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Chu J, Li W, Lu S, Rao X, Zheng S, Zhang Y. Benzene-Linked Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6562-6570. [PMID: 38470825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Cross-linking with functional molecular species in polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) could offer a positive strategy that tunes its molecular structure with excellent conductivity to improve photocatalytic activity. Herein, the benzene ring-cross-linked photocatalyst is obtained via the polymerization of urea, melamine, and trimesic acid. Benzene ring-cross-linked PCN narrows the band gap and augments the push-pull effect of carriers, thus enhancing visible light harvesting and transfer easiness of photogenerated electron/hole pairs. Notably, the amount of trimesic acid was optimized during the benzene ring-cross-linked photocatalyst preparation (marked as 01T/A-CN, 02T/A-CN, and 03T/A-CN). Among them, 02T/A-CN photocatalyst achieved an excellent hydrogen production rate of 1931 μmol/h·g, which is higher than that of CN under visible light and beyond most reported. Theoretical calculations further confirmed that the introduction of benzene ring significantly reduces the band gap of PCN, bringing the delocalized electron, a longer intramolecular electron transition distance, and molecular bending. All those factors made benzene ring-cross-linked PCN with improved photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Chu
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
| | - Wencheng Li
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Xi Rao
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
| | - Shaohui Zheng
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
| | - Yongping Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
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2
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Lunardi A, Bortolotto T, Nunes Cechin C, Daudt NDF, Mello MDA, Dos Santos SS, Cargnelutti R, Lang ES, Tirloni B. Novel organically linked Zn II hydrogenselenite coordination polymers: synthesis, characterization, and efficient TiO 2 photosensitization for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16841-16848. [PMID: 37909357 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03094f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the solvothermal synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activities of two novel coordination polymers, namely [Zn(μ-HSeO3)2(bipy)]n (1) and [Zn(μ-HSeO3)2(phen)]n (2). These compounds represent the first organically linked ZnII hydrogenselenite coordination polymers. The synthesis of compounds 1 and 2 involved the addition of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline, respectively, to SeO2 and ZnO in methanol as the solvent. The novel hydrogenselenite compounds were thoroughly characterized using spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. The photocatalytic solids (TiO2-1A and TiO2-2A) were prepared by immobilizing compounds 1-2 onto TiO2 through the sol-gel approach. These photocatalysts were then evaluated for hydrogen evolution via water splitting using a 300 W Hg/Xe lamp as the irradiation source. Among the newly synthesized photocatalytic materials, TiO2-1A demonstrated auspicious photocatalytic performance for hydrogen gas production. Its catalytic activity overcame the observed for the pure solid support TiO2 and Degussa P25 (commercial titania), making compound 1 a particularly attractive TiO2 photosensitizer. Additionally, TiO2-1A exhibited superior photocatalytic activity compared to TiO2-2A. The latter performed better than freshly prepared TiO2, approaching that of Degussa P25. These findings highlight the potential of compound 1 as an effective photosensitizer for TiO2-based photocatalysis, making it a promising candidate for applications in clean energy generation, specifically in hydrogen production by water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Lunardi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Laboratório de Materiais Inorgânicos - LMI, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Tanize Bortolotto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Laboratório de Materiais Inorgânicos - LMI, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Camila Nunes Cechin
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Laboratório de Materiais Inorgânicos - LMI, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Natália de Freitas Daudt
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Melina de Azevedo Mello
- Colégio Técnico Industrial de Santa Maria - CTISM - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sailer S Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Laboratório de Materiais Inorgânicos - LMI, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Laboratório de Materiais Inorgânicos - LMI, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ernesto Schulz Lang
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Laboratório de Materiais Inorgânicos - LMI, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Tirloni
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Laboratório de Materiais Inorgânicos - LMI, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Tang S, Xu YS, Hu XL, Zhang WD. Bifunctionalization of carbon nitride by incorporation of thiophene ring and polar nickel complex to promote photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 648:898-906. [PMID: 37329601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic performance of polymeric carbon nitride (CN) is primarily restricted by limited light utilization and poor charge separation efficiency. To this end, skeleton modification strategy was adopted by attaching thiophene ring and polar nickel complex (NiL) onto CN. The obtained bifunctionalized carbon nitride (TCN-NiL) displayed obviously elevated optical absorption and photoexcited charge separation efficiency. The NiL, with polar structure, plays as active sites like cocatalyst thus exhibited platinum-like H2 evolution activity from water splitting under visible light. The optimized photocatalytic H2 generation rate over TCN-NiL reached 136.7 μmol·h-1 without any cocatalyst, the highest rate reported so far in noble-metal-free CN-based catalysts, which is 5 times of that of CN loaded with 3 wt% Pt. Additionally, the maximum wavelength of performing H2 production capacity over TCN-NiL extends to 550 nm from 450 nm of CN, suggesting an excellent visible light absorption ability. This work provides a way for modifying CN to enhance the photocatalytic activities in a noble metal free system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yang-Sen Xu
- Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, PR China
