetone is as low as 42 μM. The superior selectivity of acetone across numerous interfering bioanalytics is confirmed. Reproducibility and repeatability experiments presented relative standard deviations (RSD) of 2.2% and 2.4%, respectively. Finally, this developed sensor was applied successfully for detecting acetone in a diabetic patient's urine samples with a recovery percentage ranging from 97 to 102.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goerget Saber
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University El-Shatby 21526 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Ali El-Dissouky
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Ibrahimia, P. O. Box 426 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Gamal Badie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University El-Shatby 21526 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Shaker Ebrahim
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University 163 Horrya Avenue, El-Shatby, P. O. Box 832 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Azza Shokry
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University 163 Horrya Avenue, El-Shatby, P. O. Box 832 Alexandria Egypt
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Liu G, Cheng Y, Qiu M, Li C, Bao A, Sun Z, Yang C, Liu D. Facilitating interface charge transfer via constructing NiO/NiCo 2O 4 heterostructure for oxygen evolution reaction under alkaline conditions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 643:214-222. [PMID: 37058896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Designing high-activity electrocatalysts to enhance the slow multielectron-transfer process of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great importance for hydrogen generation. Here, we employ hydrothermal and subsequent heat-treatment strategies to acquire nanoarrays-structured NiO/NiCo2O4 heterojunction anchored Ni foam (NiO/NiCo2O4/NF) as efficient materials for catalyzing the OER in an alkaline electrolyte. Density functional theory (DFT) results demonstrate that NiO/NiCo2O4/NF exhibits a smaller overpotential than those of single NiO/NF and NiCo2O4/NF owing to interface-triggered numerous interface charge transfer. Moreover, the superior metallic characteristics of NiO/NiCo2O4/NF further enhance its electrochemical activity toward OER. Specifically, NiO/NiCo2O4/NF delivered a current density of 50 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 336 mV with a Tafel slope of 93.2 mV dec-1 for the OER, which are comparable with those of commercial RuO2 (310 mV and 68.8 mV dec-1). Further, an overall water splitting system is preliminarily constructed via using a Pt net as cathode and NiO/NiCo2O4/NF as anode. The water electrolysis cell performs an operating voltage of 1.670 V at 20 mA cm-2, which outperform the Pt net||IrO2 couple assembled two-electrode electrolyzer (1.725 V at 20 mA cm-2). This study proposes an efficient route to acquire multicomponent catalysts with rich interfaces for water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, PR China.
| | - Yuwen Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Maoqin Qiu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, Anhui 238000, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Anyang Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Zhongti Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Cuizhen Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Dongming Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, PR China.
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Hu J, Xiong X, Guan W, Tan C. Hollow Mesoporous SnO 2/Zn 2SnO 4 Heterojunction and RGO Decoration for High-Performance Detection of Acetone. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55249-55263. [PMID: 36448602 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the synthesis procedure and sensing properties toward acetone of rGO-HM-SnO2/Zn2SnO4 composites with a hollow mesoporous structure are presented comprehensively. The rGO-HM-SnO2/Zn2SnO4 heterojunction structure is prepared through a self-sacrificial template strategy with a concise acid-assisted etching method. The as-prepared hollow mesoporous architectures are investigated by SEM, TEM, and HRTEM. The phase structure and valence state are also characterized by XRD and XPS, respectively. It is obvious that the hollow mesoporous architecture affords a large specific surface area, which can provide more reaction active sites of sensing materials significantly. Compared to the initial SnO2/Zn2SnO4 composites, the gas sensor fabricated by rGO-HM-SnO2/Zn2SnO4 shows the best gas-sensing properties, and the response value toward 100 ppm acetone is as high as 107 at 200 °C. Moreover, the rGO-HM-SnO2/Zn2SnO4 sensing material reveals excellent properties of shorter response-recovery times and higher long-term stability. This excellent performance can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the hollow mesoporous n-n heterojunction and abundant-defect rGO. The relevant sensing mechanism of rGO-HM-SnO2/Zn2SnO4 sensing materials is investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- School of mechanical engineering, University of South China, Hengyang421001, China
| | - Xueqing Xiong
- School of mechanical engineering, University of South China, Hengyang421001, China
| | - Wangwang Guan
- School of mechanical engineering, University of South China, Hengyang421001, China
| | - Chong Tan
- Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510650, China
