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Arefayne NR, Berhe YW, van Zundert AA. Incidence and Factors Related to Prolonged Postoperative Cognitive Decline (POCD) in Elderly Patients Following Surgery and Anaesthesia: A Systematic Review. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:3405-3413. [PMID: 37964799 PMCID: PMC10642348 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s431168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this systematic review is to explore the current literature to provide evidence regarding the incidence and risk factors of prolonged POCD in elderly patients following cardiac and non-cardiac surgical interventions. Methods The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using appropriate keywords and search engines for adequate evidence from studies meeting the inclusion criteria so as to reveal the end-point, which was the presence of prolonged POCD in elderly patients following surgery and anaesthesia. The incidence of POCD at different time intervals and the variables predicting the occurrence of POCD were analysed. Results The results of 23 articles covering 5077 patients (3694 non cardiac and 1383 cardiac surgeries) were carefully analysed. POCD occurs from the first postoperative day and lasts for potentially long periods. The incidence of POCD in this review ranged from 2.2% to 35.7%. More specifically, it ranged from 2.2% to 31.5% in non-cardiac surgeries and 11.8% to 35.7% in patients who had undergone cardiac surgeries. Some of the independent risk factors (predictors) for the development of POCD were advanced age, high concentration of neuroinflammatory mediators detectable in plasma, low SpO2, longer anaesthetic and surgical duration, and depth of anaesthesia. Conclusion This review can only provide limited evidence of prolonged POCD (more than a year) and further research that involves better study designs, larger samples, involving longer follow-up, and at different sites (multicentre) is highly advised. This in turn may help researchers and clinicians to discover the actual causes and risk factors and develop appropriate preventive and treatment protocols to tackle POCD in the ageing surgical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhusen Riskey Arefayne
- Department of Anaesthesia, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yophtahe Woldegerima Berhe
- Department of Anaesthesia, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - André A van Zundert
- The University of Queensland & Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Kang J, Fang C, Li Y, Yuan Y, Niu K, Zheng Y, Yu Y, Wang G, Li Y. Effects of qCON and qNOX-guided general anaesthesia management on patient opioid use and prognosis: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069134. [PMID: 37130687 PMCID: PMC10163456 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The adverse effects of general anaesthetic drugs (especially opioids) cannot be ignored. However, current nociceptive-monitoring techniques still lack consistency in guiding the use of opioids. This trial will study the demand for opioid use and patient prognosis in qCON and qNOX-guided general anaesthesia management. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This prospective, randomised, controlled trial will randomly recruit 124 patients undergoing general anaesthesia for non-cardiac surgery in equal numbers to either the qCON or BIS group. The qCON group will adjust intraoperative propofol and remifentanil dosage according to qCON and qNOX values, while the BIS group will adjust according to BIS values and haemodynamic fluctuations. The differences between the two groups will be observed in remifentanil dosing and prognosis. The primary outcome will be intraoperative remifentanil use. Secondary outcomes will include propofol consumption; the predictive ability of BIS, qCON and qNOX on conscious responses, noxious stimulus and body movements; and changes in cognitive function at 90 days postoperatively. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study involves human participants and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (IRB2022-YX-075-01). Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part. The study results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant academic conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR2200059877.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chongliang Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanjie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Guolin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