| | - Xue-Lian Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Wei-De Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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Shi M, Yang H, Zhao Z, Ren G, Meng X. Bismuth-based semiconductors applied in photocatalytic reduction processes: fundamentals, advances and future perspectives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4274-4287. [PMID: 36942529 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00580a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth-based semiconductors (BBSs) with their typical layered structures and unique electronic properties are considered an attractive visible light-responsive photocatalysts. Recently, BBS exhibited promising properties and was rapidly developed in photoreduction reactions. In this review, we firstly focus on the photoreduction reactions of BBS with a description of the basic principles. Specifically, the restrictive factors of the photoreduction reactions and the design directions of the catalysts are addressed. BBS photocatalysts, such as bismuth oxide, bismuth halide oxide and bismuth-based oxygenates, are presented in terms of the catalyst material design, crystal structure and other features. Furthermore, the primary applications of BBS in photoreduction reactions are described, including CO2 reduction, N2 reduction, H2 evolution, and nitrate reduction. Additionally, the advances and shortages of BBS applied in these processes are summarized and comprehensively discussed. Future works for BBS applied in photoreduction processes are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Huiying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Zehui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Guangmin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Xiangchao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Huang YJ, Liu LL, Zhang J, Pan YR. Synthesis and Characterization of Two Functional Complexes Based on 2-Methyldipyrido[3,2-f:2′,3′-h]quinoxaline as Co-catalysts and Their Enhancement on Photocatalytic H2 Production Activity of g-C3N4. Catal Letters 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-023-04295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Liu C, Liu J, Godin R. ALD-Deposited NiO Approaches the Performance of Platinum as a Hydrogen Evolution Cocatalyst on Carbon Nitride. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British ColumbiaV1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British ColumbiaV1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British ColumbiaV1V 1V7, Canada
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Huang D, Wang H, Wu Y. Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Biomass-Derived 5-HMF to DFF over MIL-53(Fe)/g-C 3N 4 Composite. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238537. [PMID: 36500631 PMCID: PMC9740462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A MIL-53(Fe)/g-C3N4 heterogeneous composite was synthesized and applied in photocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF). The systematic investigation indicated that the introduction of MIL-53(Fe) into g-C3N4 increased the specific surface area, broadened the visible-light response region, and promoted the separation efficiency of the photo-generated electron-hole pairs. The 10% MIL-53(Fe)/g-C3N4 heterogeneous composite achieved the best photocatalytic oxidation activity with 74.5% of 5-HMF conversion under simulated sunlight, which was much higher than that of pristine g-C3N4 and MIL-53(Fe). The MIL-53(Fe)/g-C3N4 composite displayed good photocatalytic reusability and stability. Based on the characterization results and photocatalytic performance, a Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism of the MIL-53(Fe)/g-C3N4 composite was suggested, and a possible reaction route was deduced.
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Wen J, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhai Y. Formic acid assisted fabrication of Oxygen-doped Rod-like carbon nitride with improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 624:338-347. [PMID: 35660902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rod-like carbon nitrides synthesized by calcinating supramolecular precursors prepared from acid (or alkali) and melamine have attracted great attention because they have large surface area and abundant accessible active sites. However, they are highly inefficient in separating charges, which limits their photocatalytic activity. Here, we prepared porous, rod-shaped carbon nitrides doped with oxygen by calcinating the precursors prepared from melamine and formic acid. The porous O-doped g-C3N4 nanorods have a large surface area of 81.4 m2 g-1. In particular, the oxygen doped into the catalyst enables it to have high efficiency in utilizing light in a range of 420-600 nm, and significantly improves its ability to separate photogenerated carriers. Under light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm), the prepared catalyst exhibits high photocatalytic activity with a hydrogen production rate of 12,766 μmol g-1h-1, which is 18.3 times that of pure carbon nitride. This research provides a novel way of preparing highly active non-metallic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wen
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuaiyang Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Yunpu Zhai
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Chang CJ, Chao PY, Chen JK, Pundi A, Yu YH, Chiang CL, Lin YG. Metal Complex/ZnS-Modified Ni Foam as Magnetically Stirrable Photocatalysts: Roles of Redox Mediators and Carrier Dynamics Monitored by Operando Synchrotron X-ray Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41870-41882. [PMID: 36001354 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetically stirrable photocatalysts binding the ZnS-decorated Ni foam with the metal complex cocatalyst as a redox mediator and light-absorbing composition were investigated. Loading metal complex can improve light absorption, surface hydrophilicity, interfacial charge migration, and H2 production activity. The variation of the metal valences of the composite photocatalysts in an operando environment (with sacrificial agent solution) with and without light irradiation was investigated by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra and Fourier-transformed extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra to monitor the charge carrier dynamics of photocatalysis and explain how the macrocyclic Cu complex (CuC) acted as a redox mediator better than the Ni complex. The smaller valence difference of copper valence in ZS/CuC for dark and light states revealed that the Cu complex facilitates a reversible electron transfer between the ZnS photocatalyst and H+. Loading the Cu complex can improve the separation of photogenerated carriers by the redox couple of complexes, leading to a significantly improved photocatalytic H2 production activity of 8150 μmol h-1 g-1. The reactants can flow through these magnetically stirrable Ni foam-based photocatalysts by magnetic-field-driven stirring, which improves the contact between photocatalysts and the sacrificial agents. The operando synchrotron provides new insights for understanding the roles of redox mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yao Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Jem-Kun Chen