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El-Naka MA, El-Dissouky A, Ali GY, Ebrahim S, Shokry A. Fluorescent garlic-capped Ag nanoparticles as dual sensors for the detection of acetone and acrylamide. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34095-34106. [PMID: 36505681 PMCID: PMC9703298 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06789g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to protect human health from the adverse impacts of acrylamide and acetone, simple analytical processes are required to detect low concentrations of acrylamide and acetone. Dual functional garlic-capped silver nanoparticles (G-Ag NPs) have been used as fluorescent sensors for acrylamide and acetone. This technique depends on the quenching of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of G-Ag NPs with the interaction of either acrylamide or acetone. This fluorescent probe presented high selectivity toward acrylamide with a wide linear response of 0.01-6 mM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.9 μM. Moreover, this probe also acted as a selective and sensitive fluorescent sensor for the detection of acetone in the range of 0.1-17 mM with LOD of 55 μM. The applicability of G-Ag NPs as a proposed sensor for acrylamide was evaluated using a potato chips sample with a recovery percentage of 102.4%. Acetone concentration is also quantified in human urine samples and the recoveries ranged from 98.8 to 101.7%. Repeatability and reproducibility studies for acrylamide and acetone offered relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.9% and 1.5%, and 0.77% and 1.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ahmed El-Naka
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria UniversityP.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia21321AlexandriaEgypt
| | - A. El-Dissouky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria UniversityP.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia21321AlexandriaEgypt
| | - G. Y. Ali
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria UniversityP.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia21321AlexandriaEgypt
| | - Shaker Ebrahim
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria UniversityP.O. Box 832AlexandriaEgypt
| | - Azza Shokry
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria UniversityP.O. Box 832AlexandriaEgypt
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Daneshnazar M, Jaleh B, Eslamipanah M, Varma RS. Optical and gas sensing properties of TiO2/RGO for methanol, ethanol and acetone vapors. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of 3D Interconnected rGO/In2O3 Heterojunction Structures for Enhanced Acetone Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Acetone detection is of great significance for environmental monitoring or diagnosis of diabetes. Nevertheless, fast and sensitive detection of acetone at low temperatures remains challenging. Herein, a series of rGO-functionalized three-dimensional (3D) In2O3 flower-like structures were designed and synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method, and their acetone-sensing properties were systematically investigated. Compared to the pure 3D In2O3 flower-like structures, the rGO-functionalized 3D In2O3 flower-like structures demonstrated greatly improved acetone-sensing performance at relatively low temperatures. In particular, the 5-rGO/In2O3 sensor with an optimized decoration exhibited the highest response value (5.6) to 10 ppm acetone at 150 °C, which was about 2.3 times higher than that of the In2O3 sensor (2.4 at 200 °C). Furthermore, the 5-rGO/In2O3 sensor also showed good reproducibility, a sub-ppm-level detection limit (1.3 to 0.5 ppm), fast response and recovery rates (3 s and 18 s, respectively), and good long-term stability. The extraordinary acetone-sensing performance of rGO/In2O3 composites can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the formation of p-n heterojunctions between rGO and In2O3, the large specific surface area, the unique flower-like structures, and the high conductivity of rGO. This work provides a novel sensing material design strategy for effective detection of acetone.
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Fan X, Wang J, Sun C, Huang C, Lu Y, Dai P, Xu Y, He W. Effect of Pr/Zn on the anti-humidity and acetone-sensing properties of Co 3O 4 prepared by electrospray. RSC Adv 2022; 12:19384-19393. [PMID: 35865581 PMCID: PMC9251733 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Co3O4 is a P-type metal-oxide semiconductor which can realize acetone detection at a lower temperature, but the lower working temperature brings the enhanced humidity effect. In order to solve the problem of a Co3O4 gas sensor being easily affected by humidity, an acetone-sensing material of Co3O4 mixed with Pr/Zn was prepared by electrospray in this work. The optimal working temperature of Pr/Zn–Co3O4 is 160 °C, and the detection limit can reach 1 ppm. The fluctuation of the acetone response is about 7.7% in the relative humidity range of 30–90%. Compared with pure Co3O4, the anti-humidity property of this material is obviously enhanced, but the gas-sensing response deteriorates. Compared with Pr–Co3O4, the anti-humidity and acetone sensing properties of Pr/Zn–Co3O4 were both improved. The morphology, composition, crystal state and energy state of the material were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD and XPS. The material of Pr/Zn–Co3O4 is a multi-component mixed material composed of PrCoO3, ZnO, Pr6O11 and Co3O4. The improved anti-humidity and acetone sensing properties exhibited by this material are the result of the synergistic effect of ZnO and Pr3+. With the synergistic effect of Pr and Zn, the material of Co3O4 mixed with Pr/Zn exhibits improved properties of anti-humidity and acetone sensitivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Fan
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China .,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Management & Application of Modern Agricultural Resources, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China
| | - Chuanlong Sun
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China
| | - Chun Huang
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China .,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Management & Application of Modern Agricultural Resources, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China
| | - Yujie Lu