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Yang X, Huang X, Li M, Jiang Y, Zhang H. Identification of individuals at risk for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2022; 15:17562864221114356. [PMID: 35992893 PMCID: PMC9386869 DOI: 10.1177/17562864221114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is common, occurring in around 10-54% of individuals within first few weeks after surgery. Although the majority of POCD is less commonly persistent later than 3 months following surgery, the condition increases length of stay (LOS), mortality and long-term cognitive decline, raising the need for a broad screening to identify individuals at risk for POCD during the perioperative period. In this narrative review, we summarize preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for POCD reported in last 5 years and discuss neuropsychological tools and potential biomarkers and time points for assessment that might be suitable for clinical use. We aim to provide crucial information for developing a strategy of routine screening for POCD, which may assist with better identification of at-risk individuals for early interventions. Very importantly, the utilization of a standardized strategy may also allow higher consistency and comparability across different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, No.278, Baoguang Avenue Middle Section, Xindu District, Chengdu 610599, China
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Association of preoperative vitamin D deficiency with the risk of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction: A meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth 2022; 79:110681. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.110681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lisowska B, Jakubiak J, Siewruk K, Sady M, Kosson D. Which idea is better with regard to immune response? Opioid anesthesia or opioid free anesthesia. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:859-869. [PMID: 33177861 PMCID: PMC7652233 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s275986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress of surgery is characterized by an inflammatory response with immune suppression resulting from many factors, including the type of surgery and the kind of anesthesia, linked with the drugs that are used and the underlying disease of the patient. The trauma of surgery triggers a cascade of reactions involving the immune response and nociception. As strong analgesics, opioids provide the analgesic component of general anesthesia with bi-directional effect on the immune system. Opioids influence almost all aspects of the immune response in regards to leukocytes, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, and NK cells. The suppressive effect of opioids on the immune system is limiting their use, especially in patients with impaired immune response, so the possibility of using multimodal anesthesia without opioids, known as opioid-free anesthesia (OFA), is gaining more and more sympathizers. The idea of OFA is to eliminate opioid analgesia in the treatment of acute pain and to replace it with drugs from other groups that are assumed to have a comparable analgesic effect without affecting the immune system. Here, we present a review on the impact of anesthesia, with and without the use of opioids, on the immune response to surgical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lisowska
- Department Anesthesiology and Intensive Medical Care, National Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Institute, Warsaw 02-637, Poland
| | - Jakub Jakubiak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, John Paul II Western Hospital, Grodzisk Mazowiecki 05-825, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siewruk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02-797, Poland
| | - Maria Sady
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02-797, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kosson
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Division of Teaching, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-005, Poland
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Hong JM. Perioperative brain health: strategies to prevent perioperative neurocognitive disorders. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2020. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2020.63.9.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive changes in patients after anesthesia and surgery have been recognized for over 100 years. Research on postoperative cognitive changes accelerated in the 1980s and the term postoperative cognitive dysfunction emerged, which was used until recently. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction has been used in research to describe an objectively measurable decline in cognitive function using neuropsychological tests. This dysfunction had significant heterogeneity in the type, number of tests, timing of tests, and the criteria for change. Therefore, a recent article recommended a new nomenclature for perioperative neurocognitive disorders including neurocognitive disorder, postoperative delirium, delayed neurocognitive recovery, and postoperative neurocognitive disorder. Since old age and baseline cognitive impairment are important risk factors for these perioperative neurocognitive disorders, routine preoperative cognitive assessment in all elderly patients is recommended. A preventive strategy is important, since effective modality for the treatment of perioperative neurocognitive disorders is not yet known. Intraoperative monitoring of age-adjusted end-tidal minimal alveolar concentration fraction, electroencephalography-based anesthetic management, and perioperative non-pharmacological methods are recommended for effective prevention.
