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He Z, Lam K, Zhao W, Yang S, Li Y, Mo J, Gao S, Liang D, Qiu K, Huang M, Wu J. SGLT-2 inhibitors and euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis/diabetic ketoacidosis in FAERS: a pharmacovigilance assessment. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60:401-411. [PMID: 36576563 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-022-02015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the main feature and the association between euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euDKA) /diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) from the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS). METHODS Cases of SGLT-2i-associated with euDKA/DKA were extracted from the FAERS database and compared with the reports for other hypoglycemia agents (ATC10 class). Disproportionality analyses used the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and information components (IC). The lower limit of the IC 95% credibility interval for IC > 0 is considered a reported signal, with at least 3 cases. RESULTS A total of 10,195 cases of euDKA (n = 1680) and DKA (n = 8515) associated with SGLT-2i were identified from the FAERS. The SGLT-2i was associated with higher reporting of euDKA and DKA compared to other hypoglycemia agents (ROR = 16.69 [95% CI 14.89-18.70], IC = 3.27 [95% CI 2.91-3.66] for euDKA; ROR = 16.44 [95% CI 15.72-17.20], IC = 3.19 [95% CI 3.05-3.34] for DKA). In available data, the median onset time of euDKA/DKA was 31 days, and canagliflozin had the longest onset time (96.5 days for euDKA and 75 days for DKA) compared with dapagliflozin and empagliflozin (p < 0.05). Male patients predominate in euDKA (51.9%), and female patients predominate in DKA (53.7%). Most patients discontinue the treatment (95.5% for euDKA, 93.9% for DKA), and approximately 49.0% (n = 3658) of patients had symptomatic remission after discontinuation of SGLT-2i, and 2.3% (n = 173) of patients had no remission. About 75.6% (n = 6126) of patients need hospitalization after euDKA/DKA. CONCLUSIONS Post-marketing data showed that SGLT-2i was significantly associated with higher reporting of euDKA/DKA. Although euDKA/DKA is rare, clinicians should be aware of SGLT-2i-associated euDKA/DKA events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao He
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kakei Lam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, 511400, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, 511400, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayao Mo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, 511400, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifeng Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou, 511400, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junyan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor-associated perioperative ketoacidosis: a systematic review of case reports. J Anesth 2023; 37:465-473. [PMID: 36849747 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-023-03174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the recommended preoperative cessation period for sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) changed in 2020 (from 24 h to 3-4 days preoperatively) to reduce the risk of SGLT2i-associated perioperative ketoacidosis (SAPKA), the validity of the new recommendation has not been verified. Using case reports, we assessed the new recommendation effectiveness and extrapolated precipitating factors for SAPKA. We searched electronic databases up to June 1, 2022 to assess SAPKA (blood pH < 7.3 and blood or urine ketone positivity within 30 days postoperatively in patients taking SGLT2i). We included 76 publications with 99 cases. The preoperative SGLT2i cessation duration was reported for 59 patients (59.6%). In all cases with available cessation periods, the SGLT2is were interrupted < 3 days preoperatively. No SAPKA cases with > 2-day preoperative cessation periods were found. Many case reports lack important information for estimating precipitating factors, including preoperative SGLT2i cessation period, body mass index, baseline hemoglobin A1c level, details of perioperative fluid management, and type of anesthesia. Our study suggested that preoperative SGLT2i cessation for at least 3 days could prevent SAPKA. Large prospective epidemiologic studies are needed to identify risk factors for SAPKA.
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Kietaibl AT, Huber J, Clodi M, Abrahamian H, Ludvik B, Fasching P. [Position statement: surgery and diabetes mellitus (Update 2023)]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2023; 135:256-271. [PMID: 37101047 PMCID: PMC10133078 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-022-02121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
This position statement reflects the perspective of the Austrian Diabetes Association concerning the perioperative management of people with diabetes mellitus based on the available scientific evidence. The paper covers necessary preoperative examinations from an internal/diabetological point of view as well as the perioperative metabolic control by means of oral antihyperglycemic and/or insulin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia-Therese Kietaibl
- 5. Medizinische Abteilung für Endokrinologie, Rheumatologie und Akutgeriatrie, Klinik Ottakring, Wien, Österreich
| | - Joakim Huber
- Interne Abteilung mit Akutgeriatrie und Palliativmedizin, Franziskus Spital, Standort Landstraße, Wien, Österreich
| | - Martin Clodi
- ICMR - Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Linz, Österreich.