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China .,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Management & Application of Modern Agricultural Resources, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China
| | - Pan Dai
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China .,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Management & Application of Modern Agricultural Resources, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China
| | - Yajuan Xu
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China
| | - Wuming He
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China .,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Management & Application of Modern Agricultural Resources, Huzhou University Huzhou 313000 China
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Ma Z, Sun J, Bu M, Xiu K, Wang Z, Gao L. Oxygen Plasma-Assisted Defect Engineering of Graphene Nanocomposites with Ultrasmall Co 3O 4 Nanocrystals for Monitoring Toxic Nitrogen Dioxide at Room Temperature. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:7290-7299. [PMID: 35642555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional adjustment of graphene with metal oxide can in fact progress the affectability of graphene-based gas sensors. However, it could be a huge challenge to upgrade the detecting execution of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensors at room temperature. The ultrasmall size of nanocrystals (NCs) and copious defects are two key variables for moving forward gas detecting execution. Herein, we provide an effective strategy that the hydrothermal reaction is combined with room-temperature oxygen plasma treatment to prepare Co3O4 NCs and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanohybrids (Co3O4-RGO). Among all of Co3O4-RGO nanohybrids, Co3O4-RGO-60 W exhibits the most superior NO2 sensing properties and achieves the low-concentration detection of NO2. The sensitivity of Co3O4-RGO-60 W to 20 ppm NO2 at room temperature is the highest (72.36%). The excellent sensing properties can mainly depend on the change in the microstructure of Co3O4-RGO. Compared with Co3O4-RGO, Co3O4-RGO-60 W with oxygen plasma treatment shows more favorable properties for NO2 adsorption, including the smaller size of Co3O4 NCs, larger specific surface area, pore size, and more oxygen vacancies (OVs). Especially, OVs make the surface of NCs have a unique chemical state, which can increase active sites and improve the adsorption property of NO2. Besides, the agreeable impact of the p-p heterojunction (Co3O4 and RGO) and the doping of N molecule contribute to the improved NO2 detecting properties. It is demonstrated that the Co3O4-RGO-60 W sensor is expected to monitor NO2 at room temperature sensitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongtao Ma
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Jingyao Sun
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Bu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Kunhao Xiu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Ziying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Technological Innovation Method and Tool, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lingxiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Technological Innovation Method and Tool, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
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Abstract
Here, we discuss the effect of In2O3 nanoparticles on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) gas-sensing potentialities. In2O3 nanoparticles were prepared with the polymer precursors method, while the nanocomposites were prepared by mixing an In2O3 nanoparticle suspension with an rGO suspension in different proportions. The gas-sensing performance of our materials was tested by exposing our materials to known concentrations of a target toxic gas in a dry airflow. Our results demonstrate that In2O3 nanoparticles enhance the rGO sensitivity for strong oxidizing species such as O3 and NO2, while a negative effect on its sensitivity for NH3 sensing is observed. Furthermore, our measurements towards H2S suggest that the concentration of In2O3 nanoparticles can induce an uncommon transition from p-type to n-type semiconductor nature when rGO–In2O3 nanocomposites operate at temperatures close to 160 °C.
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Zhou T, Zhang T. Recent Progress of Nanostructured Sensing Materials from 0D to 3D: Overview of Structure-Property-Application Relationship for Gas Sensors. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100515. [PMID: 34928067 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Along with the progress of nanoscience and nanotechnology, nanomaterials with attractive structural and functional properties have gained more attention than ever before, especially in the field of electronic sensors. In recent years, the gas sensing devices have made great achievement and also created wide application prospects, which leads to a new wave of research for designing advanced sensing materials. There is no doubt that the characteristics are highly governed by the sensitive layers. For this reason, important advances for the outstanding, novel sensing materials with different dimensional structures including 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D are reported and summarized systematically. The sensing materials cover noble metals, metal oxide semiconductors, carbon nanomaterials, metal dichalcogenides, g-C3 N4 , MXenes, and complex composites. Discussion is also extended to the relation between sensing performances and their structure, electronic properties, and surface chemistry. In addition, some gas sensing related applications are also highlighted, including environment monitoring, breath analysis, food quality and safety, and flexible wearable electronics, from current situation and the facing challenges to the future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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