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Tire Y, Aydoğan E, Sargın M, Kozanhan B. Assessment of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction: Results From a Survey of Turkish Anaesthesiologists. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2020; 48:300-307. [PMID: 32864645 PMCID: PMC7434352 DOI: 10.5152/tjar.2019.36699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is one of the most common complications in elderly surgical patients. We conducted a survey study to evaluate the perspectives of Turkish anaesthesiologists on postoperative cognitive disorders. Methods We conducted a prospective online survey with questions and answers were recorded either in a Likert scale from 1 to 5 (completely disagree to completely agree) or as yes/no/do not know types of answers. Potential participants were contacted through an e-mail that included a brief introductory note, instructions, a link to the survey and the authors' contact information. Results We analysed 129 surveys (9.9% of total potential respondents). The majority believed that the risk of cognitive side effects should be considered when choosing the type of anaesthesia (87.6%) and that preoperative cognitive function should be routinely assessed (74.4%). When caring for an agitated and confused patient postoperatively, 56.6%, protocols to screen and manage postoperative cognitive disorders were rarely used. Nearly all respondents believe that postoperative delirium and POCD are neglected areas in anaesthesiology. Conclusion Overall, participants perceive postoperative cognitive disorders as important adverse outcomes following surgery and anaesthesia. They are aware of the main risk factors for their development but may lack information on the prevention and management postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Tire
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Science, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Eyüp Aydoğan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Science, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sargın
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Selçuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Betül Kozanhan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Science, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
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Urits I, Orhurhu V, Jones M, Hoyt D, Seats A, Viswanath O. Current Perspectives on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in the Ageing Population. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2019; 47:439-447. [PMID: 31828240 PMCID: PMC6886822 DOI: 10.5152/tjar.2019.75299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is defined as a prolonged cognitive function impairment that occurs within weeks to months of a surgical procedure. It is especially prevalent in the elderly population, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. As anaesthetic and surgical care continues to improve and become increasingly safer, a significantly greater number of older patients have elective surgical procedures today, yet this comes with an increased POCD risk as they go through the perioperative phases. Although the pathophysiology behind the development of POCD is still under investigation, current causative mechanisms include the mode of anaesthesia administered, anaesthetic used, cerebral hypoperfusion, hyperventilation and neuroinflammation. These findings lend an insight into the importance of being cognisant of the higher likelihood of POCD in at-risk patients, including the elderly, and taking precautions to include preoperative and postoperative cognitive testing, careful monitoring during anaesthesia, blood pressure control and early treatment of postoperative complications as they arise. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of the pathophysiology leading to POCD, identifying risk factors, prevention and treatment strategies, with a specific focus on the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Urits
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vwaire Orhurhu
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Jones
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dylan Hoyt
- Creighton University School of Medicine - Phoenix Regional Campus, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Allison Seats
- Creighton University School of Medicine - Phoenix Regional Campus, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Omar Viswanath
- Valley Anaesthesiology and Pain Consultants, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anaesthesia, Phoenix, AZ, Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, Omaha, NE, USA
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Zhang J, Chen L, Sun Y, He W. Comparative effects of fentanyl versus sufentanil on cerebral oxygen saturation and postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing open surgery. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:1791-1800. [PMID: 30847845 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of fentanyl and sufentanil on intraoperative cerebral oxygen saturation changes and postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing open surgery. Ninety-six elderly patients who had undergone open surgery under general anesthesia were randomly divided into fentanyl group (F group, anesthesia by fentanyl, 4 g/kg) and sufentanil group (S group, anesthesia by sufentanil, 0.4 µg/kg). There were no significant differences between the F group and S group in the general characteristics of patients. Compared to the F group, the S group had a better effect on suppressing the stress response, maintaining a stable hemodynamic status and achieving better anesthesia effects. The anesthesia recovery time of the S group was significantly shorter than that of the F group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the intraoperative and postoperative agitation. Patient's waking time and extubation time were significantly shorter in the S group than the F group. The VAS scores in the S group were significantly lower than those in the F group at each time point. The Ramsay scores in the S group were significantly higher than those in the F group at each time point. The cerebral oxygen saturation (SctO2) levels in both groups were significantly increased following anesthesia induction and intubation compared to that of the awake state (P < 0.05), and SctO2 was significantly decreased during the surgery in both groups. The changes in SctO2 levels were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). The SctO2 level was significantly higher during surgery than that after intubation. Compared with the F group, the relative value of SctO2 decline in the S group was smaller. Compared to the day before surgery, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores of both groups were significantly reduced after surgery. At 1 day post-surgery, the MoCA scores of the S group were significantly higher and the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) was significantly lower compared to the F group. POCD occurred in three patients (6.2%) in the S group, and the ratio was significantly lower than that in the F group (11.9%) (P < 0.05). It showed a consistent trend with the SctO2 status during the surgery. The relative value of SctO2 decline in the S group was significantly smaller than that in the F group. The reduction of cognitive function in the S group was significantly lower than that in the F group. These results indicate that the changes in SctO2 are a good prediction of the incidence of POCD.