- Department of Materials and Science Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Arul Pundi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lung Chiang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Gu Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
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Embedding Thiophene-Amide into g-C3N4 Skeleton with Induction and Delocalization Effects for High Photocatalytic H2 Evolution. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12091043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular skeleton modification has become a recognized method that can effectively improve the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 because it not only effectively promotes charge separation, but also tunes the conjugated system of g-C3N4 to make it more conducive to photocatalytic reaction. Herein, thiophene-amide embedded g-C3N4 (TA-CN-x) was successfully prepared by simple one-step thermal polycondensation using urea as a precursor and ethyl-2-amino-4-phenylthiophene-3-carboxylate (EAPC) as an additive. After embedding with thiophene-amide, the induction and delocalization effects are formed in TA-CN-x, which significantly improves the migration efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. Meanwhile, the conjugate structure is changed due to structural modification, resulting in significant enhancement of visible light absorption compared to the pure g-C3N4 (CN). Specifically, the optimized photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of TA-CN-2 reaches 245.4 μmol·h−1, which is 8.4 times that of CN (with Pt nanoparticles as a co-catalyst), and the apparent quantum efficiency (AQY) at 450 nm is 13.6%. This work opens up a new modification process for fully tapping the photocatalytic hydrogen absorption potential of g-C3N4-based materials.
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Covalent Modification of Iron Phthalocyanine into Skeleton of Graphitic Carbon Nitride and Its Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Reduction of Nitroaromatic Compounds. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of great urgency to eliminate nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) in wastewater due to their high residue and toxicity. Photocatalysis reduction is considered to be an efficient technology for converting NACs to their corresponding aromatic amines. In this work, a visible-light-driven hybrid photocatalyst was synthesized by covalently doping Fe phthalocyanine (FePc) into graphitic carbon nitride skeleton. Compared to the pristine gCN, the optimized gCN-FePc-1 photocatalyst showed enhanced absorption in visible light region, which promoted photogenerated charge transfer and separation. Using p-nitrophenol (p-NP) as the model pollutant, the CN-FePc-1 effectively reduced it to p-aminophenol (p-AP), with the photocatalytic reaction rate being 18 and 3 times higher, respectively, than those of the pristine gCN and the mechanically mixed photocatalyst of gCN/FePc. Moreover, excellent photocatalytic universality for other NACs, high stability, and good reusability also were confirmed. Based on the band structure of the gCN-FePc-1 photocatalyst, a plausible mechanism was proposed to illustrate the photocatalytic reduction process of p-NP to p-AP. This study demonstrates that the covalent modification of FePc into gCN skeleton is an effective strategy to modulate the electronic structure, and the hybrid gCN-FePc is a potential visible-light-driven photocatalyst that potentially can be used for eliminating NAC contamination in wastewater.
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Anchoring nickel complex to g-C3N4 enables an efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction through ligand-to-metal charge transfer mechanism. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 616:791-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Song M, Wang L, Li J, Sun D, Guan R, Zhai H, Gao X, Li X, Zhao Z, Sun Z. Defect density modulation of La 2TiO 5: An effective method to suppress electron-hole recombination and improve photocatalytic nitrogen fixation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 602:748-755. [PMID: 34171745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly active and efficient photocatalysts are crucial for the exploration of ammonia synthesis because of the serious problem of energy deficiency. La2TiO5 (LTO) perovskite materials have great advantages in the field of photocatalytic nitrogen fixation because of the broadly diversified properties. The rational design of surface defect is a valid method to modulate photoinduced charge traps and create defect energy levels, especially it is an effective way to suppress the photoinduced charge recombination. Herein, LTO was obtained by a simple sol-gel method and was further reduced by NaBH4 to introduce oxygen defect on its surface. UV-vis spectra proved that the surface defects could reduce the band gap value of samples, which is beneficial for improving photocatalytic nitrogen fixation activity. For the best photocatalytic samples with good cycle stability, the nitrogen fixation rate is 158.13 μmol·g-1·h-1. The mechanism of photocatalytic nitrogen fixation was proposed by the PL, XPS, and PEC results, which provided possibilities for exploring more promising perovskite catalysts in the field of nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyao Song
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Henan Engineering Center of New Energy Battery Materials, Henan D&A Engineering Center of Advanced Battery Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Dewu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China.
| | - Renquan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China; Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hongju Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China.
| | - Xinchun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China; Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Zaicheng Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Lab for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, China
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, China
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, China
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