- Abteilung für Innere Medizin, Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz, Linz, Österreich.
| | | | - Bernhard Ludvik
- 1. Medizinische Abteilung für Diabetologie, Endokrinologie und Nephrologie, Klinik Landstraße, Wien, Österreich
| | - Peter Fasching
- 5. Medizinische Abteilung für Endokrinologie, Rheumatologie und Akutgeriatrie, Klinik Ottakring, Wien, Österreich
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Branco A, Fatima R, Liblik K, Jackson R, Payne D, El-Diasty M. Euglycemic DKA Associated with SGLT2 Inhibitors after Cardiac Surgery, Review of Current Literature. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2022; 36:3877-3886. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kietaibl AT, Fasching P, Glaser K, Petter-Puchner AH. New Diabetic Medication Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Can Induce Euglycemic Ketoacidosis and Mimic Surgical Diseases: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Front Surg 2022; 9:828649. [PMID: 35402477 PMCID: PMC8987984 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.828649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA) is a potentially life-threatening condition and a reported side effect of antidiabetic sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2-inhibitors (SGLT2-I). The analysis of the herein presented case and its management formed the incentive to prepare this multidisciplinary work and includes an overview about perioperative SGLT2-I-induced ketoacidosis. Method A PubMed search on relevant entries was conducted combining the terms “euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis” AND “surgery.” Results A total of 33 articles on SGLT2-I-induced ketoacidosis in the context of surgical treatment were identified. According to this literature research risk factors for the development are infection, perioperative fasting, surgical stress, and insulin dose reduction. Conclusion Unspecific symptoms mimicking acute abdomen and normoglycemia can lead to delayed diagnosis of EDKA and might harm patients under SGLT2-I therapy in the perioperative setting. SGLT2-I medication should be withheld for at least 24–48 h prior to surgery according to this review of literature and restarted only in stable clinical conditions to avoid the severe complication of EDKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia-Therese Kietaibl
- Department of 5th Internal Medicine With Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Geronotology With Outpatient Department, Clinic Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Antonia-Therese Kietaibl
| | - Peter Fasching
- Department of 5th Internal Medicine With Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Geronotology With Outpatient Department, Clinic Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Glaser
- Department of General-, Oncologic- and Visceral Surgery, Clinic Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
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Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Sedated Patient after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Med 2021; 2021:2086520. [PMID: 34840578 PMCID: PMC8616646 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2086520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA) is a rare and serious adverse effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i). The diagnosis is challenging due to the rarity, nonspecific symptoms, and absence of the alarmingly high blood glucose levels, and thus, it could be initially missed resulting in delayed treatment. This is particularly important for sedated patients, as the absence of typical clinical signs and symptoms can obscure the diagnosis. We present the case of a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus on empagliflozin who developed EDKA while sedated after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) despite stopping the medication 24 hours prior to surgery. We also summarize the current literature on EDKA after CABG. Physicians must be aware and maintain a high index of suspicion for the illness, especially in patients with T2DM taking SGLT-2i and undergoing a major operation such as CABG. Emergent treatment and multidisciplinary follow-up are needed to improve patient outcomes and mitigate complications. Physicians should also consider identifying the optimal time to discontinue SGLT-2i before major surgeries and possible ketone studies in such patients, especially those sedated following the surgery.
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Cavka L, Bencak Ferko U, Pitz N, Trpkovski Z, Lainscak M. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor-induced euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:2631-2636. [PMID: 34102028 PMCID: PMC8318418 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of patients receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), especially those with heart failure, is increasing worldwide. SGLT2is control glycaemia by triggering glycosuria with simultaneous facilitation of a more ketogenic metabolic profile. Patients therefore are more prone to develop euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euDKA), an entity largely unknown beyond diabetes care professionals. We present a heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patient with known Type 2 diabetes. He was treated with dapagliflozin and presented acutely with dyspnoea, hyperglycaemia, and ketoacidosis. After standard treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemia was corrected, while metabolic ketoacidosis persisted, and thus, euDKA was suspected. With adequate therapy, the patient recovered completely and was discharged without any sequelae. To the best of our knowledge, our case is the first to describe SGLT2i-induced euDKA in HFpEF patients. Regarding no previous reports of euDKA in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, our report is highly relevant for ongoing SGLT2i trials in HFpEF and clinical practice in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Cavka
- Division of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.,Department of Oncology, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.,Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota, Slovenia
| | - Urska Bencak Ferko
- Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota, Slovenia
| | - Natasa Pitz
- Division for Diabetes, General Hospital Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota, Slovenia
| | - Zoranco Trpkovski
- Division for Diabetes, General Hospital Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Lainscak
- Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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