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Lim BG, Lee IO. Anesthetic management of geriatric patients. Korean J Anesthesiol 2019; 73:8-29. [PMID: 31636241 PMCID: PMC7000283 DOI: 10.4097/kja.19391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of elderly patients who frequently access health care services is increasing worldwide. While anesthesiologists are developing the expertise to care for these elderly patients, areas of concern remain. We conducted a comprehensive search of major international databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane) and a Korean database (KoreaMed) to review preoperative considerations, intraoperative management, and postoperative problems when anesthetizing elderly patients. Preoperative preparation of elderly patients included functional assessment to identify preexisting cognitive impairment or cardiopulmonary reserve, depression, frailty, nutrition, polypharmacy, and anticoagulation issues. Intraoperative management included anesthetic mode and pharmacology, monitoring, intravenous fluid or transfusion management, lung-protective ventilation, and prevention of hypothermia. Postoperative checklists included perioperative analgesia, postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction, and other complications. A higher level of perioperative care was required for older surgical patients, as multiple chronic diseases often makes them prone to developing postoperative complications, including functional decline and loss of independence. Although the guiding evidence remains poor so far, elderly patients have to be provided optimal perioperative care through close interdisciplinary, interprofessional, and cross-sectional collaboration to minimize unwanted postoperative outcomes. Furthermore, along with adequate anesthetic care, well-planned postoperative care should begin immediately after surgery and extend until discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Gun Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Ok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Yang X, Ma J, Li K, Chen L, Dong R, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Peng M. A comparison of effects of scalp nerve block and local anesthetic infiltration on inflammatory response, hemodynamic response, and postoperative pain in patients undergoing craniotomy for cerebral aneurysms: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol 2019; 19:91. [PMID: 31153358 PMCID: PMC6545200 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-019-0760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of scalp nerve block (SNB) and local anesthetic infiltration (LA) with 0.75% ropivacaine on postoperative inflammatory response, intraoperative hemodynamic response, and postoperative pain control in patients undergoing craniotomy. METHODS Fifty-seven patients were admitted for elective craniotomy for surgical clipping of a cerebral aneurysm. They were randomly divided into three groups: Group S (SNB with 15 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine), group I (LA with 15 mL of 0.75% ropivacaine) and group C (that only received routine intravenous analgesia). Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in plasma for 72 h postoperatively, hemodynamic response to skin incision, and postoperative pain intensity were measured. RESULTS The SNB with 0.75% ropivacaine not only decreased IL-6 levels in plasma 6 h after craniotomy but also decreased plasma CRP levels and increased plasma IL-10 levels 12 and 24 h after surgery compared to LA and routine analgesia. There were significant increases in mean arterial pressure 2 and 5 mins after the incision and during dura opening in Groups I and C compared with Group S. Group S had lower postoperative pain intensity, longer duration before the first dose of oxycodone, less consumption of oxycodone and lower incidence of PONV through 48 h postoperatively than Groups I and C. CONCLUSION Preoperative SNB attenuated inflammatory response to craniotomy for cerebral aneurysms, blunted the hemodynamic response to scalp incision, and controlled postoperative pain better than LA or routine analgesia. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03073889 (PI:Xi Yang; date of registration:08/03/2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yayuan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zongze Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mian Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Remifentanil suppresses increase in interleukin-6 mRNA in the brain by inhibiting cyclic AMP synthesis. J Anesth 2018; 32:731-739. [PMID: 30167784 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-018-2548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuronal inflammation is caused by systemic inflammation and induces cognitive dysfunction. IL-6 plays a crucial role in therapies for neuronal inflammation and cognitive dysfunction. Remifentanil, an ultra-short-acting opioid, controls inflammatory reactions in the periphery, but not in the brain. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory effects of remifentanil in neuronal tissue and the involvement of cAMP in these effects were investigated in the present study. METHODS Mice were divided into 4 groups: control, remifentanil, LPS, and LPS + remifentanil. Brain levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA, and serum levels of corticosterone, catecholamine and IL-6 were measured in the 4 groups. The co-localization of IL-6 and astrocytes in the mouse brain after the LPS injection was validated by immunostaining. LPS and/or remifentanil-induced changes in intracellular cAMP levels in cultured glial cells were measured, and the effects of cAMP on LPS-induced IL-6 mRNA expression levels were evaluated. RESULTS Remifentanil suppressed increase in IL-6 mRNA levels in the mouse brain, and also inhibited the responses of plasma IL-6, corticosterone, and noradrenaline in an inflammatory state. In the hypothalamus, IL-6 was localized in the median eminence, at which GFAP immunoreactivity was specifically detected. In cultured cells, remifentanil suppressed increase in IL-6 mRNA levels and intracellular cAMP levels after the administration of LPS, and this enhanced IL-6 mRNA expression in response to LPS. CONCLUSION Remifentanil suppressed increase in IL-6 mRNA levels in the brain in an inflammatory state, and this effect may be attributed to its direct action on neuronal cells through the inhibition of intracellular cAMP rather than corticosterone.
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Li W, Chai Q, Zhang H, Ma J, Xu C, Dong J, Wei X, Wang Z, Zhang K. High doses of minocycline may induce delayed activation of microglia in aged rats and thus cannot prevent postoperative cognitive dysfunction. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:1404-1413. [PMID: 29458276 PMCID: PMC6091817 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517754032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is common after surgery in elderly patients and is associated with high morbidity. The molecular mechanisms responsible for POCD are unknown. Minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial activation, may be useful in treating and preventing POCD. We explored whether minocycline can inhibit microglial activation and prevent POCD in aged rats as a surgery model. Methods Rats aged 18 to 20 months were randomly allocated to the following groups: naïve, abdominal surgery alone, or minocycline injection before abdominal surgery. Hippocampal cytokine mRNA levels were measured at 3 hours, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days after surgery, and microglial activation was measured at 3 hours and 7 days after surgery. Memory was assessed using the Morris water maze test. Results Surgery resulted in severe cognitive impairment in aged rats and induced a significant neuroinflammatory response and microglial activation. The use of minocycline can prevent microglial activation after surgery, but delayed microglial activation may occur. The use of minocycline may further impair memory after surgery. Conclusion Minocycline can restrain microglial activation and restrict the inflammatory response in the hippocampus early after surgery, but it may induce delayed microglial activation and cannot prevent POCD in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Li
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Chai
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengfen Xu
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jifu Dong
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianghua Wei
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kexian Zhang
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Needham M, Webb C, Bryden D. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction and dementia: what we need to know and do. Br J Anaesth 2017; 119:i115-i125. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Cognitive decline associated with anesthesia and surgery in the elderly: does this contribute to dementia prevalence? Curr Opin Psychiatry 2017; 30:220-226. [PMID: 28212172 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update on the current state of research investigating the effects of anesthesia and surgery on cognition in the elderly, including consideration of overlap with cognitive disorders in the community. RECENT FINDINGS The studies reviewed here identify detrimental effects of anesthesia and surgery on cognition in a proportion of elderly individuals. Animal models demonstrate an association between anesthetic agents and Alzheimer's disease pathology. Human studies demonstrate a high incidence of cognitive impairment preoperatively in the elderly and further decline postoperatively, with recent work showing that poor preoperative cognitive function is a key predictor for further postoperative decline. Results from retrospective studies into an association between Alzheimer's disease and prior anesthesia and surgery are equivocal, but there are some data to suggest an association with accelerated cognitive decline in the long term. Postoperative delirium is common and even in individuals with normal preoperative cognition is associated with long-term decline. SUMMARY Cognitive impairment in the elderly ultimately leads to a decline in function with high personal and societal costs. Following anesthesia and surgery, decline in cognition is observed in some individuals, which may represent vulnerability for future decline or may alter their cognitive trajectory. Recent work suggests factors that impact this decline and/or impair recovery include higher risk patients and subtle cognitive impairment preoperatively. Identifying these individuals is critical to determining opportunities for intervention and preventive strategies, and ultimately reducing the impact on functional decline. It remains unclear if anesthesia and surgery play a role in the onset or progression of mild cognitive impairment and dementia across the community. Recent work showing that preoperative impairment is a significant risk factor for decline indicates that routinely assessing cognition preoperatively would allow improved management including referral pathways for patients at risk, delirium prevention, specifically optimizing care and consideration of treatment options.
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